Assisted reproductive technology and birth defects: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Human Reproduction Update

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 330-353

  Hansen, Michéle ^a   Kurinczuk, Jennifer J ^b   Milne, Elizabeth ^a   de Klerk, Nicholas ^a   Bower, Carol ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c KING EDWARD MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

Assisted reproductive technology; Congenital malformations; IVF; Meta analysis; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIRTH DEFECT; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; EMBRYO TRANSFER; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; FUNCTIONAL DISEASE; GENETIC SCREENING; HEART VENTRICLE SEPTUM DEFECT; HUMAN; INFERTILITY; INFERTILITY THERAPY; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION; PATIENT COUNSELING; PREMATURE LABOR; PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY CONTROL; RISK ASSESSMENT; STILLBIRTH; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TIME TO PREGNANCY; TWINS; ZYGOSITY;

ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY; CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS; IVF; META-ANALYSIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES; HUMANS; INFANT; REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, ASSISTED; RISK FACTORS; TWINS;

EID: 84879457220     PISSN: 13554786     EISSN: 14602369     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt006     Document Type: Article

References (182)

1. Addor V, Santos-Eggimann B, Fawer CL, Paccaud F, Calame A. Impact of infertility treatments on the health of newborns. Fertil Steril 1998;69:210-215.
2. Adler-Levy Y, Lunenfeld E, Levy A. Obstetric outcome of twin pregnancies conceived by in vitro fertilization and ovulation induction compared with those conceived spontaneously. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007;133:173-178.
3. Agarwal P, Loh SK, Lim SB, Sriram B, Daniel ML, Yeo SH, Heng D. Two-year neurodevelopmental outcome in children conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection: prospective cohort study. Br J Obstet Gynecol 2005;112:1376-1383.
4. Al-Fifi S, Al-Binali A, Al-Shahrani M, Shafiq H, Bahar M, Almushait M, Sobandi L, Eskandar M. Congenital anomalies and other perinatal outcomes in ICSI vs. naturally conceived pregnancies: a comparative study. J Assist Reprod Genet 2009;26:377-381.
5. Allen C, Bowdin S, Harrison RF, Sutcliffe AG, Brueton L, Kirby G, Kirkman-Brown J, Barrett C, ReardonW, Maher E. Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes after assisted reproduction: a comparative study. Ir J Med Sci 2008;177:233-241.
6. Anthony S, Buitendijk SE, Dorrepaal CA, Lindner K, Braat DD, den Ouden AL. Congenital malformations in 4224 children conceived after IVF. Hum Reprod 2002;17:2089-2095.
7. Apantaku O, Chandrasekaran I, Bentick B. Obstetric outcome of singleton pregnancies achieved with in vitro fertilisation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection: experience from a district general hospital. J Obstet Gynaecol 2008;28:398-402.
8. Aslan H, Cebeci A, Yildirim G, Ceylan Y. Neonatal outcomes of twin pregnancies after assisted reproductive techniques. J Turkish German Gynecol Assoc 2005; 6:111-113.
9. Banerjee I, Shevlin M, Taranissi M, Thornhill A, Abdalla H, Ozturk O, Barnes J, Sutcliffe A. Health of children conceived after preimplantation genetic diagnosis: a preliminary outcome study. Reprod BioMed Online 2008;16:376-381.
10. Baxi A, Kaushal M. Outcome of twin pregnancies conceived after assisted reproductive techniques. J Hum Reprod Sci 2008;1:25-28.
11. Belva F, Henriet S, Liebaers I, Van Steirteghem A, Celestin-Westreich S, Bonduelle M. Medical outcome of 8-year-old singleton ICSI children (born . or 1/432 weeks' gestation) and a spontaneously conceived comparison group. Hum Reprod 2007;22:506-515.
12. Beral V, Doyle P. Births in Great Britain resulting from assisted conception, 1978-87 (MRC Working Party on Children Conceived by In Vitro Fertilisation). Br Med J 1990;300:1229-1233.
13. Berg I, Finnstrom O, Nygren KG. [Children born after in vitro fertilization in Sweden 1982-1997. Small, but significant increase of risks among test-tube children]. Lakartidningen 2001;98:4020-4021, 4024-4025.
14. Bergh T, Ericson A, Hillensjo T, Nygren KG, Wennerholm UB. Deliveries and children born after in-vitro fertilisation in Sweden 1982-95: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 1999;354:1579-1585.
15. Bonduelle M, Wilikens A, Buysse A, Van Assche E, Wisanto A, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem AC, Liebaers I. Prospective follow-up study of 877 children born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), with ejaculated epididymal and testicular spermatozoa and after replacement of cryopreserved embryos obtained after ICSI. Hum Reprod 1996;11:131-155.
16. Bonduelle M, Liebaers I, Deketelaere V, Derde MP, Camus M, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem A. Neonatal data on a cohort of 2889 infants born after ICSI (1991-1999) and of 2995 infants born after IVF (1983-1999). Hum Reprod 2002;17:671-694.
17. Bonduelle M, Bergh C, Niklasson A, Palermo GD, Wennerholm UB. Medical follow-up study of 5-year-old ICSI children. Reprod BioMed Online 2004;9:91-101.
18. Bonduelle M, Wennerholm UB, Loft A, Tarlatzis BC, Peters C, Henriet S, Mau C, Victorin-Cederquist A, Van Steirteghem A, Balaska A et al. A multi-centre cohort study of the physical health of 5-year-old children conceived after intracytoplasmic sperm injection, in vitro fertilization and natural conception. Hum Reprod 2005;20:413-419.
19. Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR. Introduction to Meta-Analysis. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2009.
20. Bowen JR, Gibson FL, Leslie GI, Saunders DM. Medical and developmental outcome at 1 year for children conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Lancet 1998, 351, 1529-1534
21. Brandes JM, Scher A, Itzkovits J, Thaler I, Sarid M, Gershoni-Baruch R. Growth and development of children conceived by in vitro fertilisation. Pediatrics 1992; 90:424-429.
22. Buckett WM, Chian RC, Holzer H, Dean N, Usher R, Tan SL. Obstetric outcomes and congenital abnormalities after in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Obstet Gynecol 2007;110:885-891.
23. Cadman J, Richards B, D'Souza S, Lieberman BA, Buck P, Rivlin E. A computerised study on the results of in-vitro-fertilisation. Stud Health Technol Inform 1999; 68:343-346.
24. Caserta D, Marci R, Tatone C, Schimberni M, Vaquero E, Lazzarin N, Fazi A, Moscarini M. IVF pregnancies: neonatal outcomes after the new Italian law on assisted reproduction technology (law 40/2004). Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2008;87:935-939.
25. Cederblad M, Friberg B, Ploman F, Sjoberg NO, Stjernqvist K, Zackrisson E. Intelligence and behaviour in children born after in-vitro fertilisation treatment. Hum Reprod 1996;11:2052-2057.
26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. 2009 Assisted Reproductive Technology Success Rates: National Summary and Fertility Clinic Reports. Atlanta, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011.
27. Chou HC, Tsao PN, Yang YS, Tang JR, Tsou KI. Neonatal outcome of infants born after in vitro fertilization at National Taiwan University Hospital. J Formosan Med Assoc 2002,101,203-205
28. Daniel Y, Ochshorn Y, Fait G, Geva E, Bar-Am A, Lessing JB. Analysis of 104 twin pregnancies conceived with assisted reproductive technologies and 193 spontaneously conceived twin pregnancies. Fertil Steril 2000;74:683-689.
29. Davies MJ, Moore VM, Willson KJ, Van Essen P, Priest K, Scott H, Haan EA, Chan A. Reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 2012a; 366:1803-1813.
30. Davies MJ, Moore VM, Haan EA. Reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects: the authors reply. N Engl J Med 2012b;367:875-876.
31. Desmyttere S, De Schepper J, Nekkebroeck J, De Vos A, De Rycke M, Staessen C, Liebaers I, Bonduelle M. Two-year auxological and medical outcome of singletons born after embryo biopsy applied in preimplantation genetic diagnosis or preimplantation genetic screening. Hum Reprod 2009;24:470-476.
32. Dhont M, De Neubourg F, Van der Elst J, De Sutter P. Perinatal outcome of pregnancies after assisted reproduction: a case-control study. J Assist Reprod Genet 1997;14:575-580.
33. Dhont M, De Sutter P, Ruyssinck G, Martens G, Bekaert A. Perinatal outcome of pregnancies after assisted reproduction: a case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:688-695.
34. d'souza SW, Rivlin E, Cadman J, Richards B, Buck P, Lieberman BA. Children conceived by in vitro fertilisation after fresh embryo transfer. Arch Dis Child 1997;76:F70-F74.
35. Dumoulin JC, Land JA, Van Montfoort AP, Nelissen EC, Coonen E, Derhaag JG, Schreurs IL, Dunselman GA, Kester AD, Geraedts JP et al. Effect of in vitro culture of human embryos on birthweight of newborns. Hum Reprod 2010; 25:605-612.
36. El-Chaar D, Yang Q, Gao J, Bottomley J, Leader A, Wen SW, Walker M. Risk of birth defects increased in pregnancies conceived by assisted human reproduction. Fertil Steril 2009;92:1557-1561.
37. El Hage S, Ghanem I, Safi CA, Afif N, Azoury J, Kharrat K, Dagher F. The risk of neuro-orthopaedic malformations following in-vitro fertilization. J Pediatr Orthop B 2006;15:229-232.
38. Ericson A, Kallen B. Congenital malformations in infants born after IVF: a population-based study. Hum Reprod 2001;16:504-509.
39. Ericson A, Nygren KG, Olausson PO, Kallen B. Hospital care utilization of infants born after IVF. Hum Reprod 2002;17:929-932.
40. Ezechi OC, Ndububa VI, Loto OM, Ezeobi PM, Kalu BKE, Njokanma OF, Nwokoro CA. Pregnancy, obstetric and neonatal outcome after assisted reproduction in Nigerians. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008;21:261-266.
41. Ferraretti AP, Goossens V, de Mouzon J, Bhattacharya S, Castilla JA, Korsak V, Kupka M, Nygren KG, Nyboe Andersen A. Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 2008: results generated from European registers by ESHRE. Hum Reprod 2012;27:2571-2584.
42. Finnstrom O, Kallen B, Lindam A, Nilsson E, Nygren KG, Olausson PO. Maternal and child outcome after in vitro fertilization-a review of 25 years of population-based data from Sweden. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011; 90:494-500.
43. Fisch B, Harel L, Kaplan B, Pinkas H, Amit S, Ovadia J, Tadir Y, Merlob P. Neonatal assessment of babies conceived by in vitro fertilization. J Perinatol 1997; 17:473-476.
44. FIVNAT. Pregnancies and births resulting from in vitro fertilization: French national registry, analysis of data 1986 to 1990. Fertil Steril 1995;64:746-756.
45. Fujii M, Matsuoka R, Bergel E, van der Poel S, Okai T. Perinatal risk in singleton pregnancies after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2010;94:2113-2117.
46. Ghazi HA, Spielberger C, Kallen B. Delivery outcome after infertility-a registry study. Fertil Steril 1991;55:726-732.
47. Gojnic M, Jeremic K, Boskovic V, Fazlagic A, Stefanovic A, Pervulov M. Perinatal outcome in multiple pregnancies-spontaneous gestation versus. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2005;32:65-67.
48. Gonzalez L, Berzosa J, Alonso R, Ayuso F, Izquierdo M. [Spontaneous versus assisted conception multiple pregnancies]. Clin Invest Ginecol Obstet 2006; 33:7-11.
49. Greenland S, Thomas DC. On the need for the rare disease assumption in case- control studies. Am J Epidemiol 1982;116:547-553.
50. Gupta P, Nayan N, Sharma M. Perinatal outcomes among children born by assisted reproductive techniques-a hospital-based case control study. Med J Armed Forces India 2012;68:132-135.
51. Halliday JL, Ukoumunne OC, Baker HW, Breheny S, Jaques AM, Garrett C, Healy D, Amor D. Increased risk of blastogenesis birth defects, arising in the first 4 weeks of pregnancy, after assisted reproductive technologies. Hum Reprod 2010;25:59-65.
52. Hansen M, Kurinczuk JJ, Bower C, Webb S. The risk of major birth defects after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and in vitro fertilization. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:725-730.
53. Hansen M, Bower C, Milne E, de Klerk N, Kurinczuk JJ. Assisted reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects-a systematic review. Hum Reprod 2005;20:328-338.
54. Hansen M, Colvin L, Petterson B, Kurinczuk JJ, de Klerk N, Bower C. Admission to hospital of singleton children born following assisted reproductive technology (ART). Hum Reprod 2008;23:1297-1305.
55. Hansen M, Colvin L, Petterson B, Kurinczuk JJ, de Klerk N, Bower C. Twins born following assisted reproductive technology: perinatal outcome and admission to hospital. Hum Reprod 2009;24:2321-2331.
56. Hansen M, Milne E, de Klerk N, Kurinczuk JJ, Jacoby P, Bower C. ART, birth defects and subfertility-what should prospective patients be told? J Assist Reprod Genet 2011;28:1229-1230.
57. Hansen M, Kurinczuk JJ, de Klerk N, Burton P, Bower C. Assisted reproductive technology and major birth defects in Western Australia. Obstet Gynecol 2012, 120, 852-863
58. Harrison RF, Hennelly B, Woods T, Lowry K, Kondaveeti U, Barry-Kinsella C, Nargund G. Course and outcome of IVF pregnancies and spontaneous conceptions within an IVF setting. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995; 59:175-182.
59. Henningsen AK, Pinborg A, Lidegaard O, Vestergaard C, Forman JL, Andersen AN. Perinatal outcome of singleton siblings born after assisted reproductive technology and spontaneous conception: Danish national sibling-cohort study. Fertil Steril 2011a;95:959-963.
60. Henningsen AKA, Romundstad LB, Gissler M, Nygren KG, Lidegaard O, Skjaerven R, Tiitinen A, Andersen AN, Wennerholm UB, Pinborg A. Infant and maternal health monitoring using a combined Nordic database on ART and safety. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011b;90:683-691.
61. Ho CH, Peng FS, Chen HF, Lien YR, Chen SU, Yang YS. Twin pregnancies conceived by assisted reproductive technology: maternal and perinatal outcomes. Taiwanese J Obstet Gynecol 2005;44:332-337.
62. Isaksson R, Gissler M, Tiitinen A. Obstetric outcome among women with unexplained infertility after IVF: a matched case-control study. Hum Reprod 2002;17:1755-1761.
63. Jaques AM, Amor DJ, Baker HW, Healy DL, Ukoumunne OC, Breheny S, Garrett C, Halliday JL. Adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes in subfertile women conceiving without assisted reproductive technologies. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:2674-2679.
64. Joy J, McClure N, Cooke IE. A comparison of spontaneously conceived twins and twins conceived by artificial reproductive technologies. J Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 28:580-585.
65. Kallen B, Finnstrom O, Nygren KG, Olausson PO. In vitro fertilization (IVF) in Sweden: risk for congenital malformations after different IVF methods. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2005;73:162-169.
66. Kallen B, Finnstrom O, Lindam A, Nilsson E, Nygren KG, Otterblad PO. Congenital malformations in infants born after in vitro fertilization in Sweden. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2010a;88:137-143.
67. Kallen B, Finnstrom O, Lindam A, Nilsson E, Nygren KG, Otterblad Olausson P. Trends in delivery and neonatal outcome after in vitro fertilization in Sweden: data for 25 years. Hum Reprod 2010b;25:1026-1034.
68. Kanat-Pektas M, Kunt C, Gungor T, Mollamahmutoglu L. Perinatal and first year outcomes of spontaneous versus assisted twins: a single center experience. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2008;278:143-147.
69. Kanyo K, Konc J. A follow-up study of children born after diode laser assisted hatching. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003;110:176-180.
70. Katalinic A, Rosch C, Ludwig M. Pregnancy course and outcome after intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a controlled, prospective cohort study. Fertil Steril 2004;81:1604-1616.
71. Klemetti R, Gissler M, Sevon T, Koivurova S, Ritvanen A, Hemminki E. Children born after assisted fertilization have an increased rate of major congenital anomalies. Fertil Steril 2005;84:1300-1307.
72. Knoester M, Helmerhorst FM, Vandenbroucke JP, van der Westerlaken LA, Walther FJ, Veen S. Perinatal outcome, health, growth, and medical care utilization of 5- to 8-year-old intracytoplasmic sperm injection singletons. Fertil Steril 2008;89:1133-1146.
73. Koivurova S, Hartikainen AL, Gissler M, Hemminki E, Sovio U, Jarvelin MR. Neonatal outcome and congenital malformations in children born after in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 2002;17:1391-1398.
74. Kor-anantakul O, Suwanrath C, Suntharasaj T, Getpook C, Leetanaporn R. Outcomes of multifetal pregnancies. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2007;33:49-55.
75. Koudstaal J, Braat DDM, Bruinse HW, Naaktgeboren N, Vermeiden JPW, Visser GHA. Obstetric outcome of singleton pregnancies after IVF: a matched control study in four Dutch university hospitals. Hum Reprod 2000a; 15:1819-1825.
76. Koudstaal J, Bruinse HW, Helmerhorst FM, Vermeiden JPW, Willemsen WNP, Visser GHA. Obstetric outcome of twin pregnancies after in-vitro fertilization: a matched control study in four Dutch University hospitals. Hum Reprod 2000b; 15:935-940.
77. Kozinszky Z, Zadori J, Orvos H, Katona M, Pal A, Kovacs L. Obstetric and neonatal risk of pregnancies after assisted reproductive technology: a matched control study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003;82:850-856.
78. Kurinczuk JJ, Bower C. Birth defects in infants conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection: an alternative interpretation. Br Med J 1997;315:1260-1265.
79. Kurinczuk JJ, Hansen M, Bower C. Methodological considerations when designing studies to examine the health of children born following ART. In: Sutcliffe AG (ed). Health and Welfare of ART Children. London: Informa Healthcare, 2006, 11-41.
80. Kuwata T, Matsubara S, Ohkuchi A, Watanabe T, Izumi A, Honma Y, Yada Y, Shibahara H, Suzuki M. The risk of birth defects in dichorionic twins conceived by assisted reproductive technology. Twin Res 2004, 7, 223-227
81. Lahat E, Raziel A, Friedler S, Schieber-Kazir M, Ron-El R. Long-term follow-up of children born after inadvertent administration of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist in early pregnancy. Hum Reprod 1999;14:2656-2660.
82. Lambalk CB, van Hooff M. Natural versus induced twinning and pregnancy outcome: a Dutch nationwide survey of primiparous dizygotic twin deliveries. Fertil Steril 2001;75:731-736.
83. Lancaster PAL. Registers of in-vitro fertilisation and assisted conception. Hum Reprod 1996;11:89-104.
84. Lehnen H, Schafer S, Reineke T, Puchooa A, Maiwald R, Zechner U. Twin pregnancies conceived spontaneously and by ART (Assisted Reproductive Technologies)-a retrospective analysis and review. Geburtsh Frauenheilk 2011; 71:669-676.
85. Leslie GI, Gibson FL, McMahon C, Tennant C, Saunders DM. Infants conceived using in-vitro fertilization do not over-utilize health care resources after the neonatal period. Hum Reprod 1998;13:2055-2059.
86. Lie RT, Lyngstadaas A, Orstavik KH, Bakketeig LS, Jacobsen G, Tanbo T. Birth defects in children conceived by ICSI compared with children conceived by other IVF-methods; a meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2005;34:696-701.
87. Liu F, He L. Evaluate the security of assisted reproductive technology in the near future. [Chinese]. Prog Obstet Gynecol 2010;19:179-184.
88. Ludwig M. Malformation risk in subfertile couples. Reprod Biomed Online 2012; 25:225-226.
89. Ludwig M, Diedrich K. Follow-up of children born after assisted reproductive technologies. Reprod Biomed Online 2002;5:317-322.
90. Ludwig M, Katalinic A. Malformation rate in fetuses and children conceived after ICSI: results of a prospective cohort study. Reprod Biomed Online 2002; 5:171-178.
91. Manoura A, Korakaki E, Hatzidaki E, Bikouvarakis S, Papageorgiou M, Giannakopoulou C. Perinatal outcome of twin pregnancies after in vitro fertilization. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004;83:1079-1084.
92. Marino JL, Moore VM, Rumbold AR, Davies MJ. Fertility treatments and the young women who use them: an Australian cohort study. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:473-479.
93. McDonald S, Murphy K, Beyene J, Ohlsson A. Perinatal outcomes of in vitro fertilization twins: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005a;193:141-152.
94. McDonald SD, Murphy K, Beyene J, Ohlsson A. Perinatal outcomes of singleton pregnancies achieved by in vitro fertilization: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2005b;27:449-459.
95. McNutt LA, Wu C, Xue X, Hafner JP. Estimating the relative risk in cohort studies and clinical trials of common outcomes. Am J Epidemiol 2003;157:940-943.
96. Merlob P, Fisch B. Neonatal outcome and congenital malformations in children born after IVF. Hum Reprod 2002;17:3004-3005; author reply 3005.
97. Merlob P, Sapir O, Sulkes J, Fisch B. The prevalence ofmajor congenital malformations during two periods of time, 1986-1994 and 1995-2002 in newborns conceived by assisted reproduction technology. Eur J Med Genet 2005;48:5-11.
98. Minakami H, Sayama M, Honma Y, Matsubara S, Koike T, Sato I, Uchida A, Eguchi Y, Momoi M, Araki S. Lower risks of adverse outcome in twins conceived by artificial reproductive techniques compared with spontaneously conceived twins. Hum Reprod 1998;13:2005-2008.
99. Morcel K, Lavoue V, Beuchee A, Le Lannou D, Poulain P, Pladys P. Perinatal morbidity and mortality in twin pregnancies with dichorionic placentas following assisted reproductive techniques or ovarian induction alone: a comparative study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010;153:138-142.
100. Morin NC, Wirth FH, Johnson DH, Frank LM, Presburg HJ, Van de Water VL, Chee EM, Mills JL. Congenital malformations and psychosocial development in children conceived by in vitro fertilization. J Pediatr 1989;115:222-227.
101. Nassar S, Boutros J, Aboulghar H, Mansour R, Hussein M, Aboulghar M. Perinatal outcome after in vitro fertilization and spontaneous pregnancy: a comparative study. Middle East Fertil Soc J 1996;1:151-158.
102. Nassar AH, Usta IM, Rechdan JB, Harb TS, Adra AM, Abu-Musa AA. Pregnancy outcome in spontaneous twins versus twins who were conceived through in vitro fertilization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:513-518.
103. Nuojua-Huttunen S, Gissler M, Martikainen H, Tuomivaara L. Obstetric and perinatal outcome of pregnancies after intrauterine insemination. Hum Reprod 1999;14:2110-2115.
104. Nygren KG, Sullivan E, Zegers-Hochschild F, Mansour R, Ishihara O, Adamson GD, de Mouzon J. International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) world report: assisted reproductive technology 2003. Fertil Steril 2011;95:2209-2222.
105. Olson CK, Keppler-Noreuil KM, Romitti PA, Budelier WT, Ryan G, Sparks AE, Van Voorhis BJ. In vitro fertilization is associated with an increase in major birth defects. Fertil Steril 2005;84:1308-1315.
106. Ombelet W, Peeraer K, De Sutter P, Gerris J, Bosmans E, Martens G, Ruyssinck G, Defoort P, Molenberghs G, Gyselaers W. Perinatal outcome of ICSI pregnancies compared with a matched group of natural conception pregnancies in Flanders (Belgium): a cohort study. Reprod Biomed Online 2005;11:244-253.
107. Ozer EA, Turkoglu E, Balli T, Sutcuoglu S, Erdemir A, Cosar H, Kahramaner Z, Kanik A, Men G, Yaprak I. Neonatal mortality and short term prognosis in newborns born after assisted reproduction techniques. Turk Arch Ped 2011; 46:37-41.
108. Palermo GD, Neri QV, Hariprashad JJ, Davis OK, Veeck LL, Rosenwaks Z. ICSI and its outcome. Semin Reprod Med 2000;18:161-169.
109. Palermo GD, Neri QV, Takeuchi T, Squires J, Moy F, Rosenwaks Z. Genetic and epigenetic characteristics of ICSI children. Reprod Biomed Online 2008; 17:820-833.
110. Pandey S, Shetty A, Hamilton M, Bhattacharya S, Maheshwari A. Obstetric and perinatal outcomes in singleton pregnancies resulting from IVF/ICSI: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2012;18:485-503.
111. Petersen K, Hornnes PJ, Ellingsen S, Jensen F, Brocks V, Starup J, Jacobsen JR, Andersen AN. Perinatal outcome after in vitro fertilisation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1995;74:129-131.
112. Pharoah PO, Glinianaia SV, Rankin J. Congenital anomalies in multiple births after early loss of a conceptus. Hum Reprod 2009;24:726-731.
113. Pinborg A. Vanishing twins in in-vitro fertilization (IVF). Twin Res Hum Genet 2010b; 13:283.
114. Pinborg A, Loft A, Rasmussen S, Schmidt L, Langhoff-Roos J, Greisen G, Andersen AN. Neonatal outcome in a Danish national cohort of 3438 IVF/ ICSI and 10,362 non-IVF/ICSI twins born between 1995 and 2000. Hum Reprod 2004;19:435-441.
115. Pinborg A, Lidegaard O, la Cour Freiesleben N, Andersen AN. Consequences of vanishing twins in IVF/ICSI pregnancies. Hum Reprod 2005;20:2821-2829.
116. Pinborg A, Lidegaard O, Freiesleben NC, Andersen AN. Vanishing twins: a predictor of small-for-gestational age in IVF singletons. Hum Reprod 2007; 22:2707-2714.
117. Pinborg A, Loft A, Aaris Henningsen AK, Rasmussen S, Andersen AN. Infant outcome of 957 singletons born after frozen embryo replacement: the Danish National Cohort Study 1995-2006. Fertil Steril 2010a;94:1320-1327.
118. Pinborg A, Wennerholm UB, Romundstad LB, Loft A, Aittomaki K, Sö derström-Anttila V, Nygren KG, Hazekamp J, Bergh C. Why do singletons conceived after assisted reproduction technology have adverse perinatal outcome? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2012a; doi:10.1093/humupd/dms044.
119. Pinborg A, Loft A, Henningsen AK, Ziebe S. Does assisted reproductive treatment increase the risk of birth defects in the offspring? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012b; 91:1245-1246.
120. Place I, Englert Y. A prospective longitudinal study of the physical, psychomotor, and intellectual development of singleton children up to 5 years who were conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection compared with children conceived spontaneously and by in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2003, 80, 1388-1397
121. Raatikainen K, Kuivasaari-Pirinen P, Hippelainen M, Heinonen S. Comparison of the pregnancy outcomes of subfertile women after infertility treatment and in naturally conceived pregnancies. Hum Reprod 2012;27:1162-1169.
122. Reefhuis J, Honein MA, Schieve LA, Correa A, Hobbs CA, Rasmussen SA. Assisted reproductive technology and major structural birth defects in the United States. Hum Reprod 2009;24:360-366.
123. Reefhuis J, Honein MA, Schieve LA, Rasmussen SA. Use of clomiphene citrate and birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2005. Hum Reprod 2011;26:451-457.
124. Rimm AA, Katayama AC. Reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 2012a;367:874-875; author reply 875-876.
125. Rimm AA, Katayama AC. The impact of ART on major malformations is not known at this time. J Assist Reprod Genet 2012b;29:699-700.
126. Rimm AA, Katayama AC, Diaz M, Katayama KP. A meta-analysis of controlled studies comparing major malformation rates in IVF and ICSI infants with naturally conceived children. J Assist Reprod Genet 2004;21:437-443.
127. Rimm AA, Katayama AC, Katayama KP. A meta-analysis of the impact of IVF and ICSI on major malformations after adjusting for the effect of subfertility. J Assist Reprod Genet 2011;28:699-705.
128. Rizk B, Doyle P, Tan SL, Rainsbury P, Betts J, Brinsden P, Edwards R. Perinatal outcome and congenital malformations in in-vitro fertilisation babies from the Bourn-Hallam group. Hum Reprod 1991;6:1259-1264.
129. Rodrigues M, Pinelo S, Carvalho I, Figueiredo H, Felgueira E, Joao A, Pinho M. Comparative study of the obstetric and neonatal complications of in vitro fertilization/intracitoplasmatic sperm injection twin pregnancies vs naturally conceived twin gestations [Spanish]. Rev IberoamFertil ReprodHum 2005;22:395-401.
130. Romundstad LB, Romundstad PR, Sunde A, von During V, Skjaerven R, Gunnell D, Vatten LJ. Effects of technology or maternal factors on perinatal outcome after assisted fertilisation: a population-based cohort study. Lancet 2008;372:737-743.
131. Ron-El R, Lahat E, Golan A, Lerman M, Bukovsky I, Herman A. Development of children born after ovarian superovulation induced by long-acting gonadotropinreleasing hormone agonist and menotropins, and by in vitro fertilization. J Pediatr 1994;125:734-737.
132. Rossi AC, D'Addario V. Neonatal outcomes of assisted and naturally conceived twins: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Perinat Med 2011;39:489-493.
133. Sagot P, Bechoua S, Ferdynus C, Facy A, Flamm X, Gouyon JB, Jimenez C. Similarly increased congenital anomaly rates after intrauterine insemination and IVF technologies: a retrospective cohort study. Hum Reprod 2012;27:902-909.
134. Sala P, Ferrero S, Buffi D, Pastorino D, Bertoldi S, Vaccari L, Bentivoglio G, Venturini PL, De Biasio P. Congenital defects in assisted reproductive technology pregnancies. Minerva Ginecol 2011;63:227-235.
135. Sanchez-Albisua I, Borell-Kost S, Mau-Holzmann UA, Licht P, Krageloh-Mann I. Increased frequency of severe major anomalies in children conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Dev Med Child Neurol 2007;49:129-134.
136. Sanchis Calvo A, Marcos Puig B, Juan Garcia L, Morales Suarez-Varela MM, Abeledo Gomez A, Balanza MacHancosa R, Pineda Caplliure A, Tamarit Bordes G, Gimeno Clemente N, Cervero Marti L. [Birth characteristics due to in vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques]. An Pediatr 2009;70:333-339.
137. Saunders K, Spensley J, Munro J, Halasz G. Growth and physical outcome of children conceived by in vitro fertilisation. Pediatrics 1996;97:688-692.
138. Saygan-Karamursel B, Teksam O, Aksu T, Yurdakok M, Onderoglu L. Perinatal outcomes of spontaneous twins compared with twins conceived through intracytoplasmic sperm injection. J Perinat Med 2006;34:132-138.
139. Sazonova A, Kallen K, Thurin-Kjellberg A, Wennerholm UB, Bergh C. Obstetric outcome after in vitro fertilization with single or double embryo transfer. Hum Reprod 2011;26:442-450.
140. Sazonova A, Kallen K, Thurin-Kjellberg A, Wennerholm UB, Bergh C. Obstetric outcome in singletons after in vitro fertilization with cryopreserved/thawed embryos. Hum Reprod 2012;27:1343-1350.
141. Schimmel MS, Hammerman C, Lusky A, Reichman B. Very low-birth-weight-infants conceived by in vitro fertilization are not at higher risk for mortality and morbidity: a population-based study. Fertil Steril 2006;85:907-912.
142. Sebastiani G, Pertierra Cortada A, Vidal Sorde E, Figueras Aloy J, Balasch Cortina J. [Factors associated with assisted reproduction technologies and neonatal outcomes]. An Pediat 2009;70:323-332.
143. Shebl O, Ebner T, Sommergruber M, Sir A, Tews G. Risk in twin pregnancies after the use of assisted reproductive techniques. J Reprod Med 2008a;53:798-802.
144. Shebl O, Ebner T, Sommergruber M, Sir A, Tews G. Birth weight is lower for survivors of the vanishing twin syndrome: a case-control study. Fertil Steril 2008b;90:310-314.
145. Shevell T, Malone FD, Vidaver J, Porter TF, Luthy DA, Comstock CH, Hankins GD, Eddleman K, Dolan S, Dugoff L et al. Assisted reproductive technology and pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:1039-1045.
146. Shu-Chi M, Jiann-Loung H, Yu-Hung L, Tseng-Chen S, Ming-I L, Tsu-Fuh Y. Growth and development of children conceived by in-vitro maturation of human oocytes. Early Hum Dev 2006;82:677-682.
147. Silver RI, Rodriguez R, Chang TSK, Gearhart JP. In Vitro Fertilisation is associated with an increased risk of hypospadias. J Urol 1999;161:1954-1957.
148. Simpson JL. Registration of congenital anomalies in ART populations: pitfalls. Hum Reprod 1996;11:81-88.
149. Sipek A, Gregor V, Rychtarikova J, Mardesic T, Horacek J, Masatova D. [Condition of children after assisted reproduction in the Czech Republic in the period of 1995- 1999]. Ceska Gynekol 2004;69:358-365.
150. Smithers PR, Halliday J, Hale L, Talbot JM, Breheny S, Healy D. High frequency of Cesarean section, antepartum hemorrhage, placenta previa, and preterm delivery in in-vitro fertilization twin pregnancies. Fertil Steril 2003;80:666-668.
151. Snajderova M, Zemkova D, Mardesic T, Sipek A, Gregor V, Krejcirova D, Sobotkova D, Kraus J, Lanska V. [Birth defects, medical outcome and somatic development in children conceived after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)]. Ceska Gynekol 2008;73:22-29.
152. Sperling L, Kill C, Larsen LU, Brocks V, Wojdemann KR, Qvist I, Schwartz M, Jorgensen C, Espersen G, Skajaa K et al. Detection of chromosomal abnormalities, congenital abnormalities and transfusion syndrome in twins. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007;29:517-526.
153. Stromberg B, Dahlquist G, Ericson A, Finnstrom O, Koster M, Stjernqvist K. Neurological sequelae in children born after in-vitro fertilisation: a population-based study. Lancet 2002;359:461-465.
154. Sutcliffe AG, D'Souza SW, Cadman J, Richards B, McKinlay IA, Lieberman B. Minor congenital anomalies, major congenital malformations and development in children conceived from cryopreserved embryos. Hum Reprod 1995;10:3332-3337.
155. Sutcliffe AG, Taylor B, Li J, Thornton S, Grudzinskas JG, Lieberman BA. Children born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection: population control study. Br Med J 1999;318:704-705.
156. Sutcliffe AG, Taylor B, Saunders K, Thornton S, Lieberman BA, Grudzinskas JG. Outcome in the second year of life after in-vitro fertilisation by intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a UK case-control study. Lancet 2001;357:2080-2084.
157. Sutcliffe AG, Saunders K, McLachlan R, Taylor B, Edwards P, Grudzinskas G, Leiberman B, Thornton S. A retrospective case-control study of developmental and other outcomes in a cohort of Australian children conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection compared with a similar group in the United Kingdom. Fertil Steril 2003;79:512-516.
158. Szymankiewicz M, Jedrzejczak P, Rozycka J, Gadzinowski J, Pawelczyk L. Newborn outcome after assisted reproductive technology: experiences and reflections from Poland. Int J Fertil 2004;49:150-154.
159. Tanbo T, Dale PO, Lunde O, Moe N, Abyholm T. Obstetric outcome in singleton pregnancies after assisted reproduction. Obstet Gynecol 1995;86:188-192.
160. Tararbit K, Houyel L, Bonnet D, De Vigan C, Lelong N, Goffinet F, Khoshnood B. Risk of congenital heart defects associated with assisted reproductive technologies: a population-based evaluation. Eur Heart J 2011;32:500-508.
161. Thomson F, Shanbhag S, Templeton A, Bhattacharya S. Obstetric outcome in women with subfertility. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2005;112:632-637.
162. Tomic V, Tomic J. Neonatal outcome of IVF singletons versus naturally conceived in women aged 35 years and over. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011;284:1411-1416.
163. Vasario E, Borgarello V, Bossotti C, Libanori E, Biolcati M, Arduino S, Spinelli R, Delle Piane L, Revelli A, Todros T. IVF twins have similar obstetric and neonatal outcome as spontaneously conceived twins: a prospective follow-up study. Reprod Biomed Online 2010;21:422-428.
164. Verlaenen H, Cammu H, Derde MP, Amy JJ. Singleton pregnancy after in vitro fertilization: expectations and outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1995;86:906-910.
165. Wang JX, Norman RJ, Kristiansson P. The effect of various infertility treatments on the risk of preterm birth. Hum Reprod 2002;17:945-949.
166. Wang Q-Q, Zhu Y-M, Wu M-Y. [Health status of mothers undergoing in vitro fertilization and their offspring]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2009; 38:515-520.
167. Wang YA, Macaldowie A, Hayward I, Chambers GM, Sullivan EA. Assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand 2009. Assisted reproduction technology series no. 15. Cat. no. PER 51. Canberra: AIHW, 2011.
168. Welmerink DB, Voigt LF, Daling JR, Mueller BA. Infertility treatment use in relation to selected adverse birth outcomes. Fertil Steril 2010,94,2580-2586
169. Wen SW, Leader A, White RR, Leveille MC, Wilkie V, Zhou J, Walker MC. A comprehensive assessment of outcomes in pregnancies conceived by in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010;150:160-165.
170. Wen J, Jiang J, Ding C, Dai J, Liu Y, Xia Y, Liu J, Hu Z. Birth defects in children conceived by in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2012;97:1331-1337 e1331-1334.
171. Wennerholm UB, Hamberger L, Nilsson L, Wennergren M, Wikland M, Bergh C. Obstetric and perinatal outcome of children conceived from cryopreserved embryos. Hum Reprod 1997;12:1819-1825.
172. Wennerholm UB, Albertsson-Wikland K, Bergh C, Hamberger L, Niklasson A, Nilsson L, Thiringer K, Wennergren M, Wikland M, Borres MP. Postnatal growth and health in children born after cryopreservation as embryos. Lancet 1998;351:1085-1090.
173. Wennerholm UB, Bergh C, Hamberger L, Lundin K, Nilsson L, Wikland M, Kallen B. Incidence of congenital malformations in children born after ICSI. Hum Reprod 2000;15:944-948.
174. Westergaard HB, Johansen AM, Erb K, Andersen AN. Danish National In-Vitro Fertilization Registry 1994 and 1995: a controlled study of births, malformations and cytogenetic findings. Hum Reprod 1999;14:1896-1902.
175. Yan J, Huang G, Sun Y, Zhao X, Chen S, Zou S, Hao C, Quan S, Chen ZJ. Birth defects after assisted reproductive technologies in China: analysis of 15,405 offspring in seven centers (2004 to 2008). Fertil Steril 2011; 95:458-460.
176. Yang H, Choi YS, Nam KH, Kwon JY, Park YW, Kim YH. Obstetric and perinatal outcomes of dichorionic twin pregnancies according to methods of conception: spontaneous versus in-vitro fertilization. Twin Res Hum Genet 2011; 14:98-103.
177. Yeh J, Leipzig S, Friedman EA, Seibel MM. Results of in vitro fertilization pregnancies: experience at Boston's Beth Israel Hospital. Int J Fertil 1990; 35:116-119.
178. Zadori J, Kozinszky Z, Orvos H, Katona M, Kaali SG, Pal A. The incidence of major birth defects following in vitro fertilization. J Assist Reprod Genet 2003; 20:131-132.
179. Zadori J, Kozinszky Z, Orvos H, Katona M, Kaali SG, Pal A. Birth weight discordance in spontaneous versus induced twins: impact on perinatal outcome. J Assist Reprod Genet 2004;21:85-88.
180. Zegers-Hochschild F, Schwarze JE, Musri C, Crosby J. Red Latinoamericana de Reproduccion Asistida. Santiago: Chile, 2009.
181. Zhu JL, Basso O, Obel C, Bille C, Olsen J. Infertility, infertility treatment, and congenital malformations: Danish national birth cohort. Br Med J 2006, 333, 679-683
182. Zuppa AA, Maragliano G, Scapillati ME, Crescimbini B, Tortorolo G. Neonatal outcome of spontaneous and assisted twin pregnancies. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001;95:68-72.