Chronic kidney disease as a coronary artery disease risk equivalent

Current Cardiology Reports

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2013, Pages

  Briasoulis, Alexandrios ^a   Bakri, George L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Chronic kidney disease; Coronary; Coronary artery disease; Hypertension; Mortality; Nephropathy; Risk

Indexed keywords

ALBUMINURIA; ARTICLE; ATHEROGENESIS; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; END STAGE RENAL DISEASE; ESTIMATED GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEART INFARCTION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MORBIDITY; PROTEINURIA; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; HUMANS; META-ANALYSIS AS TOPIC; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; RISK FACTORS;

MLCS; MLOWN;

EID: 84879380483     PISSN: 15233782     EISSN: 15343170     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11886-012-0340-4     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Cardiovascular Mortality in ESRD. http://www.usrds.org/2012/slides/indiv/ v2index.html#/100/Last visited October 20, 2012, 247-258. 2012.
2. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1296-305.
3. Shroff GR, Frederick PD, Herzog CA. Renal failure and acute myocardial infarction: clinical characteristics in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease, on dialysis, and without chronic kidney disease. A collaborative project of the United States Renal Data System/National Institutes of Health and the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. Am Heart J. 2012;163:399-406. This observational study used recordlinked data from the US Renal Data System and Third National Registry of Myocardial Infarction to identify 2390 dialysis patients with myocardial infarction hospitalizations. It concludes that non-dialysis-dependent, advanced CKD patients who have had an acute myocardial infarction are similar to dialysis patients.
4. Lindner A, Charra B, Sherrard DJ, Scribner BH. Accelerated atherosclerosis in prolonged maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 1974;290:697-701.
5. Miyamoto T, Carrero JJ, Stenvinkel P. Inflammation as a risk factor and target for therapy in chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2011;20:662-8.
6. Matsushita K, van der Velde M, Astor BC, Woodward M, Levey AS, de Jong PE, et al. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-Analysis. Lancet. 2010;375:2073-81.
7. van der Velde M, Matsushita K, Coresh J, Astor BC, Woodward M, Levey AS, et al. Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher albuminuria are associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. A collaborative meta-Analysis of high-risk population cohorts. Kidney Int. 2011;79:1341-52. This is a collaborative meta-Analysis of 10 cohorts with 266,975 patientsselected because of increased risk for chronic kidney disease, defined as a history of hypertension, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease. It found that an eGFR 300 mg/day were associated with an increase in all-cause and CV mortality.
8. Kalaitzidis RG, Bakris GL. Serum creatinine vs. albuminuria as biomarkers for the estimation of cardiovascular risk. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2010;8:604-11.
9. Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, Coresh J, Culleton B, Hamm LL, et al. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2003;108:2154-69. (Pubitemid 37337595)
10. Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, Kausz AT, Levin A, Steffes MW, et al. National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:137-47.
11. Tonelli M, Muntner P, Lloyd A, Manns BJ, Klarenbach S, Pannu N, et al. Risk of coronary events in people with chronic kidney disease compared with those with diabetes: a population-level cohort study. Lancet. 2012;380:807-14. This is a population-based cohort with measures of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and proteinuria from Alberta, Canada. Over a million people were studied and the results indicate that presence of Stage 3 CKD had a higher all-cause mortality than previous myocardial infarction.
12. Polonsky TS, Bakris GL. Chronic kidney disease: a coronary heart disease equivalent? Lancet. 2012;380:783-5.
13. Blacher J, Guerin AP, Pannier B, Marchais SJ, London GM. Arterial calcifications, arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular risk in end-stage renal disease. Hypertension. 2001;38:938-42. (Pubitemid 34258697)
14. Schwarz U, Buzello M, Ritz E, Stein G, Raabe G, Wiest G, et al. Morphology of coronary atherosclerotic lesions in patients with end-stage renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15:218-23. (Pubitemid 30064276)
15. Zuo Y, Yancey P, Castro I, Khan WN, Motojima M, Ichikawa I, et al. Renal dysfunction potentiates foam cell formation by repressing ABCA1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009;29:1277-82.
16. Ewence AE, Bootman M, Roderick HL, Skepper JN, McCarthy G, Epple M, et al. Calcium phosphate crystals induce cell death in human vascular smooth muscle cells: a potential mechanism in atherosclerotic plaque destabilization. Circ Res. 2008;103:e28-34.
17. Nadra I, Boccaccini AR, Philippidis P, Whelan LC, McCarthy GM, Haskard DO, et al. Effect of particle size on hydroxyapatite crystal-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion by macrophages. Atherosclerosis. 2008;196:98-105.
18. Ehara S, Kobayashi Y, Yoshiyama M, Shimada K, Shimada Y, Fukuda D, et al. Spotty calcification typifies the culprit plaque in patients with acute myocardial infarction: an intravascular ultrasound study. Circulation. 2004;110:3424-9. (Pubitemid 39602220)
19. Buzello M, Tornig J, Faulhaber J, Ehmke H, Ritz E, Amann K. The apolipoprotein e knockout mouse: a model documenting accelerated atherogenesis in uremia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:311-6. (Pubitemid 36150854)
20. Ishimura E, Shoji T, Emoto M, Motoyama K, Shinohara K, Matsumoto N, et al. Renal insufficiency accelerates atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38:S186-90. (Pubitemid 32927641)
21. Stinghen AE, Goncalves SM, Martines EG, Nakao LS, Riella MC, Aita CA, et al. Increased plasma and endothelial cell expression of chemokines and adhesion molecules in chronic kidney disease. Nephron Clin Pract. 2009;111:c117-26.
22. Sela S, Shurtz-Swirski R, Cohen-Mazor M, Mazor R, Chezar J, Shapiro G, et al. Primed peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocyte: a culprit underlying chronic low-grade inflammation and systemic oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:2431-8. (Pubitemid 41725061)
23. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;CD007176.
24. Takaya T, Kawashima S, Shinohara M, Yamashita T, Toh R, Sasaki N, et al. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker telmisartan suppresses superoxide production and reduces atherosclerotic lesion formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis. 2006;186:402-10.
25. Bakris GL. Lipid disorders in uremia and dialysis. Contrib Nephrol. 2012;178:100-5. Reviews the difference in lipid profiles and mechanisms that contribute to the differences. It compares lipid profiles of people with advanced CKD as well as dilaysis patients to those with normal kidney function.
26. Bouvet C, Moreau S, Blanchette J, de Blois D, Moreau P. Sequential activation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and transforming growth factor beta in arterial elastocalcinosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:856-62. (Pubitemid 351544099)
27. Villa-Bellosta R, Millan A, Sorribas V. Role of calcium-phosphate deposition in vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2011;300:C210-20.
28. McCullough PA, Jurkovitz CT, Pergola PE, McGill JB, Brown WW, Collins AJ, et al. Independent components of chronic kidney disease as a cardiovascular risk state: results from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP). Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1122-9. (Pubitemid 46919814)
29. Tonelli M, Muntner P, Lloyd A, Manns BJ, James MT, Klarenbach S, et al. Using proteinuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate to classify risk in patients with chronic kidney disease: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:12-21.
30. Jurkovitz CT, Abramson JL, Vaccarino LV, Weintraub WS, McClellan WM. Association of high serum creatinine and anemia increases the risk of coronary events: results from the prospective community-based atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:2919-25. (Pubitemid 37305654)
31. Fried LP, Kronmal RA, Newman AB, Bild DE, Mittelmark MB, Polak JF, et al. Risk factors for 5-year mortality in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. JAMA. 1998;279:585-92. (Pubitemid 28110204)
32. Foley RN, Wang C, Collins AJ. Cardiovascular risk factor profiles and kidney function stage in the US general population: the NHANES III study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005;80:1270-7. (Pubitemid 41395958)
33. Weiner DE, Tighiouart H, Elsayed EF, Griffith JL, Salem DN, Levey AS, et al. The Framingham predictive instrument in chronic kidney disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:217-24. (Pubitemid 47031564)
34. Clase CM, Gao P, Tobe SW, McQueen MJ, Grosshennig A, Teo KK, et al. Estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria as predictors of outcomes in patients with high cardiovascular risk: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:310-8. Reviews role eGFR and albuminuria in people with CKD from the ONTARGET study in the context of CV risk.
35. Wattanakit K, Coresh J, Muntner P, Marsh J, Folsom AR. Cardiovascular risk among adults with chronic kidney disease, with or without prior myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1183-9. (Pubitemid 44345124)
36. Deo R, Fyr CL, Fried LF, Newman AB, Harris TB, Angleman S, et al. Kidney dysfunction and fatal cardiovascular disease-An association independent of atherosclerotic events: results from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) study. Am Heart J. 2008;155:62-8. (Pubitemid 350234767)
37. Mahmoodi BK, Matsushita K, Woodward M, Blankestijn PJ, Cirillo M, Ohkubo T, et al. Associations of kidney disease measures with mortality and end-stage renal disease in individuals with and without hypertension: a meta-Analysis. Lancet. 2012;380 (9854):1649-61. Data from 45 cohorts with 1, 127, 656 participants was analyzed, 364 344 of whom had hypertension. Low eGFR and high albuminuria were associated with mortality irrespective of hypertensive status in the general population and high-risk cohorts.
38. Fox CS, Matsushita K, Woodward M, Bilo HJ, Chalmers J, Heerspink HJ, et al. Associations of kidney disease measures with mortality and end-stage renal disease in individuals with and without diabetes: a meta-Analysis. Lancet. 2012;380(9854):1662-73. Data from 1, 024, 977 participants (128 505 with diabetes) from 30 general population and high-risk cardiovascular cohorts and 13 chronic kidney disease cohorts was analyzed. Those with diabetes and CKD had the highest mortality risk, however, those with CKD had a higher mortality risk than those with diabetes and no CKD.
39. Siasos G, Tousoulis D, Michalea S, Oikonomou E, Kolia C, Kioufis S, et al. Biomarkers determining cardiovascular risk in patients with kidney disease. Curr Med Chem. 2012;19:2555-71. This is a nice review of the state of biomarkers in determining CV risk in people with CKD.
40. Slinin Y, Ishani A, Rector T, Fitzgerald P, Macdonald R, Tacklind J, et al. Management of hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and albuminuria in patients with diabetes and CKD: a systematic review for a KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60:747-69. This is a systematic review of studies evalauting glycemic control and lipid lowering in CKD. It demonstrates that glycemic control does not slow nephropathy progression or significantly reduce mortality in CKD while lipid lowering trends toward reducing mortality in CKD.
41. Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, Emberson J, Wheeler DC, Tomson C, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebocontrolled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:2181-92.
42. Kalaitzidis RG, Bakris GL. Pros and cons of aggressive blood pressure lowering in patients with type 2 diabetes. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2012;10:156-61.