Mortality risk for cocaine abusers in relation to heroin use: A follow-up study

Substance Use and Misuse

Volumn 48, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 702-710

  Pavarin, Raimondo Maria ^a  

^a Azienda USL di Bologna   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cocaine; Cohort study; Heroin; Injecting; Mortality; Public treatment service; Socially integrated drug users

Indexed keywords

EID: 84879168759     PISSN: 10826084     EISSN: 15322491     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2013.786731     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Arendt, M., Munk-Jørgensen, P., Sher, L., & Jensen, S. O. (2011). Mortality among individuals with cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine, MDMA, and opioid use disorders: A nationwide follow-up study of Danish substance users in treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 114(2-3), 134-139.
2. Barrio, G., Molist, G., la Fuente, L., Ferńandez, F., Guitart, A., Bravo, M. J., et al. (2013). Mortality in a cohort of young primary cocaine users: Controlling the effect of the riskiest druguse behaviours. Addictive Behaviors, 38(3), 1601-1604.
3. Boys, A. F., Marsden, J. R., Griffiths, P. N., & Strang, J. (2000). Drug use functions predict cocaine-related problems in young people. Drug and Alcohol Review, 19, 181-190
4. Brunt, T. M., van Laar, M., Niesink, R. J., & van den Brink, W. (2010). The relationship of quality and price of the psychostimulants cocaine and amphetamine with health care outcomes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 111(1-2), 21-29
5. Carroll, K. M., Nich, C., & Rounsaville, B. J. (1997). Variability in treatment-seeking cocaine abusers: Implications for clinical pharmacotherapy trials. NIDA Research Monograph, 175, 137-157.
6. Chen, C. Y., & Anthony, J. C., 2004. Epidemiological estimates of risk in the process of becoming dependent upon cocaine hydrochloride power versus crack cocaine. Psychopharmacology, 172(1), 78-86.
7. Chen, C. Y., Storr, C. L., & Anthony, J. C., (2009). Early-onset drug use and risk for drug dependence problems. Addictive Behaviors, 34(3), 319-322.
8. Clausen, T., Anchersen, K., & Waal, H. 2008. Mortality prior to, during and after opioid maintenance treatment (OMT): A national prospective cross-registry study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2008, 94(1-3), 151-157.
9. Clayton, D., & Hills,M. (1993). Statistical models in epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press.
10. Davoli, M., Pasqualini, F., Belleudi, V., Bargagli, A. M., & Perucci, C. A. (2007). Changing pattern of drug abuse among patients entering treatment in Lazio, Italy, between 1996 and 2003: Transition from heroin to cocaine use. European Addictive Research, 13(4), 185-191.
11. Decorte, T. (2001). Quality control by cocaine users: Underdeveloped harm reduction strategies. European Addictive Research, 7(4), 161-175.
12. Degenhardt, L., Bucello, C., Mathers, B., Briegleb, C., Ali, H., Hickman, M., et al. (2011). Mortality among regular or dependent users of heroin and other opioids: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Addiction, 106(1), 32-51.
13. Degenhardt, L., Randall, D., Hall,W., Law,M., Butler, T., & Burns, L. (2009).Mortality among clients of a statewide opioid pharmacotherapy program over 20 years: Risk factors and lives saved. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 105, 9-15.
14. Degenhardt, L., Singleton, J., Calabria, B., McLaren, J., Kerr, T., Mehta, S., et al. (2011). Mortality among cocaine users: A systematic reviewof cohort studies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 113(2-3), 88-95.
15. Devlin, R. J., & Henry, J. A. (2008). Clinical review: Major conuences of illicit drug consumption. Critical Care, 12(1), 202.
16. DPA (Dipartimento Politiche Antidroga), Presidenza Consiglio dei Ministri. (2012). Relazione annuale al Parlamento 2011 sull'uso di sostanze stupefacenti e sulle tossicodipendenze in Italia. Retrieved January 23, 2013, from http://www.politicheantidroga.it/progetti-e-ricerca/relazioni-alparlamento/ relazione-annuale-2012.aspx.
17. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). (2012). Annual report 2011: The state of the drugs problem in Europe. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/annual-report/2011 [accessed on 27/11/2012]
18. Evans, J. L., Tsui, J. I., Hahn, J. A., Davidson, P. J., Lum, P. J., & Page, K. (2012). Mortality among young injection drug users in San Francisco:A10-year follow-up of theUFO study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 175(4), 302-308.
19. Ferri, C. P., & Gossop, M. (1999). Route of cocaine administration: Patterns of use and problems among a Brazilian sample. Addictive Behaviors, 24(6), 815-821.
20. Fugelstad, A., Agren, G., & Romelsj̈o, A. (1998). Changes in mortality, arrests, and hospitalizations in nonvoluntarily treated heroin addicts in relation to methadone treatment. Substance Use Misuse, 33(14), 2803-2817.
21. Gfroerer, J. C., & Brodsky, M. D. (1993). Frequent cocaine users and their use of treatment. American Journal of Public Health, 83(8):1149-1154.
22. Gossop, M., Griffiths, P., Powis, B., & Strang, J. (1994). Cocaine: Patterns of use, route of administration and severity of dependence. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 164(5), 660-664.
23. Gossop, M., Griffiths, P., Powis, B., Williamson, S., & Strang, J. (1996). Frequency of nonfatal heroin overdose: Survey of heroin users recruited in non-clinical settings. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 313(7054):402.
24. Hickman, M., Carnwath, Z., Madden, P., Farrell, M., Rooney, C., Ashcroft, R., et al. (2003). Drug-related mortality and fatal overdose risk: Pilot cohort study of heroin users recruited from specialist drug treatment sites in London. Journal of Urban Health, 80(2):274-287.
25. Kertesz, S. G., Khodneva, Y., Richman J, Tucker, J. A., Safford, M. M., Jones, B., et al. (2012). Trajectories of drug use and mortality outcomes among adults followed over 18 years. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 27(7), 808-816.
26. Leri, F., Bruneau, J., & Stewart, J. (2001). Understanding polydrug use: Review of heroin and cocaine co-use. Neuropsychopharmacology, 25(1), 104-117.
27. Levin, F. R. (2007). Diagnosing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in patients with substance use disorders. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 68(11), 9-14.
28. Merrall, E. L., Bird, S. M., & Hutchinson, S. J., (2012). Mortality of those who attended drug services in Scotland 1996-2006: Record-linkage study. International Journal of Drug Policy, 23(1), 24-32.
29. O'Brien, M. S., & Anthony, J. C. (2005). Risk of becoming cocaine dependent: Epidemiological estimates for the United States, 2000-2001. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30(5), 1006-1018.
30. Pavarin, R. M. (2008). Cocaine consumption and death risk: A follow-up study on 347 cocaine addicts in the metropolitan area of Bologna. Ann Ist Super Sanit̀a, 44(1), 91-98.
31. Pavarin, R. M., Berardi,D.,&Consonni,D. (2012). Determinants of seeking treatment for cocaine abuse: A case-control study. European Addiction Research, 19(2), 61-67. [Epub ahead of print]
32. Pavarin, R., Lugoboni, F., Mathewson, S., Ferrari, A.M., Guizzardi, G., & Quaglio, G. (2011). Cocaine-related medical and trauma problems: A consecutive series of 743 patients from a multicentre study in Italy. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18(4), 208-214.
33. Prinzleve, M., Haasen, C., Zurhold, H., Matali, J. L., Bruguera, E., Gerevich, J., et al. (2004). Cocaine use in Europe-a multi centre study: Patterns of use in different groups. European Addiction Research, 10(4), 147-155.
34. Ribeiro, M., Dunn, Y., Laranjeira, R., & Sesso, R. (2004). High mortality among young crack cocaine users in Brazil: A 5-year follow-up study. Addiction, 99, 1133-1135.
35. Ribeiro, M., Dunn, J., Sesso, R., Dias, A. C., & Laranjeira, R. (2006). Causes of death among crack cocaine users Causa mortis em usúarios de crack. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 28(3), 196-192.
36. Riezzo, I., Fiore, C., De Carlo, D., Pascale, N., Neri, M., Turillazzi, E., et al. (2012). Side effects of cocaine abuse: Multiorgan toxicity and pathological consequences. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 19(33), 5624-5646.
37. Risser, D., Ḧonigschnabl, S., Stichenwirth, M., Pfudl, S., Sebald, D., Kaff, A., et al. (2001). Mortality of opiate users in Vienna, Austria. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 64(3), 251-256.
38. Selvin, S., 2003. Statistical analysis of epidemiologic data. New York: Oxford University Press.
39. Siliquini, R., Morra, A., Versino, E., & Renga, G. (2005). Recreational drug consumers: Who seeks treatment? European Journal of Public Health, 15(6), 580-586.
40. UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). (2012). World drug report 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2013, from http://www.unodc.org/documents/ data-andanalysis/WDR2012/WDR 2012 web small.pdf
41. Van der Poel, A., Rodenburg, G., Dijkstra, M., Stoele, M., & van de Mheen, D. (2009). Trends, motivations and settings of recreational cocaine use by adolescents and young adults in the Netherlands. International Journal of Drug Policy, 20(2), 143-151.
42. Vergara-Moragues, E., Gonźalez-Saiz, F., Lozano Rojas, O., Bilbao Acedos, I., Ferńandez Caldeŕon, F., Betanzos Espinosa, P., et al. (2011). Diagnosing adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in patients with cocaine dependence: Discriminant validity of Barkley executive dysfunction symptoms. European Addiction Research, 17(6), 279-284.
43. Wagner, F. A., & Anthony, J. C. (2002). From first drug use to drug dependence: Developmental periods of risk for dependence upon marijuana, cocaine and alcohol. Neuropsychopharmacology, 26(4), 479-488.
44. Wagner, F. A., & Anthony, J. C. 2007. Male-Female differences in the risk of progression from first use to dependence upon cannabis, cocaine and alcohol. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 86(2-3), 191-198.