Thrombus aspiration therapy and coronary thrombus components in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction - A systematic review

Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 524-537

  Yunoki, Kei ^a   Naruko, Takahiko ^a   Sugioka, Kenichi ^b   Inaba, Mayumi ^b   Itoh, Akira ^a   Haze, Kazuo ^a   Yoshiyama, Minoru ^b   Ueda, Makiko ^b  

^a OSAKA CITY GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Japan)

^b OSAKA CITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Coronary thrombus; Erythrocyte; Myocardial infarction; Neutrophil; ST segment elevation

Indexed keywords

PADGEM PROTEIN; THROMBOPLASTIN;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ARTIFICIAL EMBOLISM; BLOOD CLOTTING; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART MUSCLE PERFUSION; HUMAN; MORPHOLOGY; MORTALITY; NEUTROPHIL; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RESTENOSIS; REVIEW; ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); THROMBUS ASPIRATION;

CELL-DERIVED MICROPARTICLES; CORONARY THROMBOSIS; ERYTHROCYTES; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PLAQUE, ATHEROSCLEROTIC; SUCTION; THROMBECTOMY; THROMBOPLASTIN;

EID: 84879470433     PISSN: 13403478     EISSN: 18803873     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5551/jat.17608     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Ross R: Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med, 1999; 340: 115-126
2. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A: Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation, 2002; 105: 1135-1143
3. Kobayashi S, Inoue N, Ohashi Y, Terashima M, Matsui K, Mori T, Fujita H, Awano K, Kobayashi K, Azumi H, Ejiri J, Hirata K, Kawashima S, Hayashi Y, Yokozaki H, Itoh H, Yokoyama M: Interaction of oxidative stress and inflammatory response in coronary plaque instability: important role of C-reactive protein. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2003; 23: 1398-1404
4. Badimon L, Chesebro JH, Badimon JJ: Thrombus formation on ruptured atherosclerotic plaques and rethrombosis on evolving thrombi. Circulation, 1992; 86: 374-385
5. van der Wal AC, Becker AE, van der Loos CM, Das PK: Site of intimal rupture or erosion of thrombosed coronary atherosclerotic plaques is characterized by an inflammatory process irrespective of the dominant plaque morphology. Circulation, 1994; 89: 36-44
6. Maseri A, Fuster V: Is there a vulnerable plaque? Circulation, 2003; 107: 2068-2071
7. Grech ED, Ramsdale DR: Acute coronary syndrome: ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. BMJ, 2003; 326: 1379-1381
8. Friedman M: The coronary thrombus: its origin and fate. Hum Pathol, 1971; 2: 81-128
9. Roberts WC, Buja LM: The frequency and significance of coronary arterial thrombi and other observations in fatal acute myocardial infarction: a study of 107 necropsy patients. Am J Med, 1972; 52: 425-443
10. Smith JR, White AM: Fibrin, red cell and platelet interactions in an experimental model of thrombosis. Br J Pharmacol, 1982; 77: 29-38
11. Falk E: Coronary thrombosis: pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. Am J Cardiol, 1991; 68: 28B-35B
12. Fuster V, Badimon L, Cohen M, Ambrose JA, Badimon JJ, Chesebro J: Insights into the pathogenesis of acute ischemic syndromes. Circulation, 1988; 77: 1213-1220
13. Davies MJ: The pathophysiology of acyte coronary symdromes. Heart, 2000; 83: 361-366
14. Thim T, Hagensen MK, Bentzon JF, Falk E: From vulnerable plaque to atherothrombosis. J Intern Med, 2008; 263: 506-516
15. Furie B, Furie BC: Mechanisms of thrombus formation. N Engl J Med, 2008; 359: 938-949
16. Sato Y, Hatakeyama K, Yamashita A, Marutsuka K, Sumiyoshi A, Asada Y: Proportion of fibrin and platelets differs in thrombi on ruptured and eroded coronary atherosclerotic plaques in humans. Heart, 2005; 91: 526-530
17. Hoshiba Y, Hatakeyama K, Tanabe T, Asada Y, Goto S: Co-localization of von Willebrand factor with platelet thrombi, tissue factor and platelets with fibrin, and consistent presence of inflammatory cells in coronary thrombi obtained by an aspiration device from patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Thromb Haemost, 2006; 4: 114-120
18. Uchida Y, Uchida Y, Sakurai T, Kanai M, Shirai S, Morita T: Characterization of coronary fibrin thrombus in patients with acute coronary syndrome using dye staining angioscopy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2011; 31: 1452-1460
19. Moons AH, Levi M, Peters RJ: Tissue factor and coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Res, 2002; 53: 313-325
20. Steffel J, Lüscher TF, Tanner FC: Tissue factor in cardio vascular diseases: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Circulation, 2006; 113: 722-731
21. Yamashita A, Sumi T, Goto S, Hoshiba Y, Nishihira K, Kawamoto R, Hatakeyama K, Date H, Imamura T, Ogawa H, Asada Y: Detection of von Willebrand factor and tissue factor in platelet-fibrin rich coronary thrombi in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol, 2006; 97: 26-28
22. Breitenstein A, Camici GG, Tanner FC: Tissue factor: beyond coagulation in the cardiovascular system. Clin Sci, 2009; 118: 159-172
23. Okada K, Ueda Y, Matsuo K, Nishio M, Hirata A, Kashiwase K, Asai M, Nemoto T, Kodama K: Frequency and healing of nonculprit coronary artery plaque disruptions in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol, 2011; 107: 1426-1429
24. Sato Y, Hatakeyama K, Marutsuka K, Asada Y: Incidence of asymptomatic coronary thrombosis and plaque disruption: comparison of non-cardiac and cardiac deaths among autopsy cases. Thromb Res, 2009; 124: 19-23
25. Mizuno K, Satomura K, Miyamoto A, Arakawa K, Shibuya T, Arai T, Kurita A, Nakamura H, Ambrose JA: Angioscopic evaluation of coronary-artery thrombi in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med, 1992; 326: 287-291
26. Thieme T, Wernecke KD, Meyer R, Brandenstein E, Habedank D, Hinz A, Felix SB, Baumann G, Kleber FX: Angioscopic evaluation of atherosclerotic plaques: validation by histomorphologic analysis and association with stable and unstable coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1996; 28: 1-6
27. Asada Y, Marutsuka K, Hatakeyama K, Sato Y, Hara S, Kisanuki A, Sumiyoshi A: The role of tissue factor in the pathogenesis of thrombosis and atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb, 1998; 4: 135-139
28. Hatakeyama K, Asada Y, Marutsuka K, Sato Y, Kamikubo Y, Sumiyoshi A: Localization and activity of tissue factor in human aortic atherosclerotic lesions. Atherosclerosis, 1997; 133: 213-219
29. Soejima H, Ogawa H, Yasue H, Kaikita K, Nishiyama K, Misumi K, Takazoe K, Miyao Y, Yoshimura M, Kugiyama K, Nakamura S, Tsuji I, Kumeda K: Heightened tissue factor associated with tissue factor pathway inhibitor and prognosis in patients with unstable angina. Circulation, 1999; 99: 2908-2913
30. Leatham EW, Bath PM, Tooze JA, Camm AJ: Increased monocyte tissue factor expression in coronary disease. Br Heart J, 1995; 73: 10-13
31. Nakagomi A, Sasaki M, Ishikawa Y, Shibui T, Kosugi M, Endoh Y, Morikawa M, Kusama Y, Atarashi H, Mizuno K: Upregulation of monocyte tissue factor activity is significantly associated with carotid intima-media thickness in patients with metabolic syndrome. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2011; 18: 475-486
32. Marutsuka K, Hatakeyama K, Yamashita A, Asada Y: Role of thrombogenic factors in the development of atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2005; 12: 1-8
33. Mause SF, Weber C: Microparticles: protagonists of a novel communication network for intercellular information exchange. Circ Res, 2010; 107: 1047-1057
34. Nomura S, Ozaki Y, Ikeda Y: Function and role of microparticles in various clinical settings. Thromb Res, 2008; 123: 8-23
35. Rautou PE, Vion AC, Amabile N, Chironi G, Simon A, Tedgui A, Boulanger CM: Microparticles, vascular function, and atherothrombosis. Circ Res, 2011; 109: 593-606
36. Leroyer AS, Rautou PE, Silvestre JS, Castier Y, Lesèche G, Devue C, Duriez M, Brandes RP, Lutgens E, Tedgui A, Boulanger CM: CD40 ligand+microparticles from human atherosclerotic plaques stimulate endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis a potential mechanism for intraplaque neovascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2008; 52: 1302-1311
37. Rautou PE, Leroyer AS, Ramkhelawon B, Devue C, Duflaut D, Vion AC, Nalbone G, Castier Y, Leseche G, Lehoux S, Tedgui A, Boulanger CM: Microparticles from human atherosclerotic plaques promote endothelial ICAM-1-dependent monocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration. Circ Res, 2011; 108: 335-343
38. Zwicker JI, Trenor CC 3rd, Furie BC, Furie B: Tissue factor-bearing microparticles and thrombus formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2011; 31: 728-733
39. Mallat Z, Benamer H, Hugel B, Benessiano J, Steg PG, Freyssinet JM, Tedgui A: Elevated levels of shed membrane microparticles with procoagulant potential in the peripheral circulating blood of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation, 2000; 101: 841-843
40. Chou J, Mackman N, Merrill-Skoloff G, Pedersen B, Furie BC, Furie B: Hematopoietic cell-derived microparticle tissue factor contributes to fibrin formation during thrombus propagation. Blood, 2004; 104: 3190-3197
41. Angelillo-Scherrer A: Leukocyte-derived microparticles in vascular homeostasis. Circ Res, 2012; 110: 356-369
42. Leroyer AS, Isobe H, Lesèche G, Castier Y, Wassef M, Mallat Z, Binder BR, Tedgui A, Boulanger CM: Cellular origins and thrombogenic activity of microparticles isolated from human atherosclerotic plaques. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2007; 49: 772-777
43. Ito H, Maruyama A, Iwakura K, Takiuchi S, Masuyama T, Hori M, Higashino Y, Fujii K, Minamino T: Clinical implications of the 'no reflow' phenomenon. A predictor of complications and left ventricular remodeling in reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction. Circulation, 1996; 93: 223-228
44. Henriques JP, Zijlstra F, Ottervanger JP, de Boer MJ, van't Hof AW, Hoorntje JC, Suryapranata H: Incidence and clinical significance of distal embolization during primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J, 2002; 23: 1112-1117
45. Svilaas T, Vlaar PJ, van der Horst IC, Diercks GF, de Smet BJ, van den Heuvel AF, Anthonio RL, Jessurun GA, Tan ES, Suurmeijer AJ, Zijlstra F: Thrombus aspiration during primary percutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med, 2008; 358: 557-567
46. Napodano M, Ramondo A, Tarantini G, Peluso D, Compagno S, Fraccaro C, Frigo AC, Razzolini R, Iliceto S: Predictors and time-related impact of distal embolization during primary angioplasty. Eur Heart J, 2009; 30: 305-313
47. Fokkema ML, Vlaar PJ, Svilaas T, Vogelzang M, Amo D, Diercks GF, Suurmeijer AJ, Zijlstra F: Incidence and clinical consequences of distal embolization on the coronary angiogram after percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J, 2009; 30: 908-915
48. Kaltoft A, Bøttcher M, Nielsen SS, Hansen HH, Terkelsen C, Maeng M, Kristensen J, Thuesen L, Krusell LR, Kristensen SD, Andersen HR, Lassen JF, Rasmussen K, Rehling M, Nielsen TT, Bøtker HE: Routine thrombectomy in percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: a randomized, controlled trial. Circulation, 2006; 114: 40-47
49. Ali A, Cox D, Dib N, Brodie B, Berman D, Gupta N, Browne K, Iwaoka R, Azrin M, Stapleton D, Setum C, Popma J; AIMI Investigators: Rheolytic thrombectomy with percutaneous coronary intervention for infarct size reduction in acute myocardial infarction: 30-day results from a multicenter randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006; 48: 244-252
50. Stone GW, Webb J, Cox DA, Brodie BR, Qureshi M, Kalynych A, Turco M, Schultheiss HP, Dulas D, Rutherford BD, Antoniucci D, Krucoff MW, Gibbons RJ, Jones D, Lansky AJ, Mehran R; Enhanced Myocardial Efficacy and Recovery by Aspiration of Liberated Debris (EMERALD) Investigators: Distal microcirculatory protection during percutaneous coronary intervention in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2005; 293: 1063-1072
51. Gick M, Jander N, Bestehorn HP, Kienzle RP, Ferenc M, Werner K, Comberg T, Peitz K, Zohlnhöfer D, Bassignana V, Buettner HJ, Neumann FJ: Randomized evaluation of the effects of filter-based distal protection on myocardial perfusion and infarct size after primary percutaneous catheter intervention in myocardial infarction with and without ST-segment elevation. Circulation, 2005; 112: 1462-1469
52. Cura FA, Escudero AG, Berrocal D, Mendiz O, Trivi MS, Fernandez J, Palacios A, Alberta M, Piraino R, Riccitelli MA, Gruberg L, Ballarino M, Milei J, Baeza R, Thierer J, Grinfeld L, Krucoff M, O'Neill W, Belardi J; PREMIAR Investigators: Protection of distal embolization in high-risk patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (PREMIAR). Am J Cardiol, 2007; 99: 357-363
53. Guetta V, Mosseri M, Shechter M, Matetzky S, Assali A, Almagor Y, Gruberg L, Benderly M, Lotam C, Kornowski R; UpFLOW MI Study Investigators: Safety and efficacy of the FilterWire EZ in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol, 2007; 99: 911-915
54. Beran G, Lang I, Schreiber W, Denk S, Stefenelli T, Syeda B, Maurer G, Glogar D, Siostrzonek P: Intracoronary thrombectomy with the X-sizer catheter system improves epicardial flow and accelerates ST-segment resolution in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Circulation, 2002; 105: 2355-2360
55. Antoniucci D, Valenti R, Migliorini A, Parodi G, Memisha G, Santoro GM, Sciagrà R: Comparison of rheolytic thrombectomy before direct infarct artery stenting versus direct stenting alone in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol, 2004; 93: 1033-1035
56. Ikari Y, Sakurada M, Kozuma K, Kawano S, Katsuki T, Kimura K, Suzuki T, Yamashita T, Takizawa A, Misumi K, Hashimoto H, Isshiki T; VAMPIRE Investigators: Upfront thrombus aspiration in primary coronary intervention for patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction: report of the VAMPIRE (VAcuuM asPIration thrombus REmoval) trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2008; 1: 424-431
57. Napodano M, Pasquetto G, Saccà S, Cernetti C, Scarabeo V, Pascotto P, Reimers B: Intracoronary thrombectomy improves myocardial reperfusion in patients undergoing direct angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2003; 42: 1395-1402
58. Burzotta F, Trani C, Romagnoli E, Mazzari MA, Rebuzzi AG, De Vita M, Garramone B, Giannico F, Niccoli G, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Schiavoni G, Mongiardo R, Crea F: Manual thrombus-aspiration improves myocardial reperfusion: the randomized evaluation of the effect of mechanical reduction of distal embolization by thrombus-aspiration in primary and rescue angioplasty (REMEDIA) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2005; 46: 371-376
59. Lefèvre T, Garcia E, Reimers B, Lang I, di Mario C, Colombo A, Neumann FJ, Chavarri MV, Brunel P, Grube E, Thomas M, Glatt B, Ludwig J; X AMINE ST Investigators: X-sizer for thrombectomy in acute myocardial infarction improves ST-segment resolution: results of the X-sizer in AMI for negligible embolization and optimal ST resolution (X AMINE ST) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2005; 46: 246-252
60. Silva-Orrego P, Colombo P, Bigi R, Gregori D, Delgado A, Salvade P, Oreglia J, Orrico P, de Biase A, Piccalò G, Bossi I, Klugmann S: Thrombus aspiration before primay angioplasty improves myocardial reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction: the DEAR-MI (Dethrombosis to Enhance Acute Reperfusion in Myocardial Infarction) study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006; 48: 1552-1559
61. Chevalier B, Gilard M, Lang I, Commeau P, Roosen J, Hanssen M, Lefevre T, Carrié D, Bartorelli A, Montalescot G, Parikh K: Systematic primary aspiration in acute myocardial percutaneous intervention: a multicenter randomized controlled trial of the export aspiration catheter. EuroIntervention, 2008; 4: 222-228
62. Sardella G, Mancone M, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Agati L, Scardala R, Carbone I, Francone M, Di Roma A, Benedetti G, Conti G, Fedele F: Thrombus aspiration during primary percutaneous coronary intervention improves myocardial reperfusion and reduces infarct size: the EXPIRA (thrombectomy with export catheter in infarct related artery during primary percutaneous coronary intervention) prospective randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009; 53: 309-315
63. Dudek D, Mielecki W, Burzotta F, Gasior M, Witkowski A, Horvath IG, Legutko J, Ochala A, Rubartelli P, Wojdyla RM, Siudak Z, Buchta P, Pregowski J, Aradi D, Machnik A, Hawranek M, Rakowski T, Dziewierz A, Zmudka K: Thrombus aspiration followed by direct stenting: a novel strategy of primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Results of the Polish-Italian-Hungarian Randomized ThrombEctomy Trial (PIHRATE Trial). Am Heart J, 2010; 160: 966-972
64. De Luca L, Sardella G, Davidson CJ, De Persio G, Beraldi M, Tommasone T, Mancone M, Nguyen BL, Agati L, Gheorghiade M, Fedele F: Impact of intracoronary aspiration thrombectomy during primary angioplasty on left ventricular remodeling in patients with anterior ST elevation myocardial infarction. Heart, 2006; 92: 951-957
65. Liistro F, Grotti S, Angioli P, Falsini G, Ducci K, Baldassarre S, Sabini A, Brandini R, Capati E, Bolognese L: Impact of thrombus aspiration on myocardial tissue reperfusion and left ventricular functional recovery and remodeling after primary angioplasty. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2009; 2: 376-383
66. Muramatsu T, Kozuma K, Tsukahara R, Ito Y, Fujita N, Suwa S, Koyama S, Saitoh M, Kamiya H, Nakamura M; ASPARAGUS Trial Investigators: Comparison of myocardial perfusion by distal protection before and after primary stenting for acute myocardial infarction: angiographic and clinical results of a randomized controlled trial. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2007; 70: 677-682
67. Ito N, Nanto, Doi Y, Kurozumi Y, Tonomura D, Natsukawa T, Sawano H, Masuda D, Yamashita S, Okada K, Hayashi Y, Kai T, Hayashi T: Distal protection during primary coronary intervention can preserve the index of microcirculatory resistance in patients with acute anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Circ J, 2011; 75: 94-98
68. Vlaar PJ, Svilaas T, van der Horst IC, Diercks GF, Fokkema ML, de Smet BJ, van den Heuvel AF, Anthonio RL, Jessurun GA, Tan ES, Suurmeijer AJ, Zijlstra F: Cardiac death and reinfarction after 1 year in the Thrombus Aspiration during Percutaneous coronary intervention in Acute myocardial infarction Study (TAPAS): a 1-year follow-up study. Lancet, 2008; 371: 1915-1920
69. De Luca G, Dudek D, Sardella G, Marino P, Chevalier B, Zijlstra F: Adjunctive manual thrombectomy improves myocardial perfusion and mortality in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur Heart J, 2008; 29: 3002-3010
70. Burzotta F, Testa L, Giannico F, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Trani C, Romagnoli E, Mazzari M, Mongiardo R, Siviglia M, Niccoli G, De Vita M, Porto I, Schiavoni G, Crea F: Adjunctive devices in primary or rescue PCI: a metaanalysis of randomized trials. Int J Cardiol, 2008; 123: 313-321
71. Burzotta F, De Vita M, Gu YL, Isshiki T, Lefèvre T, Kaltoft A, Dudek D, Sardella G, Silva Orrego P, Antoniucci D, De Luca L, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Crea F, Zijlstra F: Clinical impact of thrombectomy in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction: an individual patient-data pooled analysis of 11 trials. Eur Heart J, 2009; 30: 2193-2203
72. Noman A, Egred M, Bagnall A, Spyridopoulos I, Jamieson S, Ahmed J: Impact of thrombus aspiration during primary percutaneous coronary intervention on mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J, 2012; 33: 3054-3061
73. Rittersma SZ, van der Wal AC, Koch KT, Piek JJ, Henriques JP, Mulder KJ, Ploegmakers JP, Meesterman M, de Winter RJ: Plaque instability frequently occurs days or weeks before occlusive coronary thrombosis: a pathological thrombectomy study in primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation, 2005; 111: 1160-1165
74. Nagata Y, Usuda K, Uchiyama A, Uchikoshi M, Sekiguchi Y, Kato H, Miwa A, Ishikawa T: Characteristics of the pathological images of coronary artery thrombi according to the infarct-related coronary artery in acute myocardial infarction. Circ J, 2004; 68: 308-314
75. Kramer MC, van der Wal AC, Koch KT, Ploegmakers JP, van der Schaaf RJ, Henriques JP, Baan J Jr, Rittersma SZ, Vis MM, Piek JJ, Tijssen JG, de Winter RJ: Presence of older thrombus is an independent predictor of long term mortality in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with thrombus aspiration during primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation, 2008; 118: 1810-1816
76. Kramer MC, van der Wal AC, Koch KT, Rittersma SZ, Li X, Ploegmakers HP, Henriques JP, van der Schaaf RJ, Baan J Jr, Vis MM, Meesterman MG, Piek JJ, Tijssen JG, de Winter RJ: Histopathological features of aspirated thrombi after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. PLoS One, 2009; 4: e5817
77. Arakawa K, Yasuda S, Hao H, Kataoka Y, Morii I, Kasahara Y, Kawamura A, Ishibashi-Ueda H, Miyazaki S: Significant association between neutrophil aggregation in aspirated thrombus and myocardial damage in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Circ J, 2009; 73: 139-144
78. Yunoki K, Naruko T, Sugioka K, Inaba M, Iwasa Y, Komatsu R, Itoh A, Haze K, Inoue T, Yoshiyama M, Becker AE, Ueda M: Erythrocyte-rich thrombus aspirated from patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: association with oxidative stress and its impact on myocardial reperfusion. Eur Heart J, 2012; 33: 1480-1490
79. Silvain J, Collet JP, Nagaswami C, Beygui F, Edmondson KE, Bellemain-Appaix A, Cayla G, Pena A, Brugier D, Barthelemy O, Montalescot G, Weisel JW: Composition of coronary thrombus in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011; 57: 1359-1367
80. Iwata H, Sata M, Ando J, Fujita H, Morita T, Sawaki D, Takahashi M, Hirata Y, Takanashi S, Tabata M, Hirata Y, Nagai R: Impact of primitive cells in intracoronary thrombi on lesion prognosis: temporal analysis of cellular constituents of thrombotic material obtained from patients with acute coronary syndrome. Heart, 2010; 96: 748-755
81. Youssef AA, Chang LT, Sheu JJ, Lee FY, Chua S, Yeh KH, Yang CH, Wu CJ, Yip HK: Association between circulating level of CD40 ligand and angiographic morphologic features indicating high-burden thrombus formation in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary coronary intervention. Circ J, 2007; 71: 1857-1861
82. Kramer MC, Rittersma SZ, de Winter RJ, Ladich ER, Fowler DR, Liang YH, Kutys R, Carter-Monroe N, Kolodgie FD, van der Wal AC, Virmani R: Relationship of thrombus healing to underlying plaque morphology in sudden coronary death. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2010; 55: 122-132
83. Ferrante G, Nakano M, Prati F, Niccoli G, Mallus MT, Ramazzotti V, Montone RA, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R, Crea F: High levels of systemic myeloperoxidase are associated with coronary plaque erosion in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a clinicopathological study. Circulation, 2010; 122: 2505-2513
84. Yunoki K, Naruko T, Inoue T, Sugioka K, Inaba M, Iwasa Y, Komatsu R, Itoh A, Haze K, Yoshiyama M, Becker AE, Ueda M: Relationship of thrombus characteristics to the incidence of angiographic-visible distal embolization in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with thrombus aspiration. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2013; 6: 377-385
85. Kotani J, Nanto S, Mintz GS, Kitakaze M, Ohara T, Morozumi T, Nagata S, Hori M: Plaque gruel of atheromatous coronary lesion may contribute to the no-reflow phenomenon in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Circulation, 2002; 106: 1672-1677
86. Kawaguchi R, Oshima S, Jingu M, Tsurugaya H, Toyama T, Hoshizaki H, Taniguchi K: Usefulness of virtual histology intravascular ultrasound to predict distal embolization for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2007; 50: 1641-1646
87. Yamashita A, Asada Y, Sugimura H, Yamamoto H, Marutsuka K, Hatakeyama K, Tamura S, Ikeda Y, Sumiyoshi A: Contribution of von Willebrand factor to thrombus formation on neointima of rabbit stenotic iliac artery under high blood-flow velocity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2003; 23: 1105-1110
88. Yamashita A, Furukoji E, Marutsuka K, Hatakeyama K, Yamamoto H, Tamura S, Ikeda Y, Sumiyoshi A, Asada Y: Increased vascular wall thrombogenicity combined with reduced blood flow promotes occlusive thrombus formation in rabbit femoral artery. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2004; 24: 2420-2424
89. Sakai T, Inoue S, Takei M, Ogawa G, Hamazaki Y, Ota H, Kobayashi Y: Activated inflammatory cells participate in thrombus size through tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in acute coronary syndrome: immunohistochemical analysis. Thromb Res, 2011; 127: 443-449
90. Sakai T, Inoue S, Matsuyama TA, Takei M, Ota H, Katagiri T, Kobayashi Y: Eosinophils may be involved in thrombus growth in acute coronary syndrome. Int Heart J, 2009; 50: 267-277
91. Sugiyama S, Kugiyama K, Aikawa M, Nakamura S, Ogawa H, Libby P: Hypochlorous acid, a macrophage product, induces endothelial apoptosis and tissue factor expression: involvement of myeloperoxidase-mediated oxidant in plaque erosion and thrombogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2004; 24: 1309-1314
92. Baskurt OK, Meiselman HJ: Activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes affect red blood cell aggregability. J Leukoc Biol, 1998; 63: 89-93
93. Baskurt OK, Temiz A, Meiselman HJ: Effect of superoxide anions on red blood cell rheologic properties. Free Radic Biol Med, 1998; 24: 102-110
94. Yedgar S, Hovav T, Barshtein G: Red blood cell intercellular interactions in oxidative stress states. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc, 1999; 21: 189-193
95. Yedgar S, Koshkaryev A, Barshtein G: The red blood cell in vascular occlusion. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb, 2002; 32: 263-268
96. Fusman G, Mardi T, Justo D, Rozenblat M, Rotstein R, Zeltser D, Rubinstein A, Koffler M, Shabtai E, Berliner S, Shapira I: Red blood cell adhesiveness/aggregation, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in healthy adults and in those with atherosclerotic risk factors. Am J Cardiol, 2002; 90: 561-563
97. Minetti M, Agati L, Malorni W: The microenvironment can shift erythrocytes from a friendly to a harmful behavior: pathogenetic implications for vascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res, 2007; 75: 21-28
98. Andelid K, Bake B, Rak S, Lindén A, Rosengren A, Ekberg-Jansson A: Myeloperoxidase as a marker of increasing systemic inflammation in smokers without severe airway symptoms. Respir Med, 2007; 101: 888-895
99. Wannamethee SG, Lowe GD, Shaper AG, Rumley A, Lennon L, Whincup PH: Associations between cigarette smoking, pipe/cigar smoking, and smoking cessation, and haemostatic and inflammatory markers for cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J, 2005; 26: 1765-1773
100. Yanbaeva DG, Dentener MA, Creutzberg EC, Wesseling G, Wouters EF: Systemic effects of smoking. Chest, 2007; 131: 1557-1566
101. Shimada S, Hasegawa K, Wada H, Terashima S, Satoh-Asahara N, Yamakage H, Kitaoka S, Akao M, Shimatsu A, Takahashi Y: High blood viscosity is closely associated with cigarette smoking and markedly reduced by smoking cessation. Circ J, 2011; 75: 185-189
102. Shechter M, Merz CN, Paul-Labrador MJ, Kaul S: Blood glucose and platelet-dependent thrombosis in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2000; 35: 300-307
103. Caimi G, Canino B, Romano A, Catania A, Lo Presti R: Erythrocyte aggregation and erythrocyte membrane properties in type 2 diabetes mellitus and in vascular atherosclerotic disease. Thromb Haemost, 2000; 83: 516-517
104. Undas A, Wiek I, Stêpien E, Zmudka K, Tracz W: Hyperglycemia is associated with enhanced thrombin formation, platelet activation, and fibrin clot resistance to lysis in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Diabetes Care, 2008; 31: 1590-1595
105. Kwon JS, Kim YS, Cho AS, Kim JS, Jeong SY, Hong MH, Jeong MH, Ahn Y: Origin of restenosis after drugeluting stent implantation in hyperglycemia is inflammatory cells and thrombus. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2011; 18: 604-615
106. Cermak J, Key NS, Bach RR, Balla J, Jacob HS, Vercellotti GM: C-reactive protein induces human peripheral blood monocytes to synthesize tissue factor. Blood, 1993; 82: 513-520
107. Paul A, Ko KW, Li L, Yechoor V, McCrory MA, Szalai AJ, Chan L: C-reactive protein accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation, 2004; 109: 647-655
108. Schönbeck U, Mach F, Sukhova GK, Herman M, Graber P, Kehry MR, Libby P: CD40 ligation induces tissue factor expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Pathol, 2000; 156: 7-14
109. André P, Prasad KS, Denis CV, He M, Papalia JM, Hynes RO, Phillips DR, Wagner DD: CD40L stabilizes arterial thrombi by a beta3 integrin--dependent mechanism. Nat Med, 2002; 8: 247-252
110. Heeschen C, Dimmeler S, Hamm CW, van den Brand MJ, Boersma E, Zeiher AM, Simoons ML; CAPTURE Study Investigators: Soluble CD40 ligand in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med, 2003; 348: 1104-1111
111. Koenig W: Fibrin(ogen) in cardiovascular disease: an update. Thromb Haemost, 2003; 89: 601-609
112. Sechi LA, Zingaro L, Catena C, Casaccio D, De Marchi S: Relationship of fibrinogen levels and hemostatic abnormalities with organ damage in hypertension. Hypertension, 2000; 36: 978-985
113. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Cerskus A, Stampfer MJ: Plasma concentration of cross-linked fibrin degradation product (D-dimer) and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation, 1994; 90: 2236-2240
114. Catena C, Novello M, Lapenna R, Baroselli S, Colussi G, Nadalini E, Favret G, Cavarape A, Soardo G, Sechi LA: New risk factors for atherosclerosis in hypertension: focus on the prothrombotic state and lipoprotein(a). J Hypertens, 2005; 23: 1617-1631
115. Undas A, Stepien E, Tracz W, Szczeklik A: Lipoprotein(a) as a modifier of fibrin clot permeability and susceptibility to lysis. J Thromb Haemost, 2006; 4: 973-975
116. Catena C, Colussi G, Brosolo G, Sechi LA: A prothrombotic state is associated with early arterial damage in hypertensive patients. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2012; 19: 471-478
117. Undas A, Ariëns RA: Fibrin clot structure and function: a role in the pathophysiology of arterial and venous thromboembolic diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2011; 31: e88-e99
118. Undas A, Szuldrzyński K, Brummel-Ziedins KE, Tracz W, Zmudka K, Mann KG: Systemic blood coagulation activation in acute coronary syndromes. Blood, 2009; 113: 2070-2078