Polyaniline micro-/nanostructures: Morphology control and formation mechanism exploration

Chemical Papers

Volumn 67, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 876-890

  Li, Yu ^a   Zheng, Jian Long ^b   Feng, Jing ^a   Jing, Xin Li ^a  

^a XI'AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b General Logistics Department of PLA   (China)

Author keywords

formation mechanism; micro nanostructure; oligomer; polyaniline; self assembly

Indexed keywords

EID: 84879409547     PISSN: 03666352     EISSN: 13369075     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2478/s11696-013-0347-3     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Ahmed, S. M. (2004). Mechanistic investigation of the oxidative polymerization of aniline hydrochloride in different media. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 85, 605-614. DOI:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.01.003.
2. Chattopadhyay, D., & Bain, M. K. (2008). Electrically conductive nanocomposites of polyaniline with poly(vinyl alcohol) and methylcellulose. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 110, 2849-2853. DOI: 10.1002/app.28836.
3. Chiou, N. R., & Epstein, A. J. (2005a). Polyaniline nanofibers prepared by dilute polymerization. Advanced Materials, 17, 1679-1683. DOI:10.1002/adma.200401000. (Pubitemid 40969922)
4. Chiou, N. R., & Epstein, A. J. (2005b). A simple approach to control the growth of polyaniline nanofibers. Synthetic Metals, 153, 69-72. DOI:10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.07.145. (Pubitemid 41277976)
5. Ćirić-Marjanović, G., Trchová, M., & Stejskal, J. (2008). Theoretical study of the oxidative polymerization of aniline with peroxydisulfate: Tetramer formation. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 108, 318-333. DOI: 10.1002/qua.21506. (Pubitemid 350254236)
6. Ding, H., Wan, M., & Wei, Y. (2007). Controlling the diameter of polyaniline nanofibers by adjusting the oxidant redox potential. Advanced Materials, 19, 465-469. DOI:10.1002/adma.200600831. (Pubitemid 46925445)
7. Gizdavic-Nikolaidis, M. R., Stanisavljev, D. R., Easteal, A. J., & Zujovic, Z. D. (2010). A rapid and facile synthesis of nanofibrillar polyaniline using microwave radiation. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 31, 657-661. DOI:10.1002/marc.200900800.
8. Gospodinova, N., Terlemezyan, L., Mokreva, P., & Kossev, K. (1993). On the mechanism of oxidative polymerization of aniline. Polymer, 34, 2434-2437. DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(93)90834-w.
9. Gospodinova, N., Ivanov, D. A., Anokhin, D. V., Mihai, I., Vidal, L., Brun, S., Romanova, J., & Tadjer, A. (2009). Unprecedented route to ordered polyaniline: Direct synthesis of highly crystalline fibrillar films with strong π - π stacking alignment. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 30, 29-33. DOI:10.1002/marc.200800434.
10. Gribkova, O. L., Nekrasov, A. A., Trchova, M., Ivanov, V. F., Sazikov, V. I., Razova, A. B., Tverskoy, V. A., & Vannikov, A. V. (2011). Chemical synthesis of polyaniline in the presence of poly(amidosulfonic acids) with different rigidity of the polymer chain. Polymer, 52, 2474-2484. DOI:10.1016/j.polymer.2011.04.003.
11. He, W., Zhang, W., Li, Y., & Jing, X. (2012). A high concentration graphene dispersion stabilized by polyaniline nanofibers. Synthetic Metals, 162, 1107-1113. DOI:10.1016/j.synthmet.2012.04.027.
12. Hopkins, A. R., Lipeles, R. A., & Hwang, S. J. (2008). Morphology characterization of polyaniline nano- and microstructures. Synthetic Metals, 158, 594-601. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2008.04.018.
13. House, E. H., & Wolfenden, J. H. (1952). The solubility of aniline hydrochloride in water. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 74, 562-563. DOI: 10.1021/ja01122a512.
14. Huang, L. M., Wang, Z. B., Wang, H. T., Cheng, X. L., Mitra, A., & Yan, Y. S. (2002). Polyaniline nanowires by electropolymerization from liquid crystalline phases. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 12, 388-391. DOI: 10.1039/b107499g.
15. Huang, J. X., Virji, S., Weiller, B. H., & Kaner, R. B. (2003). Polyaniline nanofibers: Facile synthesis and chemical sensors. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 125, 314-315. DOI: 10.1021/ja028371y. (Pubitemid 36077835)
16. Huang, J. X., & Kaner, R. B. (2004). A general chemical route to polyaniline nanofibers. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 126, 851-855. DOI: 10.1021/ja0371754. (Pubitemid 38114368)
17. Huang, J. X., & Kaner, R. B. (2006). The intrinsic nanofibrillar morphology of polyaniline. Chemical Communications, 2006, 367-376. DOI: 10.1039/b510956f.
18. Huang, Y. F., & Lin, C. W. (2009). Introduction of methanol in the formation of polyaniline nanotubes in an acid-free aqueous solution through a self-curling process. Polymer, 50, 775-782. DOI:10.1016/j.polymer.2008.12.016.
19. Ivanov, V. F., Gribkova, O. L., Cheberyako, K. V., Nekrasov, A. A., Tverskoi, V. A., & Vannikov, A. V. (2004). Template synthesis of polyaniline in the presence of poly-(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid). Russian Journal of Electrochemistry, 40, 299-304. DOI:10.1023/b:ruel.0000019668.68527. cc.
20. Jing, X. L., Wang, Y. Y., Wu, D., She, L., & Guo, Y. (2006). Polyaniline nanofibers prepared with ultrasonic irradiation. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 44, 1014-1019. DOI: 10.1002/pola.21217. (Pubitemid 43133438)
21. Jing, X. L., Wang, Y. Y., Wu, D., & Qiang, J. P. (2007). Sonochemical synthesis of polyaniline nanofibers. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 14, 75-80. DOI:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2006.02.001. (Pubitemid 44287597)
22. Konyushenko, E. N., Trchová, M., Stejskal, J., & Sapurina, I. (2010). The role of acidity profile in the nanotubular growth of polyaniline. Chemical Papers, 64, 56-64. DOI: 10.2478/s11696-009-0101-z.
23. Kuznetsov, Y. A., & Timoshenko, E. G. (1999). On the conformational structure of a stiff homopolymer. Journal of Chemical Physics, 111, 3744-3752. DOI: 10.1063/1.479655.
24. Laslau, C., Zujovic, Z. D., & Travas-Sejdic, J. (2009a). Polyaniline "nanotube" self-assembly: The stage of granular agglomeration on nanorod templates. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 30, 1663-1668. DOI:10.1002/marc.200900244.
25. Laslau, C., Zujovic, Z. D., Zhang, L., Bowmaker, G. A., & Travas-Sejdic, J. (2009b). Morphological evolution of selfassembled polyaniline nanostuctures obtained by pH-stat chemical oxidation. Chemistry of Materials, 21, 954-962. DOI: 10.1021/cm803447a.
26. Laslau, C., Zujovic, Z., & Travas-Sejdic, J. (2010). Theories of polyaniline nanostructure self-assembly: Towards an expanded, comprehensive Multi-Layer Theory (MLT). Progress in Polymer Science, 35, 1403-1419. DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.08.002.
27. Laslau, C., Zujovic, Z. D., & Travas-Sejdic, J. (2011). pHstat control and high resolution electron microscopy of multi-layered polyaniline nanofibers and nanosheets. Journal of Advanced Microscopy Research, 6, 35-39. DOI:10.1166/jamr.2011.1051.
28. Li, W. G., & Wang, H. L. (2004). Oligomer-assisted synthesis of chiral polyaniline nanofibers. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 126, 2278-2279. DOI: 10.1021/ja039672q. (Pubitemid 38295687)
29. Li, J., Tang, H. Q., Zhang, A. Q., Shen, X. T., & Zhu, L. H. (2007). A new strategy for the synthesis of polyaniline nanostructures: From nanofibers to nanowires. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 28, 740-745. DOI: 10.1002/marc.200600810. (Pubitemid 47252097)
30. Li, G. C., Zhang, C. Q., & Peng, H. R. (2008). Facile synthesis of self-assembled polyaniline nanodisks. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 29, 63-67. DOI:10.1002/marc.200700584.
31. Li, Y., & Jing, X. L. (2009). Morphology control of chemically prepared polyaniline nanostructures: Effects of mass transfer. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 69, 797-807. DOI:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2009.06.009.
32. Li, C., Bai, H., & Shi, G. (2009a). Conducting polymer nanomaterials: electrosynthesis and applications. Chemical Society Reviews, 38, 2397-2409. DOI: 10.1039/b816681c.
33. Li, Y., Wang, Y. Y., Wu, D., & Jing, X. L. (2009b). Effects of ultrasonic irradiation on the morphology of chemically prepared polyaniline nanofibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 113, 868-875. DOI: 10.1002/app.29970.
34. Li, Y., Wang, Y., Jing, X. L., & Zhu, R. H. (2011a). Early stage pH profile: the key factor controlling the construction of polyaniline micro/nanostructures. Journal of Polymer Research, 18, 2119-2131. DOI: 10.1007/s10965-011-9622-6.
35. Li, G., Li, Y., Li, Y., Peng, H., & Chen, K. (2011b). Polyaniline nanorings and flat hollow capsules synthesized by in situ sacrificial oxidative templates. Macromolecules, 44, 9319-9323. DOI:10.1021/ma2014854.
36. Li, Y., He, W., Feng, J., & Jing, X. L. (2012). Self-assembly of aniline oligomers in aqueous medium. Colloid and Polymer Science, 290, 817-828. DOI: 10.1007/s00396-012-2597-y.
37. Liu, W., Cholli, A. L., Nagarajan, R., Kumar, J., Tripathy, S., Bruno, F. F., & Samuelson, L. (1999). The role of template in the enzymatic synthesis of conducting polyaniline. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 121, 11345-11355. DOI: 10.1021/ja9926156. (Pubitemid 30010465)
38. Liu, Z., Zhang, X. Y., Poyraz, S., Surwade, S. P., & Manohar, S. K. (2010). Oxidative template for conducting polymer nanoclips. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132, 13158-13159. DOI: 10.1021/ja105966c.
39. Lü, Q. F., & Cheng, X. S. (2009). Preparation of highyield polyaniline nanofibers via an unstirred polymerization. e-polymers, 2009, 084.
40. Ma, H. Y., Gao, Y., Li, Y. H., Gong, J., Li, X., Fan, B., & Deng, Y. L. (2009). Ice-templating synthesis of polyaniline microflakes stacked by one-dimensional nanofibers. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113, 9047-9052. DOI: 10.1021/jp8112683.
41. Mallick, K., Witcomb, M. J., Dinsmore, A., & Scurrell, M. S. (2006). Polymerization of aniline by cupric sulfate: A facile synthetic route for producing polyaniline. Journal of Polymer Research, 13, 397-401. DOI: 10.1007/s10965-006-9057-7. (Pubitemid 44048518)
42. Martin, C. R. (1996). Membrane-based synthesis of nanomaterials. Chemistry of Materials, 8, 1739-1746. DOI: 10.1021/cm960166s. (Pubitemid 126475366)
43. Mi, H. Y., Zhang, X. G., Yang, S. D., Ye, X. G., & Luo, J. M. (2008). Polyaniline nanofibers as the electrode material for supercapacitors. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 112, 127-131. DOI:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.05.022.
44. Nemzer, L. R., Schwartz, A., & Epstein, A. J. (2010). Enzyme entrapment in reprecipitated polyaniline nanoand microparticles. Macromolecules, 43, 4324-4330. DOI: 10.1021/ma100112g.
45. Nickels, P., Dittmer, W. U., Beyer, S., Kotthaus, J. P., & Simmel, F. C. (2004). Polyaniline nanowire synthesis templated by DNA. Nanotechnology, 15, 1524-1529. DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/15/11/026.
46. Olad, A., Ilghami, F., & Nosrati, R. (2012). Surfactant-assisted synthesis of polyaniline nanofibres without shaking and stirring: effect of conditions on morphology and conductivity. Chemical Papers, 66, 757-764. DOI: 10.2478/s11696-012-0197-4.
47. Pelesko, J. A. (2007). Self assembly: The science of things that put themselves together. Boca Raton, FL, USA: Chapman & Hall.
48. Pillalamarri, S. K., Blum, F. D., Tokuhiro, A. T., Story, J. G., & Bertino, M. F. (2005). Radiolytic synthesis of polyaniline nanofibers: A new templateless pathway. Chemistry of Materials, 17, 227-229. DOI: 10.1021/cm0488478. (Pubitemid 40139691)
49. Przybyłek, M., & Gaca, J. (2012). Reaction of aniline with ammonium persulphate and concentrated hydrochloric acid: Experimental and DFT studies. Chemical Papers, 66, 699-708. DOI: 10.2478/s11696-012-0163-1.
50. Sapurina, I., & Stejskal, J. (2008). The mechanism of the oxidative polymerization of aniline and the formation of supramolecular polyaniline structures. Polymer International, 57, 1295-1325. DOI: 10.1002/pi.2476.
51. Song, S. Y., Pan, L. J., Li, Y., Shi, Y., Pu, L., Zhang, R., & Zheng, Y. D. (2008). Self-assembly of polyaniline: Mechanism study. Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics, 21, 187-192. DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/21/02/187-192.
52. Stejskal, J., Spirkova, M., Riede, A., Helmstedt, M., Mokreva, P., & Prokes, J. (1999). Polyaniline dispersions 8. The control of particle morphology. Polymer, 40, 2487-2492. DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00478-9.
53. Stejskal, J., & Sapurina, I. (2004). On the origin of colloidal particles in the dispersion polymerization of aniline. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 274, 489-495. DOI:10.1016/j.jcis.2004.02.053. (Pubitemid 38610318)
54. Stejskal, J., Sapurina, I., Trchova, M., & Konyushenko, E. N. (2008). Oxidation of aniline: Polyaniline granules, nanotubes, and oligoaniline microspheres. Macromolecules, 41, 3530-3536. DOI: 10.1021/ma702601q.
55. Stejskal, J., Sapurina, I., & Trchová, M. (2010). Polyaniline nanostructures and the role of aniline oligomers in their formation. Progress in Polymer Science, 35, 1420-1481. DOI:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.07.006.
56. Stejskal, J., & Trchová, M. (2012). Aniline oligomers versus polyaniline. Polymer International, 61, 240-251. DOI: 10.1002/pi.3179.
57. 2+. Langmuir, 27, 1136-1142. DOI: 10.1021/la104325s.
58. Surwade, S. P., Dua, V., Manohar, N., Manohar, S. K., Beck, E., & Ferraris, J. P. (2009a). Oligoaniline intermediates in the aniline- peroxydisulfate system. Synthetic Metals, 159, 445-455. DOI:10.1016/j.synthmet. 2008.11.002.
59. Surwade, S. P., Manohar, N., & Manohar, S. K. (2009b). Origin of bulk nanoscale morphology in conducting polymers. Macromolecules, 42, 1792-1795. DOI: 10.1021/Ma900141g.
60. 2. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131, 12528-12529. DOI: 10.1021/ja905014e.
61. Tang, Z. Y., Kotov, N. A., & Giersig, M. (2002). Spontaneous organization of single CdTe nanoparticles into luminescent nanowires. Science, 297, 237-240. DOI: 10.1126/science.1072086. (Pubitemid 34761282)
62. Tran, H. D., Norris, I., D'Arcy, J. M., Tsang, H., Wang, Y., Mattes, B. R., & Kaner, R. B. (2008a). Substituted polyaniline nanofibers produced via rapid initiated polymerization. Macromolecules, 41, 7405-7410. DOI: 10.1021/ma800122d.
63. Tran, H. D., Wang, Y., D'Arcy, J. M., & Kaner, R. B. (2008b). Toward an understanding of the formation of conducting polymer nanofibers. ACS Nano, 2, 1841-1848. DOI: 10.1021/nn800272z.
64. Tran, H. D., D'Arcy, J. M., Wang, Y., Beltramo, P. J., Strong, V. A., & Kaner, R. B. (2011). The oxidation of aniline to produce "polyaniline": a process yielding many different nanoscale structures. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21, 3534-3550. DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02699a.
65. Trchová, M., Morávková, Z., Šě denková, I., & Stejskal, J. (2012). Spectroscopy of thin polyaniline films deposited during chemical oxidation of aniline. Chemical Papers, 66, 415-445. DOI: 10.2478/s11696-012-0142-6.
66. Venancio, E. C., Wang, P. C., & MacDiarmid, A. G. (2006). The azanes: A class of material incorporating nano/micro self-assembled hollow spheres obtained by aqueous oxidative polymerization of aniline. Synthetic Metals, 156, 357-369. DOI:10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.08.035. (Pubitemid 43675673)
67. Wan, M. X. (2009). Some issues related to polyaniline micro-/nanostructures. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 30, 963-975. DOI:10.1002/marc.200800817.
68. Wang, Y. (2007). Syntheses and applications of polyaniline nanofibers. Doctor of Engineering Science thesis, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
69. Wang, X., Liu, N., Yan, X., Zhang, W. J., & Wei, Y. (2005a). Alkali-guided synthesis of polyaniline hollow microspheres. Chemistry Letters, 34, 42-43. DOI:10.1246/cl.2005.42. (Pubitemid 40522882)
70. Wang, Y., Liu, Z. M., Han, B.X., Sun, Z. Y., Huang, Y., & Yang, G. Y. (2005b). Facile synthesis of polyaniline nanofibers using chloroaurate acid as the oxidant. Langmuir, 21, 833-836. DOI: 10.1021/la047442z. (Pubitemid 40184778)
71. Wang, Y. Y., & Jing, X. L. (2007). Transparent conductive thin films based on polyaniline nanofibers. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 138, 95-100. DOI:10.1016/j.mseb.2006.12. 016.
72. Wang, Y. Y., Jing, X. L., & Kong, J. H. (2007a). Polyaniline nanofibers prepared with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. Synthetic Metals, 157, 269-275. DOI:10.1016/j.synthmet.2007. 03.007. (Pubitemid 46810173)
73. Wang, J. X., Wang, J. S., Zhang, X. Y., & Wang, Z. (2007b). Assembly of polyaniline nanostructures. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 28, 84-87. DOI:10.1002/marc.200600557. (Pubitemid 46192090)
74. Wang, Y. Y., & Jing, X. L. (2008). Formation of polyaniline nanofibers: A morphological study. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 112, 1157-1162. DOI: 10.1021/jp076112v. (Pubitemid 351257480)
75. Wang, Y., Tran, H. D., Liao, L., Duan, X. F., & Kaner, R. B. (2010). Nanoscale morphology, dimensional control, and electrical properties of oligoanilines. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132, 10365-10373. DOI: 10.1021/ja1014184.
76. Wang, Y., Liu, J. L., Tran, H. D., Mecklenburg, M., Guan, X. N., Stieg, A. Z., Regan, B. C., Martin, D. C., & Kaner, R. B. (2012). Morphological and dimensional control via hierarchical assembly of doped oligoaniline single crystals. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 134, 9251-9262 DOI: 10.1021/ja301061a.
77. Wei, Y., Tang, X., Sun, Y., & Focke, W. W. (1989). A study of the mechanism of aniline polymerization. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 27, 2385-2396. DOI:10.1002/pola.1989.080270720.
78. Wu, J. H., Tang, Q. W., Li, Q. H., & Lin, J. M. (2008). Self-assembly growth of oriented polyaniline arrays: A morphology and structure study. Polymer, 49, 5262-5267. DOI:10.1016/j.polymer.2008.09.044.
79. Wu, Q., Xu, Y. X., Yao, Z. Y., Liu, A., & Shi, G. Q. (2010). Supercapacitors based on flexible graphene/polyaniline nano-fiber composite films. ACS Nano, 4, 1963-1970. DOI: 10.1021 /nn1000035.
80. Xu, A. W. (2009). Soft chemistry route to synthesis of onedimensional nanostructures and their properties. In Y. Zhou (Ed.), One-dimensional nanostructures concepts, applications and perspectives (pp. 220-272). Hefei, China: University of Science and Technology of China Press. (in Chinese)
81. Xu, J. J., Wang, K., Zu, S. Z., Han, B. H., & Wei, Z. X. (2010). Hierarchical nanocomposites of polyaniline nanowire arrays on graphene oxide sheets with synergistic effect for energy storage. ACS Nano, 4, 5019-5026. DOI: 10.1021/nn1006539.
82. Zhang, X. Y., Goux, W. J., & Manohar, S. K. (2004). Synthesis of polyaniline nanofibers by "nanofiber seeding". Journal of the American Chemical Society, 126, 4502-4503. DOI: 10.1021/ja031867a. (Pubitemid 38469083)
83. Zhang, D. H., & Wang, Y. Y. (2006). Synthesis and applications of one-dimensional nano-structured polyaniline: An overview. Materials Science and Engineering B-Solid State Materials for Advanced Technology, 134, 9-19. DOI:10.1016/j.mseb.2006.07.037. (Pubitemid 44485460)
84. Zhang, L. J., Zujovic, Z. D., Peng, H., Bowmaker, G. A., Kilmartin, P. A., & Travas-Sejdic, J. (2008). Structural characteristics of polyaniline nanotubes synthesized from different buffer solutions. Macromolecules, 41, 8877-8884. DOI: 10.1021/ma801728j.
85. Zhang, K. Q., & Jing, X. L. (2009). Preparation and characterization of polyaniline with high electrical conductivity. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 20, 689-695. DOI: 10.1002/pat.1333.
86. Zhang, Z. M., Deng, J. Y., & Wan, M. X. (2009a). Highly crystalline and thin polyaniline nanofibers oxidized by ferric chloride. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 115, 275-279. DOI:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.12.005.
87. Zhang, H. B., Wang, J. X., Wang, Z., Zhang, F. B., & Wang, S. C. (2009b). A novel strategy for the synthesis of sheetlike polyaniline. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 30, 1577-1582. DOI:10.1002/marc.200900228.
88. Zhang, K. Q., & Li, Y. (2011). Electrical conductivity enhancement of polyaniline by refluxing. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 22, 2084-2090. DOI: 10.1002/pat.1725.
89. Zhang, X., Zhu, J. H., Haldolaarachchige, N., Ryu, J., Young, D. P., Wei, S. Y., & Guo, Z. H. (2012). Synthetic process engineered polyaniline nanostructures with tunable morphol ogy and physical properties. Polymer, 53, 2109-2120. DOI:10.1016/j.polymer.2012.02.042.
90. Zhou, Y. C., Geng, J. X., Li, G., Zhou, E. L., Chen, L., & Zhang, W. J. (2006). Crystal structure and morphology of phenyl-capped tetraaniline in the leucoemeraldine oxidation state. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 44, 764-769. DOI:10.1002/polb.20700.
91. Zhou, C. Q., Han, J., & Guo, R. (2008). Controllable synthesis of polyaniline multidimensional architectures: From plate-like structures to flower-like superstructures. Macromolecules, 41, 6473-6479. DOI: 10.1021/ma800500u.
92. Zujovic, Z. D., Laslau, C., Bowmaker, G. A., Kilmartin, P. A., Webber, A. L., Brown, S. P., & Travas-Sejdic, J. (2010). Role of aniline oligomeric nanosheets in the formation of polyaniline nanotubes. Macromolecules, 43, 662-670. DOI: 10.1021/ma902109r.
93. Zujovic, Z. D., Laslau, C., & Travas-Sejdic, J. (2011a). Lamellarstructured nanoflakes comprised of stacked oligoaniline nanosheets. Chemistry - An Asian Journal, 6, 791-796. DOI:10.1002/asia.201000703.
94. Zujovic, Z. D., Wang, Y., Bowmaker, G. A., & Kaner, R. B. (2011b). Structure of ultralong polyaniline nanofibers using initiators. Macromolecules, 44, 2735-2742. DOI: 10.1021/ma102772t.