The racial/ ethnic distribution of heat risk-related land cover in relation to residential segregation

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 121, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 811-817

  Jesdale, Bill M ^a   Morello Frosch, Rachel ^a,b   Cushing, Lara ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Heat risk; Impervious surface; Racial segregation; Tree cover; Urban

Indexed keywords

RAIN;

ARTICLE; BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGION; BIOPHYSICS; CLIMATE CHANGE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; INCOME; LAND USE; OUTCOME VARIABLE; POPULATION DENSITY; POVERTY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESIDENTIAL AREA; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; THERMAL EXPOSURE;

EID: 84879572799     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: 15529924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205919     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Asaeda T, Ca VT, Wake A. 1996. Heat storage of pavement and its effect on the lower atmosphere. Atmos Environ 30:413-427.
2. Basu R, Ostro BD. 2008. A multicounty analysis identifying the populations vulnerable to mortality associated with high ambient temperature in California. Am J Epidemiol 168:632-637.
3. Berry BJL, Kasarda JD. 1977. Contemporary Urban Ecology. New York:Macmillan Publishing Company.
4. Boone CG, Cadenasso ML, Grove JM, Schwarz K, Buckley GL. 2010. Landscape, vegetation characteristics, and group identity in an urban and suburban watershed: why the 60s matter. Urban Ecosyst 13:255-271.
5. Borden KA, Cutter SL. 2008. Spatial patterns of natural hazards mortality in the United States. Int J Health Geogr 7:64.
6. Bouchama A, Dehbi M, Mohamed G, Matthies F, Shoukri M, Menne B. 2007. Prognostic factors in heat wave-related deaths: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 167:2170-2176.
7. Collins CA, Williams DR. 1999. Segregation and mortality: the deadly effects of racism? Sociol Forum 14:495-523.
8. Commission for Environmental Cooperation. 1997. Ecological Regions of North America: Toward a Common Perspective. Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Quebec. Available: http://www.cec.org/Storage/42/3484_eco-eng_EN.pdf [accessed 24 February 2012].
9. Dadvand P, Sunyer J, Basagana X, Ballester F, Lertxundi A, Fernandez-Somoano A, et al. 2012. Surrounding greenness and pregnancy outcomes in four Spanish birth cohorts. Environ Health Perspect 120:1481-1487.
10. Deddens JA, Petersen MR. 2008. Approaches for estimating prevalence ratios. Occup Environ Med 65:501-506.
11. Ellis FP, Nelson F, Pincus L. 1975. Mortality during heat waves in New York City July, 1972 and August and September, 1973. Environ Res 10:1-13.
12. English P, Fitzsimmons K, Hoshiko S, Kim T, Margolis HG, McCone TE, et al. 2007. Public Health Impacts of Climate Change in California: Community Vulnerability Assessments and Adaptation Strategies: Heat-Related Illness and Mortality: Information for the Public Health Network in California. Richmond, CA:Climate Change Public Health Impacts Assessment and Response Collaborative, California Department of Public Health.
13. Fry J, Xian G, Jin S, Dewitz J, Homer C, Yang L, et al. 2011. Completion of the 2006 National Land Cover Database for the Conterminous United States. Photogramm Eng Rem S 77(9):858-864.
14. Gee GC, Payne-Sturges DC. 2004. Environmental health disparities: a framework integrating psychosocial and environmental concepts. Environ Health Perspect 112:1645-1653.
15. Ghent AC, Hernandez-Murillo R, Owyand MT. 2011. Race, Redlining, and Subprime Loan Pricing. Working Paper 2011-033A. Available: http://research.stlouisfed.org/wp/2011/2011-033.pdf [accessed 1 October 2012].
16. Givoni B. 1991. Impact of planted areas on urban environmental quality: a review. Atmos Environ 25B:289-299.
17. Greenberg JH, Bromberg J, Reed CM, Gustafson TL, Beauchamp RA. 1983. The epidemiology of heat-related deaths, Texas-1950. 1970-1979. and 1980. Am J Public Health 73:805-807.
18. Harlan SL, Brazel AJ, Prashad L, Stefanov WL, Larsen L. 2006. Neighborhood microclimates and vulnerability to heat stress. Soc Sci Med 63:2847-2863.
19. Hart M, Sailor DJ. 2009. Quantifying the influence of land-use and surface characteristics on spatial variability in the urban heat island. Theor Appl Climatol 95:397-406.
20. Haselbach L, Boyer M, Kevern JT, Schaefer VR. 2011. Cyclic heat island impacts on traditional versus pervious concrete pavement systems. Transport Res Rec 2240:107-115.
21. Heynen N. 2006. Green urban political ecologies: toward a better understanding of inner-city environmental change. Environ Plann A 38:499-516.
22. Heynen NC, Lindsey G. 2003. Correlates of urban forest canopy cover: implications for local public works. Public Works Manag Policy 8:33-47.
23. Heynen N, Perkins HA, Roy P. 2006. The political ecology of uneven urban green space: the impact of political economy on race and ethnicity in producing environmental inequality in Milwaukee. Urban Aff Rev 42:3-25.
24. Hillier AE. 2003. Redlining and the Home Owners' Loan Corporation. J Urban Hist 29:394-420.
25. Homer C, Huang C, Yang L, Wylie B, Coan M. 2004. Development of a 2001 National Land Cover Database for the United States. Photogramm Eng Rem S 70:829-840.
26. Huang G, Zhou W, Cadenasso ML. 2011. Is everyone hot in the city? Spatial pattern of land surface temperatures, land cover and neighborhoods socioeconomic characteristics in Baltimore, MD. J Environ Manage 92:1753-1759.
27. Hwang HJ, Yook SJ, Ahn KH. 2011. Experimental investigation of submicron and ultrafine soot particle removal by tree leaves. Atmos Environ 45:6987-6994.
28. Iceland J, Weinberg DH, Steinmetz E. 2002. U.S. Census Bureau, Series CENSR-3, Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation in the United States: 1980-2000. Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office.
29. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007. Summary for policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE, eds). Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press, 7-22.
30. Iverson LR, Cook EA. 2000. Urban forest cover of the Chicago region and its relation to household density and income. Urban Ecosyst 4:105-124.
31. Jackson JE, Yost MG, Karr C, Fitzpatrick C, Lamb BK, Chung SH, et al. 2010. Public health impacts of climate change in Washington State: projected mortality risks due to heat events and air pollution. Climatic Change 102:159-186.
32. Jones TS, Liang AP, Kilbourne EM, Griffin MR, Patriarca PA, Fite Wassilak SG, et al. 1982. Morbidity and mortality associated with the July 1980 heat wave in St Louis and Kansas City, Mo. JAMA 247:3327-3331.
33. Kaiser R, Le Tertre A, Schwartz J, Gotway CA, Daley R, Rubin CH. 2007. The effect of the 1995 heat wave in Chicago on all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Am J Public Health 97:S158-S162.
34. Keim RF, Skaugset AE, Weiler M. 2006. Storage of water on vegetation under simulated rainfall of varying intensity. Adv Water Resour 29:974-986.
35. Klinenberg E. 2002. Race, place, and vulnerability: urban neighborhoods and the ecology of support. In: Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 79-128.
36. Knowlton K, Rotkin-Ellman M, King G, Margolis HG, Smith D, Solomon G, et al. 2009. The 2006 California heat wave: impacts on hospitalizations and emergency department visits. Environ Health Perspect 117:61-67.
37. Landry SM, Chakraborty J. 2009. Street trees and equity: evaluating the spatial distribution of an urban amenity. Environ Plann A 41:2651-2670.
38. Lau N-C, Nath MJ. 2012. A model study of heat waves over North America: meteorological aspects and projections for the 21st century. J Climate 25:4761-4784.
39. Lee ACK, Maheswaran R. 2010. The health benefits of urban green spaces: a review of the evidence. J Public Health (Oxf) 33:212-222.
40. Li G, Weng Q. 2007. Measuring the quality of life in city of Indianapolis by integration of remote sensing and census data. Int J Remote Sens 28:249-267.
41. Lichter DT. 1985. Racial concentration and segregation across U.S. counties, 1950-1980. Demography 22:603-609.
42. Lowry JH, Baker ME, Ramsey D. 2012. Determinants of urban tree canopy in residential neighborhoods: household characteristics, urban form, and the geophysical landscape. Urban Ecosyst 15:247-266.
43. Lu D, Weng Q, Li G. 2006. Residential population estimation using a remote sensing derived impervious surface approach. Int J Remote Sens 27:3553-3570.
44. Martin CA, Warren PS, Kinzig AP. 2004. Neighborhood socioeconomic status is a useful predictor of perennial landscape vegetation in residential neighborhoods and embedded small parks of Phoenix, AZ. Landscape Urban Plan 69:355-368.
45. Massey DS, Denton NA. 1989. Hypersegregation in U.S. metropolitan areas: black and Hispanic segregation along five dimensions. Demography 26:373-391.
46. Meehl GA, Tebaldi C. 2004. More intense, more frequent, and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st century. Science 305:994-997.
47. Mitchell R, Astell-Burt T, Richardson EA. 2011. A comparison of green space indicators for epidemiological research. J Epidemiol Community Health 65:853-858.
48. Morello-Frosch R. 2002. Discrimination and the political economy of environmental inequality. Environ Plann C Gov Policy 20:477-496.
49. Morello-Frosch R, Jesdale BM. 2006. Separate and unequal: residential segregation and estimated cancer risks associated with ambient air toxics in U.S. metropolitan areas. Environ Health Perspect 114:386-393.
50. Morello-Frosch R, Lopez R. 2006. The riskscape and the color line: examining the role of segregation in environmental health disparities. Environ Res 102:181-196.
51. Morton TA, Yuan F. 2009. Analysis of population dynamics using satellite remote sensing and US census data. Geocarto Int 24:143-163.
52. Nowak DJ. 1994. Air pollution removal by Chicago's urban forest. In: Chicago's Urban Forest Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project (McPherson EG, Nowak DJ, Rowntree RA, eds). General Technical Report NE-186. Radnor, PA:U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 63-81.
53. Nowak DJ, Greenfield EJ. 2010. Evaluating the National Land Cover Database tree canopy and impervious cover estimates across the conterminous United States: a comparison with photo-interpreted estimates. Environ Manage 46:378-390.
54. Office of Management and Budget. 2000. Standards for defining metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. Fed Reg 65:82228-82238.
55. Ogneva-Himmelberger Y, Pearsall H, Rakshit R. 2009. Concrete evidence & geographically weighted regression: a regional analysis of wealth and the land cover in Massachusetts. Appl Geogr 29:478-487.
56. Oke TR. 1982. The energetic basis of the urban heat island. Q J Roy Meteor Soc 108:1-24.
57. Oke TR, Crowther JM, McNaughton KG, Monteith JL, Gardiner B. 1989. The micrometeorology of the urban forest. Philos T Roy Soc B Biol Sci 324(1223):335-349.
58. O'Neill MS, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. 2005. Disparities by race in heat-related mortality in four US cities: the role of air conditioning prevalence. J Urban Health 82:191-197.
59. Perkins HA, Heynen N. 2004. Inequitable access to urban reforestation: the impact of urban political economy on housing tenure and urban forests. Cities 21:291-299.
60. Pozzi F, Small C. 2001. Exploratory analysis of suburban land cover and population density in the U.S.A. [Abstract]. IEEE/ISPRS Joint Workshop on Remote Sensing and Data Fusion over Urban Areas, 8-9 November, Rome, Italy. Available: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails. jsp?reload=true&arnumber=985890 [accessed 3 June 2013].
61. Ramlow JM, Kuller LH. 1990. Effects of the summer heat wave of 1988 on daily mortality in Allegheny county, PA. Public Health Rep 105:283-289.
62. Rizwan AM, Dennis LYC, Liu C. 2008. A review on the generation, determination and mitigation of urban heat island. J Environ Sci 20:120-128.
63. Sakoda JM. 1981. A generalized index of dissimilarity. Demography 18(2):245-250.
64. Samara T, Tsitsoni T. 2011. The effects of vegetation on reducing traffic noise from a city ring road. Noise Control Eng J 59:68-74.
65. Schwartz J. 2005. Who is sensitive to extremes of temperature? A case-only analysis. Epidemiology 16:67-72.
66. Scott KI, Simpson JR, McPherson EG. 1999. Effects of tree cover on parking lot microclimate and vehicle emissions. J Arboriculture 25:129-142.
67. Shonkoff SB, Morello-Frosch R, Pastor M, Sadd J. 2011. The climate gap: environmental health and equity implications of climate change and mitigation policies in California-a review of the literature. Climate Change 109:S485-S503.
68. Stathopoulou M, Synnefa A, Cartalis C, Santamouris M, Karlessi T, Akbari H. 2009. A surface heat island study of Athens using high-resolution satellite imagery and measurements of the optical and thermal properties of commonly used building and paving materials. Int J Sustain Energy 28:59-76.
69. Troy AR, Grove JM, O'Neil-Dunne JPM, Pickett STA, Cadenasso ML. 2007. Predicting opportunities for greening and patterns of vegetation on private urban lands. Environ Manage 40:394-412.
70. Uejio CK, Wilhelmi OV, Golden JS, Mills DM, Gulino SP, Samenow JP. 2011. Intra-urban societal vulnerability to extreme heat: the role of heat exposure and the built environment, socioeconomics, and neighborhood stability. Health & Place 17:498-507.
71. U.S. Census Bureau. 2001. 2000 Census of Population and Housing Summary File 1 Technical Documentation. Available: http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf1. pdf [accessed 19 April 2013].
72. U.S. Census Bureau. 2002. 2000 Census of Population and Housing Summary File 3 Technical Documentation. Available: http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3. pdf [accessed 19 April 2013].
73. U.S. Census Bureau. 2004. Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas and Components, December 2003. with Codes. Available: http://www.census.gov/population/metro/files/lists/2003/0312mfips.txt [accessed 1 October 2012].
74. U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. 2010 TIGER/LineR Shapefiles Technical Documentation. Available: http://www. census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/pdfs/tiger/tgrshp2010/TGRSHP10SF1.pdf [accessed 19 April 2013].
75. USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture). 2011. Natural Resources Conservation Service, Geospatial Data Gateway. Available: http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/[accessed 15 September 2011].
76. U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2011. Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies. Available: http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/resources/compendium.htm [accessed 30 January 2012].
77. Weisskopf MG, Anderson HA, Foldy S, Hanrahan LP, Blair K, Torok TJ, et al. 2002. Heat wave morbidity and mortality, Milwaukee, Wis, 1999 vs 1995: an improved response? Am J Public Health 92:830-833.
78. Weng Q, Lu D. 2008. A sub-pixel analysis of urbanization effect on land surface temperature and its interplay with impervious surface and vegetation coverage in Indianapolis, United States. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinfo 10:68-83.
79. Whitman S, Good G, Donoghue ER, Benbow N, Shou W, Mou S. 1997. Mortality in Chicago attributed to the July 1995 heat wave. Am J Public Health 87:1515-1518.
80. Yuan F, Bauer ME. 2007. Comparison of impervious surface area and normalized difference vegetation index as indicators of surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery. Remote Sens Environ 106:375-386.
81. Zhang K, Oswald EM, Brown DG, Brines SJ, Gronlund CJ, White-Newsome JL, et al. 2011. Geostatistical exploration of spatial variation of summertime temperatures in the Detroit metropolitan region. Environ Res 111:1046-1053.
82. Zhang Y, Hussain A, Deng J, Letson N. 2007. Public attitudes toward urban trees and supporting urban tree programs. Environ Behav 39:797-814.
83. Zhang Y, Tarrant MA, Green GT. 2008. The importance of differentiating urban and rural phenomena in examining the unequal distribution of locally desirable land. J Environ Manage 88:1314-1319.