Tissue and swab culture in diabetic foot infections: Neuropathic versus neuroischemic ulcers

International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 87-93

  Demetriou, Maria ^a   Papanas, Nikolaos ^a   Panopoulou, Maria ^a   Papatheodorou, Konstantinos ^a   Bounovas, Anastasios ^a   Maltezos, Efstratios ^a  

^a DEMOCRITUS UNIVERSITY OF THRACE   (Greece)

Author keywords

culture; diabetes mellitus; diabetic foot; diagnosis; infection; ischemia; neuropathy

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COLONY FORMING UNIT; CONTROLLED STUDY; CULTURE TECHNIQUE; DIABETIC FOOT; DIABETIC PATIENT; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; NEUROISCHEMIC ULCER; NEUROPATHIC ULCER; PATHOGEN LOAD; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; SWAB CULTURE; TISSUE CULTURE;

CULTURE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC FOOT; DIAGNOSIS; INFECTION; ISCHEMIA; NEUROPATHY;

BIOPSY; CELLS, CULTURED; COLONY COUNT, MICROBIAL; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; DIABETIC FOOT; DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; WOUND INFECTION;

EID: 84879361533     PISSN: 15347346     EISSN: 15526941     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1534734613481975     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Papanas N, Maltezos E. The diabetic foot: established and emerging treatments. Acta Clin Belg. 2007 ; 62: 230-238
2. Boulton AJ. The diabetic foot: grand overview, epidemiology and pathogenesis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008 ; 24: S3 - S6
3. Papanas N, Maltezos E, Edmonds M. Salvation of the diabetic foot: still a quest for the Holy Grail?. Vasa. 2011 ; 40: 267-269
4. Papanas N, Maltezos E. The diabetic foot: a global threat and a huge challenge for Greece. Hippokratia. 2009 ; 13: 199-204
5. Papanas N, Lazarides MK. Diabetic foot amputations in Greece: where do we go from here?. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2011 ; 10: 4-5
6. Skoutas D, Papanas N, Georgiadis GS, et al. Risk factors for ipsilateral reamputation in patients with diabetic foot lesions. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2009 ; 8: 69-74
7. Lipsky BA, Peters EJ, Berendt AR, et al. International Working Group on Diabetic Foot. Specific guidelines for the treatment of diabetic foot infections 2011. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012 ; 28: 234-235
8. Lipsky BA, Peters EJ, Senneville E, et al. Expert opinion on the management of infections in the diabetic foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012 ; 28: 163-178
9. Edmonds M. Modern treatment of infection and ischaemia to reduce major amputation in the diabetic foot. Curr Pharm Des. 2012 ;:
10. Tentolouris N, Petrikkos G, Vallianou N, et al. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in infected and uninfected diabetic foot ulcers. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006 ; 12: 186-189
11. Eleftheriadou I, Tentolouris N, Argiana V, Jude E, Boulton AJ. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in diabetic foot infections. Drugs. 2010 ; 70: 1785-1797
12. Bergin SM, Gurr JM, Allard BP, et al. Australian Diabetes Foot Network: management of diabetes-related foot ulceration - a clinical update. Med J Aust. 2012 ; 197: 226-229
13. Macías Hernández AE, Alvarez JA, Cabeza de, Vaca F, et al. Microbiology of the diabetic foot: is the swab culture useful?. Gac Med Mex. 2011 ; 147: 117-124
14. Tiwari S, Pratyush DD, Dwivedi A, Gupta SK, Rai M, Singh SK. Microbiological and clinical characteristics of diabetic foot infections in northern India. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2012 ; 6: 329-332
15. Saltoglu N, Dalkiran A, Tetiker T, et al. Piperacillin/ tazobactam versus imipenem/cilastatin for severe diabetic foot infections: a prospective, randomized clinical trial in a university hospital. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010 ; 16: 1252-1257
16. Dezfulian A, Salehian MT, Amini V, et al. Bacteriological study of diabetic foot infections in an Iranian hospital. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2011 ; 13: 590-591
17. Bonham PA. Swab cultures for diagnosing wound infections: a literature review and clinical guideline. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2009 ; 36: 389-395
18. Edmonds ME, Foster AVM, Sanders LJ A Practical Manual of Diabetic Foot Care. Edmonds ME Foster AVM Sanders LJ, ed. Oxford, England: Blackwell ; 62-101.
19. Schaper NC. Diabetic foot ulcer classification system for research purposes: a progress report on criteria for including patients in research studies. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2004 ; 20: S90 - S95
20. Prompers L, Huijberts M, Apelqvist J, et al. High prevalence of ischaemia, infection and serious comorbidity in patients with diabetic foot disease in Europe. Baseline results from the Eurodiale study. Diabetologia. 2007 ; 50: 18-25
21. Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Harkless LB. Classification of diabetic foot wounds. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1996 ; 35: 528-531
22. Byren I, Peters EJ, Hoey C, Berendt A, Lipsky BA. Pharmacotherapy of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009 ; 10: 3033-3047
23. Boulton AJ, Kirsner RS, Vileikyte L. Clinical practice. Neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. N Engl J Med. 2004 ; 351: 48-55
24. Young MJ, Boulton AJ, MacLeod AF, Williams DR, Sonksen PH. A multicentre study of the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the United Kingdom hospital clinic population. Diabetologia. 1993 ; 36: 150-154
25. Papanas N, Symeonidis G, Mavridis G, et al. Ankle-brachial index: a surrogate marker of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus?. Int Angiol. 2007 ; 26: 253-257
26. Paraskevas KI, Kotsikoris I, Koupidis SA, Giannoukas AD, Mikhailidis DP. Ankle-brachial index: a marker of both peripheral arterial disease and systemic atherosclerosis as well as a predictor of vascular events. Angiology. 2010 ; 61: 521-523
27. York MK Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook. 2 nd ed.Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2004:section 3.13.2. Isenberg HD, ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press ; 2004: 2.
28. Gardner SE, Hillis SL, Frantz RA. Clinical signs of infection in diabetic foot ulcers with high microbial load. Biol Res Nurs. 2009 ; 11: 119-128
29. Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Diagnostic tests 4: likelihood ratios. BMJ. 2004 ; 329: 168-169
30. Slater RA, Lazarovitch T, Boldur I, et al. Swab cultures accurately identify bacterial pathogens in diabetic foot wounds not involving bone. Diabet Med. 2004 ; 21: 705-709
31. Wheat LJ, Allen SD, Henry M, et al. Diabetic foot infections. Bacteriologic analysis. Arch Intern Med. 1986 ; 146: 1935-1940
32. Sharp CS, Bessman AN, Wagner FW, Garland D. Microbiology of deep tissue in diabetic gangrene. Diabetes Care. 1978 ; 1: 289-292
33. Sapico FL, Canawati HN, Witte JL, Montgomerie JZ, Wagner FW, Bessman AN. Quantitative aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of infected diabetic feet. J Clin Microbiol. 1980 ; 12: 413-420
34. Lipsky BA, Pecoraro RE, Larson SA, Hanley ME, Ahroni JH. Outpatient management of uncomplicated lower-extremity infections in diabetic patients. Arch Intern Med. 1990 ; 150: 790-797
35. Pellizzer G, Strazzabosco M, Presi S, et al. Deep tissue biopsy vs. superficial swab culture monitoring in the microbiological assessment of limb-threatening diabetic foot infection. Diabet Med. 2001 ; 18: 822-827
36. Bill TJ, Ratliff CR, Donovan AM, Knox LK, Morgan RF, Rodeheaver GT. Quantitative swab culture versus tissue biopsy: a comparison in chronic wounds. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2001 ; 47: 34-37
37. Ratliff C, Rodeheaver G. Correlation of semi-quantitative swab cultures to quantitative swab cultures from chronic wounds. Wounds. 2002 ; 14: 329-333
38. Citron DM, Goldstein EJ, Merriam CV, Lipsky BA, Abramson MA. Bacteriology of moderate-to-severe diabetic foot infections and in vitro activity of antimicrobial agents. J Clin Microbiol. 2007 ; 45: 2819-2828
39. Tentolouris N, Jude EB, Smirnof I, Knowles EA, Boulton AJ. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an increasing problem in a diabetic foot clinic. Diabet Med. 1999 ; 16: 767-771
40. Smith SR, Reed JF. Prevalence of mixed infections in the diabetic pedal wound: a perspective based on a national audit. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2002 ; 1: 125-128
41. Cabeza-De-Vaca F, Macías AE, Alvarez JA, et al. Diabetic foot microbiology through biopsy cultures. Rev Invest Clin. 2009 ; 61: 281-285
42. El-Tahawy AT. Bacteriology of diabetic foot. Saudi Med J. 2000 ; 21: 344-347
43. Shankar EM, Mohan V, Premalatha G, Srinivasan RS, Usha AR. Bacterial etiology of diabetic foot infections in south India. Eur J Intern Med. 2005 ; 16: 567-570
44. Ramani A, Ramani R, Shivananda PG, Kundaje GN. Bacteriology of diabetic foot ulcers. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1991 ; 34: 81-87
45. Chincholikar DA, Pal RB. Study of fungal and bacterial infections of the diabetic foot. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2002 ; 45: 15-22
46. Raja NS. Microbiology of diabetic foot infections in a teaching hospital in Malaysia: a retrospective study of 194 cases. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2007 ; 40: 39-44
47. Sharma VK, Khadka PB, Joshi A, Sharma R. Common pathogens isolated in diabetic foot infection in Bir Hospital. Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2006 ; 4: 295-301
48. Abdulrazak A, Bitar ZI, Al-Shamali AA, Mobasher LA. Bacteriological study of diabetic foot infections. J Diabetes Complications. 2005 ; 19: 138-141
49. Armstrong DG, Liswood PJ, Todd WF. 1995 William J. Stickel Bronze Award. Prevalence of mixed infections in the diabetic pedal wound. A retrospective review of 112 infections. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1995 ; 85: 533-537
50. Louie TJ, Bartlett JG, Tally FP, Gorbach SL. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in diabetic foot ulcers. Ann Intern Med. 1976 ; 85: 461-463
51. Aragón-Sánchez J, Lázaro-Martínez JL, Hernández-Herrero C, et al. Surgical treatment of limb- and life-threatening infections in the feet of patients with diabetes and at least one palpable pedal pulse: successes and lessons learnt. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2011 ; 10: 207-213
52. Kessler L, Piemont Y, Ortega F, et al. Comparison of microbiological results of needle puncture vs. superficial swab in infected diabetic foot ulcer with osteomyelitis. Diabet Med. 2006 ; 23: 99-102