Paradoxes of (post)socialist segregation: Metropolitan sociospatial divisions under socialism and after in Poland

Urban Geography

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 327-352

  Marcińczak, Szymon ^a,b   Gentile, Michael ^b,c   Stȩpniak, Marcin ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LODZ   (Poland)

^b UMEÅ UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c University Flemingsberg   (Sweden)

^d INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION   (Poland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC SYSTEM; GENTRIFICATION; METROPOLITAN AREA; RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT; SOCIAL SEGREGATION; SOCIALISM; SUBURBANIZATION; URBAN POPULATION;

EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND;

EID: 84879230709     PISSN: 02723638     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02723638.2013.778667     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Andrusz, G., 1984, Housing and Urban Development in the USSR. Albany, NY: SUNYPress.
2. Anselin, L., 1995, Local Indicators of Spatial Association-LISA. GeographicalAnalysis, Vol. 27, No. 2, 93-115.
3. Bandelj, N. and Mahutga, M. C., 2010, How socio-economic change shapes incomeinequality in post-socialist Europe. Social Forces, Vol. 88, No. 5, 2133-2162.
4. Barbash, N. B., 1988, Rayony, kotorye my vybiraem (Districts which we choose). In E. V.Murav'ev and V. N. Peshkev, editors, Moskva: Gorod i Chelovek (Moscow: City andPeople). Moscow, Russia: Moskovskii rabochii, 303-320.
5. Bater, J., 1980, The Soviet City. London, UK: Edward Arnold.
6. Bater, J., 1989, The Soviet Scene-A Geographical Perspective. London, UK: EdwardArnold.
7. Blinnikov, M., Shanin, A., Sobolev, N., and Volkova, L., 2006, Gated communities of theMoscow green belt: Newly segregated landscapes and the suburban Russian environment.Geojournal, Vol. 66, 65-81.
8. Bodnár, J. and Böröcz, J., 1998, Housing advantages for the better connected?Institutional segmentation, settlement type and social network effects in Hungary'slate state socialist housing inequalities. Social Forces, Vol. 76, No. 4, 1275-1304.
9. Borén, T. and Gentile, M., 2007, Metropolitan processes in post-Communist states: Anintroduction. Geografiska Annaler, 89B, 95-110.
10. Bouzarovski, S., Salukvadze, J., and Gentile, M., 2011, A socially resilient urban transition?The contested landscapes of apartment building extensions in two post-Communist cities. Urban Studies, Vol. 48, 2689-2714.
11. Brade, I., Herfert, G., and Wiest, K., 2009, Recent trends and future prospects of sociospatialdifferentiation in urban regions of central and eastern Europe: A lull before thestorm? Cities, Vol. 26, No. 5, 233-244.
12. Brown, L. A. and Chung, S. Y., 2006, Spatial segregation, segregation indices, and thegeographical perspective. Population, Space, and Place, Vol. 12, 125-143.
13. Brzezi?ski, M. and Kostro, K., 2010, Income and consumption inequality in Poland 1998-2008. Bank i kredyt, 41 (4), 45-72.
14. Burgers, J. and Musterd, S., 2002, Understanding urban inequality: A model based onexisting theories and an empirical illustration. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 26, No. 2, 403-413.
15. Butler, T., Hamnett, C., and Ramsed, M., 2008, Inward and upward: Marking out socialclass change in London, 1981-2001. Urban Studies, Vol. 45, 67-88.
16. Cohen, J., 1960, A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational andPsychological Measurement, Vol. 20, No. 1, 37-46.
17. Cook, A., 2010, The expatriate real estate complex: Creative destruction and the productionof luxury in post-Socialist Prague. International Journal of Urban and RegionalResearch, Vol. 34, No. 3, 611-628.
18. Dangschat, J., 1987a, Residential segregation in Warsaw in 1970 and 1978. In M.Ciechocinska and W. Strubelt, editors, Determinants of Urban Development. Urban Research in Poland and West Germany, BfLR Symposien, Heft 26, Bonn, 259-275.
19. Dangschat, J., 1987b, Sociospatial disparities in a "socialist" city: The case of Warsaw atthe end of the 1970s. International Journal of Urban and Regional Studies, Vol. 11,No. 1, 37-60.
20. Dobson, R. B., 1984, Soviet education: Problems and policies in the urban context. In .H. W. Morton and R. S. Stuart, editors, The Contemporary Soviet City. New York, NY:M.E. Sharpe, 156-179.
21. Doma?ski, B., 1997, Industrial Control Over the Socialist Town-Benevolence orExploitation? Westport, CT: Praeger.
22. Dunford, M. and Smith, A., 2000, Catching up or falling behind? Economic performanceand regional trajectories in the "New" Europe. Economic Geography, Vol. 76, No. 2,169-195.
23. Enyédi, G., 1994, The transition of post-socialist cities. European Review, Vol. 3, No. 2,171-182.
24. Feldman, M., 2000, Waterfront revitalization and local governance in Tallinn, Estonia.Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 52, No. 5, 829-850.
25. Finney, N. and Simpson, L., 2009, Population dynamics: The roles of natural change andmigration in producing the ethnic mosaic. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,Vol. 35, No. 9, 1479-1496.
26. Freeman, L., 2009, Neighbourhood diversity, metropolitan segregation and gentrification:What are the links in the US? Urban Studies, Vol. 26, 2079-2101.
27. French, A., 1995, Plans, Pragmatism and People. London, UK: UCL Press.
28. Gaddy, C., 1996, The Price of the Past-Russia's Struggle with the Legacy of aMilitarized Economy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
29. Gentile, M., 2003, Residential segregation in a medium-sized post-Soviet city: Ust'-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Vol.94, No. 5, 589-605.
30. Gentile, M., 2004, Divided post-Soviet small cities? Residential segregation and urbanform in Leninogorsk and Zyryanovsk, Kazakhstan. Geografiska Annaler B, Vol. 86,No. 2, 117-136.
31. Gentile, M., 2005, Urban residential preferences and satisfaction in the former SovietUnion: Results from a survey in Ust'-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan. Urban Geography,Vol. 26, 296-327.
32. Gentile, M. and Marci?czak, S., 2012, No more work for Stakhanov: Migrants and stayersin the depopulating Donbas, Ukraine. Urban Geography, Vol. 33, 401-419.
33. Gentile, M. and Sjöberg, Ö., 2006, Intra-urban landscapes of priority: The Soviet legacy.Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 58, No. 5, 701-729.
34. Gentile, M. and Sjöberg, Ö., 2010a, Soviet housing: Who built what and when? The caseof Daugavpils, Latvia. Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 36, No. 4, 453-465.
35. Gentile, M. and Sjöberg, Ö., 2010b, Spaces of priority: The geography of Soviet housingconstruction in Daugavpils, Latvia. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 100, 1-25.
36. Gentile, M. and Tammaru, T., 2006, Housing and ethnicity in the post-Soviet city: Ust'-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan. Urban Studies, Vol. 43, 1757-1778.
37. Gentile, M., Tammaru, T., and van Kempen, R., 2012, Heteropolitanization: Social andspatial change in Central and East European cities. Cities, Vol. 29, No. 5, 291-299.
38. Getis, A. and Ord, J. K., 1996, Local spatial statistics: An overview. In P. Longley and M.Batty, editors, Spatial Analysis: Modelling in a GIS Environment. New York, NY: JohnWiley & Sons, 261-277.
39. Glaeser, E., 2011, Triumph of the City. New York, NY: Penguin.
40. Grabkowska, M., 2011, Inner-city transformations after socialism. Findings from interviewswith residents of pre-war tenement houses in Gda?sk. Bulletin of Geography.Socio-Economic Series 15, 117-129.
41. Hamilton, F. E. I. and Burnett, A. D., 1979, Social processes and residential structure. InR. A. French and F. E. I. Hamilton, editors, The Socialist City: Spatial Structure andUrban Policy. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 263-304.
42. Hess, D., Tammaru, T., and Leetmaa, K., 2012, Ethnic differences in housing in post-Soviet Tartu, Estonia, conditions in Tartu, Estonia. Cities, Vol. 29, 327-333.
43. Heyns, B., 2005, Emerging inequalities in Central and Eastern Europe. Annual Review ofSociology, Vol. 31, No. 1, 163-197.
44. Hirt, S., 2007, Suburbanizing Sofia: Characteristics of post-socialist peri-urban change.Urban Geography, Vol. 28, 755-780.
45. Index Mundi, 2012, Poland-Gini index. Last accessed September 6, 2011 from http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/poland/gini-index.
46. Johnston, R., Poulsen, M., and Forrest, J., 2005, On the measurement and meaning ofresidential segregation: A reply to Simpson. Urban Studies, Vol. 42, 1221-1227.
47. Johnston, R., Poulsen, M., and Forrest, J., 2007, The geography of ethnic residentialsegregation: A comparative study of five countries. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 97, 713-738.
48. Johnston, R., Poulsen, M., and Forrest, J., 2009, Research note-Measuring ethnicresidential segregation: Putting some more geography in. Urban Geography, Vol. 30, 91-109.
49. Johnston, R., Poulsen, M., and Forrest, J., 2010, Moving on from indices, refocusing onmix: On measuring and understanding ethnic patterns of residential segregation. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 36, No. 4, 697-706.
50. Johnston, R., Poulsen, M., and Forrest, J., 2011, Evaluating changing residential segregationin Auckland, New Zealand, using spatial statistics. Tijdschrift voor Economischeen Sociale Geografie, Vol. 102, No. 1, 1-23.
51. Kährik, A. and Tammaru, T., 2010, Soviet prefabricated panel housing estates: Areas ofcontinued social mix or decline? The case of Tallinn. Housing Studies, Vol. 25, No. 2,201-219.
52. Kiss, E., 2002, Restructuring in the industrial areas of Budapest in the period of transition.Urban Studies, Vol. 39, 69-84.
53. Kok, H. and Kovács, Z., 1999, The process of suburbanization in the agglomeration ofBudapest. Netherlands Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, Vol. 14, No. 2,119-141.
54. Kornai, J., 1992, The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Socialism. Princeton,NJ: Princeton University Press.
55. Kostreš, M. and Reba, D., 2010, Housing for the new socio-economic elite: The case ofNovi Sad. Architecture and Civil Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 3, 329-343.
56. Kovács, Z., 1998, Ghettoisation or gentrification? Post-socialist scenarios for Budapest.Netherlands Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, Vol. 13, No. 1, 63-81.
57. Kovács, Z., 2009, Social and economic transformation of historical neighbourhoods inBudapest. Tijdschrift Voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Vol. 100, No. 4, 399-416.
58. Krišj?ne, Z. and B?rzi?š, M., 2012, Post-socialist urban trends: New patterns and motivationsfor migration in the suburban areas of Riga, Latvia. Urban Studies, Vol. 49, 289-306.
59. Kulu, H., 2003, Housing differentiation in the late Soviet city: The case of Tartu, Estonia.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 27, No. 4, 897-911.
60. Ladányi, J., 1989, Changing patterns of residential segregation in Budapest. InternationalJournal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 13, No. 4, 555-571.
61. Ladányi, J., 1993, Patterns of residential segregation and the Gypsy minority in Budapest.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 17, No. 1, 30-41.
62. Leetmaa, K., Brade, I., Anniste, K., and Nuga, M., 2012, Socialist summer-home settlementsin post-socialist suburbanisation. Urban Studies, Vol. 49, 3-21.
63. Leetmaa, K. and Tammaru, T., 2007, Suburbanisation in countries in transition:Destinations of suburbanizers in the Tallinn metropolitan area. Geografiska Annaler, Vol. 89B, No. 2, 127-146.
64. Leetmaa, K., Tammaru, T., and Anniste, K., 2009, From priority-led to market-ledsuburbanisation in a post-communist metropolis. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, Vol. 100, No. 4, 436-453.
65. Mandi?, S., 2001, Residential mobility versus "in-place" adjustments in Slovenia:Viewpoint from a society "in transition." Housing Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1, 53-73.
66. Marci?czak, S., 2012, The evolution of spatial patterns of residential segregation inCentral European cities: The Łód? functional urban region from mature socialism tomature post-socialism. Cities, Vol. 29, No. 5, 300-309.
67. Marci?czak, S., Musterd, S., and St?pniak, M., 2012, Where the grass is greener: Socialsegregation in three major Polish cities at the beginning of the 21st century. EuropeanUrban and Regional Studies, Vol. 19, 388-403.
68. Marci?czak, S. and Sagan, I., 2011, The socio-spatial restructuring of Łód?, Poland.Urban Studies, Vol. 48, 1789-1809.
69. Marcuse P., 1989, "Dual city": A muddy metaphor for a quartered city. InternationalJournal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 13, No. 4, 697-708.
70. Marcuse, P. and van Kempen, R., 2002, editors, Of States and Cities: The Partitioning ofUrban Space. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
71. Marek, L., 2011, Gini index in Czech Republic in 1995-2010. Statistika, Vol. 48, No. 2,42-48.
72. Massey, D. and Denton, N., 1993, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making ofthe Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
73. Mat?j?, P. and Ve?erník, J., 1981, Social structure, spatial structure and problems ofecological analysis: The example of Prague. In M. Harloe and E. Lebas, editors, City,Class and Capital-New Developments in the Political Economy of Cities andRegions. London, UK: Edward Arnold.
74. Mat?j?, P., Ve?erník, J., and Je?ábek, H., 1979, Social structure, spatial structure andproblems of urban research: The example of Prague. International Journal of Urbanand Regional Research, Vol. 3, No. 2, 181-202.
75. Mollenkopf, J. H. and Castells, M., editors, 1991, Dual City. Restructuring New York.New York, NY: SAGE.
76. Morton, R. W., 1984, The contemporary Soviet city. In H. W. Morton and R. C. Stuart,editors, The Contemporary Soviet City. New York, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 3-24.
77. Murzyn, M., 2006, "Winners" and "losers" in the game: The social dimension of urbanregeneration in the Kazimierz quarter in Krakow. In G. Enyédi and Z. Kovács, editors,Social Changes and Social Sustainability in Historical Urban Centres. The Case of Central Europe. Pécs, Hungary: Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Centre forRegional Studies, 81-106.
78. Musil, J., 1987, Housing policy and the sociospatial structure of cities in a socialistcountry: The example of Prague. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 11, No. 1, 27-36.
79. Musterd, S., 2003, Segregation and integration: A contested relationship. Journal ofEthnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 29, 623-641.
80. Musterd, S., 2005, Social and ethnic segregation in Europe: Levels, causes, and effects.Journal of Urban Affairs, Vol. 27, No. 3, 27-36.
81. Musterd, S. and Ostendorf, W., 1998, Urban Segregation and the Welfare State:Inequality and Exclusion in Western Cities. London, UK, and New York, NY: Routledge.
82. Musterd, S. and van Kempen, R., 2009, Segregation and housing of minority ethnicgroups in Western European cities. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie,Vol. 100, No. 4, 559-566.
83. Novák, J. and Sýkora, L., 2007, A city in motion: Time-space activity and mobilitypatterns of suburban inhabitants and structuration of spatial organisation of the Praguemetropolitan area. Geografiska Annaler, Vol. B89, No. 2, 147-167.
84. Nove, A., 1986, The Soviet Economic System, 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Allen & Unwin.
85. OECD, 2010, OECD Factbook 2010, electronic resource available at http://www.oecd.org/(last accessed 6 September 2011).
86. Ou?ední?ek, M., 2007, Differential suburban development in the Prague urban region.Geografiska Annaler, Vol. 89B, 111-126.
87. Peach, C., 1996, Does Britain have ghettos? Transactions of the Institute of BritishGeographers, Vol. 21, No. 1, 216-235.
88. Peach, C., 2009, Slippery segregation: Discovering or manufacturing ghettos? Journal ofEthnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 35, No. 9, 1381-1395.
89. Pickles, J. and Smith, A., 1998, Theorizing Transition: The Political and Economy ofPost-Communist Transformations. London, UK: Routledge.
90. Piotrowski,W., 1966, Społeczno-Przestrzenna Struktura miasta Łodzi: Studium Ekologiczne[The Socio-Spational Structure of Łód?: An Ecological Study]. Wrocław, Poland:Ossolineum.
91. Polanska, D., 2011, The Emergence of Enclaves of Wealth and Poverty-A SociologicalStudy of Residential Differentiation in Post-Communist Poland. Stockholm Studies inSociology 50. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm University.
92. Poulsen, M. F., Johnston, R., and Forrest, J., 2002, Plural cities and ethnic enclave:Introducing a measurement procedure for comparative study. International Journal ofUrban and Regional Research, Vol. 26, No. 2, 229-243.
93. Reardon, S. F., 2006, A conceptual framework for measuring segregation and its association with population outcomes. In J. M. Oakes and J. S. Kaufman, editors, Methods inSocial Epidemiology. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 169-192.
94. Ruble, B., 1989, Ethnicity and Soviet cities. Soviet Studies, Vol. 41, No. 3, 401-414.
95. Rukavishnikov, V. O., 1980, Naselenie Goroda (Sotsial'nyi Sostav, Rasselenie, OtsenkaGorodskoy Sredy) (Population of the City [Social Composition, Settlement, Evaluationof the Urban Environment]). Moscow, Russia: Statistika.
96. Ruoppila, S. and Kährik, A., 2003, Socio-economic residential differentiation in postsocialistTallinn. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, Vol. 18, No. 1, 49-73.
97. Sailer-Fliege, U., 1999, Characteristics of post-socialist urban transformation in EastCentral Europe. GeoJournal, Vol. 49, 7-16.
98. Sassen, S., 1991, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton, NJ: PrincetonUniversity Press.
99. Schmidt, S., 2011, Sprawl without growth in eastern Germany. Urban Geography, Vol.32, 105-128.
100. Simpson, L., 2007, Ghettos in the mind: The empirical behaviour of indices of segregationand diversity. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A, Vol. 170, No. 2, 405-424.
101. Simpson, L. and Peach, C., 2009, Measurement and analysis of segregation, integrationand diversity: Editorial introduction. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 35,No. 9, 1377-1380.
102. Sjöberg, Ö., 1991, Urbanisation Under Central Planning: The Case of Albania, ActaUniversitatis Upsaliensis, Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Social Sciences, 23. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University.
103. Sjö berg, Ö, 1999, Shortage, priority and urban growth: Towards a theory of urbanisationunder central planning. Urban Studies, 36, 2217-2236.
104. Smets, P. and Salman, T., 2008, Countering urban segregation: Theoretical and policyinnovations from around the globe. Urban Studies, Vol. 45, 1307-1332.
105. Smith, A. and Swain, A., 2010, The global economic crisis, Eastern Europe, and theformer Soviet Union: Models of development and the contradictions of internationalization.Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol. 51, No. 1, 1-34.
106. Smith, A. and Timar, J., 2010, Uneven transformations: Space, economy and society 20years after the collapse of state socialism. European Urban and Regional Studies, Vol.17, No. 2, 115-125.
107. Smith, D. M., 1989, Urban Inequality Under Socialism-Case Studies from EasternEurope and the Soviet Union. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
108. Spevec, D. and Klempi?-Bogadi, S., 2009, Croatian cities under transformation: Newtendencies in housing and segregation. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Vol. 100, No. 4, 454-468.
109. Steinführer, A., Bierzy?ski, A., Grossmann, K., Haase, A., Klusa?ek, P., and Kabisch, S.,2010, Population decline in Polish and Czech cities during post-socialism? Lookingbehind the official statistics. Urban Studies, Vol. 47, 2325-2346.
110. Steinführer, A. and Haase, A., 2007, Demographic change as a future challenge for citiesin East Central Europe. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, Vol. 89,No. 2, 183-195.
111. Stenning, A., 2004, Urban change and the localities. In M. Bradshaw and A. Stenning,editors, East Central Europe and the Former Soviet Union. The Post Socialist States.Harlow, UK: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 87-108.
112. Stenning, A., Smith, A., Rochovska, A., and ?wi?tek, D., 2010, Domesticating Neo-Liberalism: Spaces of Economic Practice and Social Reproduction in Post-Socialist Cities. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
113. St?pniak, M., 2012, The spatial deconcentration of housing resources inWarsaw in the years1945-2008. Geographia Polonica, Vol 85 [doi: 10.7163/GPol.2012.1.6], in press.
114. Stoyanov, P. and Frants, K., 2006, Gated communities in Bulgaria: Interpreting a newtrend in post-communist urban development. Geojournal, Vol. 66, 57-63.
115. Struktura wynagrodze? według zawodów, 2006. Warszawa, Poland: Główny Urz?dStatystyczny.
116. Sýkora, L., 1999, Changes in the internal structure of post-communist Prague. GeojournalVol. 49, 79-89
117. Sýkora, L., 2005, Gentrification in post-communist cities. In R. Atkinson and G. Bridge,editors, Gentrification in Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism. London, UK:Routledge, 90-105.
118. Sýkora, L., 2009, New socio-spatial formations: Places of residential segregation andseparation in Czechia. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 100, 417-435.
119. Sýkora, L. and Bouzarovski, S., 2012, Multiple transformations: Conceptualising the postcommunisturban transition. Urban Studies, Vol. 49, 43-60.
120. Szelényi, I., 1983, Urban Inequalities Under State Socialism. New York, NY: OxfordUniversity Press.
121. Szelényi, I., 1987, Housing inequalities and occupational segregation in state socialistcites. Commentary to the special issue of IJURR on east European cities. InternationalJournal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 11, No. 1, 1-8.
122. Tammaru, T. and Leetmaa, K., 2007, Suburbanization in relation to education in theTallinn metropolitan area. Population, Space and Place, Vol. 13, No. 4, 279-292.
123. Tammaru, T., van Ham, M., Leetmaa, K., and Kährik, A., 2010, Ethnic Dimensions ofSuburbanisation in Estonia. IZA discussion paper 5617. Bonn, Germany: Institute forthe Study of Labor.
124. Tátrai, P., 2011, Ethnic residential segregation in three cities in northwest Romania.Hungarian Geographical Bulletin, Vol. 60, No. 2, 189-216.
125. Temelová, J., 2007, Flagship developments and the physical upgrading of the postsocialistinner city: The Golden Angel project in Prague. Geografiska Annaler, Vol.89B, No. 2,169-181.
126. Temelová, J. and Dvo?aková, N., 2012, Residential satisfaction of elderly people in thecentral and inner city: The case of revitalizing neighbourhoods in Prague. Cities, Vol.29, No. 5, 310-317.
127. Temelová, J., Novák, J., Ou?ední?ek, M., and Puldová, P., 2011, Housing estates in theCzech Republic: Various trajectories and inner differentiation. Urban Studies, Vol. 48,1811-1834.
128. Van Kempen, R. and Murie, A., 2009, The new divided city: Changing patterns inEuropean cities. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Vol. 100, No. 4, 377-398.
129. Vendina, O., 1997, Transformation processes in Moscow and in intra-urban stratificationof population. GeoJournal, Vol. 42, No. 4, 349-363.
130. Vendina, O., 2002, Social polarization and ethnic segregation in Moscow. EurasianGeography and Economics, Vol. 43, No. 3, 216-243.
131. W?cławowicz, G., 1979, The structure of socio-economic space in Warsaw in 1931 and1970: A study in factorial ecology. In R. A. French and F. E. I. Hamilton, editors, TheSocialist City: Spatial Structure and Urban Policy. Chichester, UK: John Wiley &Sons, 387-424.
132. W?cławowicz, G., 1998, Social polarisation in postsocialist cities: Budapest, Prague andWarsaw. In G. Enyédi, editor, Social Change and Urban Restructuring in CentralEurope. Budapest, Hungary: Akadémiai Kiadó, 55-66.
133. W?cławowicz, G., 2002, From egalitarian cities in theory to non-egalitarian cities inpractice: The changing social and spatial patterns in Polish cities. In P. Marcuse andR. van Kempen, editors, Of States and Cities: The Partitioning of Urban Space.Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 183-199.
134. W?cławowicz, G., 2004, Where the grass is greener in Poland: Regional and intra-urbaninequalities. In R. Lee and D.M. Smith, editors, Geographies and Moralities.International Perspectives on Development, Justice and Place. London, UK:Blackwell, 62-77.
135. Wilson, J. W., 1987, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, andPublic Policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
136. Zborowski, A., 2005, Przemiany strukt ury społeczno-przestrzennej regionu miejskiego wokresie realnego socjalizmu i transformacji ustrojowej (na przykładzie Krakowa)[Changes in the Socio-Spatial Structure of an Urban Region under Socialism andSystemic Transition (the Case of Cracow)]. Kraków, land: Instytut GeografiiiGospodarki Przestrzennej UJ.