Everyday attention: Mind wandering and computer use during lectures

Computers and Education

Volumn 68, Issue , 2013, Pages 275-283

  Risko, Evan F ^a   Buchanan, Dawn ^b   Medimorec, Srdan ^b   Kingstone, Alan ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MEMPHIS   (United States)

^b ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Attention; Computers and education; Divided attention; Mind wandering; Technology

Indexed keywords

ATTENTION; COMPUTER USE; COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION; DIVIDED ATTENTION; LECTURE MATERIALS; MIND WANDERING;

COMPUTER SCIENCE; EDUCATION; TECHNOLOGY;

ENGINEERING EDUCATION;

EID: 84879042228     PISSN: 03601315     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.compedu.2013.05.001     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. J. Andrade What does doodling do? Applied Cognitive Psychology 24 2010 100 106
2. A. Ariga, and A. Lleras Brief and rate mental "breaks" keep you focused: deactivation and reactivation of task goals preempt vigilance decrements Cognition 118 2011 439 443
3. R.M. Baron, and D.A. Kenny The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 1986 1173 1182
4. D. Bligh What's the use of lectures? 2000 Jossey-Bass San Francisco
5. D.E. Broadbent Decision and stress 1971 Academic Press New York
6. D.G. Brown, and K.R. Petitto The status of ubiquitous computing Educase Review 38 2003 25 33
7. K. Christoff, A.M. Gordon, J. Smallwood, R. Smith, and J.W. Schooler Experience sampling during fMRI reveals default network and executive system contributions to mind wandering Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 106 2009 8719 8724
8. A.R.A. Conway, M.J. Kane, M.F. Bunting, D.Z. Hambrick, O. Wilhelm, and R.W. Engle Working memory span tasks: a methodological review and user's guide Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 12 2005 769 786 (Pubitemid 43341535)
9. F.I.M. Craik, R. Govoni, M. Naveh-Benjamin, and N.D. Anderson The effects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes in human memory Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 125 1996 159 180 (Pubitemid 126420578)
10. J.D. Eastwood, A. Frischen, M.J. Fenske, and D. Smilek The unengaged mind: Defining boredom in terms of attention Perspectives on Psychological Science 7 2012 482 495
11. R.W. Engle Working memory capacity as executive attention Current Directions in Psychological Science 11 2002 19 23
12. J.A. Fredricks, P.C. Blumenfeld, and A.H. Paris School engagement: potential of the concept, state of the evidence Review of Educational Research 74 2004 59 109 (Pubitemid 38651980)
13. C.B. Fried In-class laptop use and it's effects on student learning Computers & Education 50 2008 906 914 (Pubitemid 351174019)
14. S.E. Gathercole, E. Lamont, and T.P. Alloway Working memory in the classroom S. Pickering, Working memory and education 2006 Academic Press London
15. E. Goode, and N. Ben-Yehuda Moral panics: culture, politics, and social construction Annual Review of Sociology 20 1994 149 171
16. L. Hänninen, and M. Pastell CowLog: open source software for coding behaviors from digital video Behavior Research Methods 41 2009 472 476
17. A.F. Hayes PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling 2012 [White paper]. Retrieved from http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf
18. H. Hembrooke, and G. Gay The laptop and the lecture: the effects of multitasking in learning environments Journal of Computing in Higher Education 15 2003 46 64 (Pubitemid 36515876)
19. S. Hidi A re-examination of the role of attention in learning from text Educational Psychology Review 7 1995 323 350 (Pubitemid 126000597)
20. T. Jackson, R. Dawson, and D. Wilson The cost of email interruption Journal of Systems and Information Technology 5 2001 81 92
21. H. Jang Supporting students' motivation, engagement, and learning during an uninteresting activity Journal of Educational Psychology 100 2008 798 811
22. H. Jang, J. Reeve, and E.L. Deci Engaging students in learning activities: it is not autonomy support or structure but autonomy support and structure Journal of Educational Psychology 102 2010 588 600
23. C.P. Janssen, and D.P. Brumby Strategic adaptation to performance objectives in a dual-task setting Cognitive Science 34 2010 1548 1560
24. D. Kagan Session 2, The dark ages 2007, September 11 Retrieved from Open Yale Courses http://oyc.yale.edu/classics/introduction-to-ancient-greekhistory/ content/session-2-the-dark-ages
25. M.J. Kane, L.E. Brown, J.C. Little, P.J. Silvia, I. Myin-Germeys, and T.R. Kwapil For whom the mind wanders, and when: an experience-sampling study of working memory and executive control in daily life Psychological Science 18 2007 614 621
26. M.J. Kane, and R.W. Engle Working memory capacity, proactive interference, and divided attention: limits of long term memory retrieval Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 26 2000 336 358
27. M.J. Kane, and R.W. Engle Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: the contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 132 2003 47 70 (Pubitemid 37170598)
28. M.A. Killingsworth, and D.T. Gilbert A wandering mind is an unhappy mind Science 330 2010 932
29. A. Kingstone, D. Smilek, and J.D. Eastwood Cognitive ethology: a new approach for studying human cognition British Journal of Psychology 99 2008 317 340
30. J.M. Kraushaar, and D.C. Novak Examining the affects of student multitasking with laptops during the lecture Journal of Information Systems Education 21 2010 241 251
31. D.B. Levinson, J. Smallwood, and R.J. Davidson The persistence of thought: evidence for a role of working memory in the maintenance of task unrelated thinking Psychological Science 23 2012 375 380
32. M.-C. Lien, E. Ruthruff, and J.C. Johnston Attentional limitations in doing two things at once: the search for exceptions Current Directions in Psychological Science 15 2006 89 93 (Pubitemid 43748099)
33. S.I. Lindquist, and J.P. McLean Correlates of daydreaming in an educational environment Learning and Individual Differences 21 2011 158 167
34. E. Malkovsky, C. Merrifield, Y. Goldberg, and J. Danckert Exploring the relationship between boredom and sustained attention Experimental Brain Research 221 2012 59 67
35. J.C. McVay, and M.J. Kane Conducting the train of thought: working memory capacity, goal neglect, and mind wandering in an executive-control task Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 35 2009 196 204
36. J.C. McVay, and M.J. Kane Does mind wandering reflect executive function or executive failure? Comment on Smallwood and Schooler (2006) and Watkins (2008) Psychological Bulletin 2 2010 188 197
37. J.C. McVay, and M.J. Kane Drifting from slow to "D'oh!": working memory capacity and mind wandering predict extreme reaction times and executive control errors Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 38 2012 525 549
38. D.E. Meyer, and D.E. Kieras A computational theory of executive control processes and human multiple-task performance: part 1. Basic mechanisms Psychological Review 104 1997 3 65 (Pubitemid 127457178)
39. N. Moray Attention in dichotic listening: affective cues and the influence of instructions Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 9 1959 56 60
40. D. Navon, and D. Gopher On the economy of the human-processing system Psychological Review 86 1979 214 255
41. M.B. Neider, J.S. McCarley, J.A. Crowell, H. Kaczmarski, and A.F. Kramer Pedestrians, vehicles, and cell phones Accident Analysis and Prevention 42 2010 589 594
42. E. Ophir, C.I. Nass, and A.D. Wagner Cognitive control in media multitaskers Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 2009 15583 15587
43. H. Pashler Overlapping mental operations in serial performance with preview Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 47 1994 161 191
44. S.J. Payne, G.B. Duggan, and H. Neth Discretionary task interleaving: heuristics for time allocation in cognitive foraging Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 136 2007 370 388
45. M.I. Posner, and M.K. Rothbart Influencing brain networks: implications for education Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9 2005 99 103 (Pubitemid 40312040)
46. R.E. Reynolds Selective attention and prose learning: theoretical and empirical research Educational Psychology Review 4 1992 345 391
47. E.F. Risko, N. Anderson, A. Sarwal, M. Engelhardt, and A. Kingstone Everyday attention: variation in mind wandering and memory in lecture Applied Cognitive Psychology 26 2012 234 242
48. E.F. Risko, T. Foulsham, S. Dawson, and A. Kingstone The collaborative lecture annotation system (CLAS): a new tool for distributed learning IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies 6 2013 4 13
49. H.L. Roediger, and J.D. Karpicke Test-enhanced learning: Taking memory tests improves long-term retention Psychological Science 17 2006 249 255 (Pubitemid 43344734)
50. D. Rohrer, and H. Pashler Concurrent task effects on memory retrieval: a cumulative latency analysis Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 10 2003 96 103 (Pubitemid 37544985)
51. D. Rohrer, and H. Pashler Recent research on human learning challenges conventional instruction strategies Educational Researcher 39 2010 406 412
52. R.M. Ryan, and E.L. Deci Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being American Psychologist 55 2000 68 78
53. D.D. Salvucci, and N.A. Taatgen Threaded cognition: an integrated theory of concurrent multitasking Psychological Review 115 2008 101 130
54. E.A. Skinner, C. Furrer, G. Marchand, and T. Kindermann Engagement and disaffection in the classroom: part of a larger motivational dynamic? Journal of Educational Psychology 100 2008 765 781
55. E.A. Skinner, T.A. Kindermann, and C.J. Furrer A motivational perspective on engagement and disaffection: conceptualization and assessment of children's behavioral and emotional participation in academic activities in the classroom Educational and Psychological Measurement 69 2009 493 525
56. J. Smallwood Why the global availability of mind wandering necessitates resource competition: reply to McVay and Kane (2010) Psychological Bulletin 136 2010 202 207
57. J. Smallwood, D.J. Fishman, and J.W. Schooler Counting the cost of an absent mind: mind wandering as an underrecognized influence on educational performance Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 14 2007 230 236
58. J. Smallwood, M. McSpadden, and J.W. Schooler When attention matters: the curious incident of the wandering mind Memory & Cognition 36 2008 1144 1150
59. J. Smallwood, and J.W. Schooler The restless mind Psychological Bulletin 132 2006 946 958 (Pubitemid 44665373)
60. D. Smilek, J.S.A. Carriere, and J.A. Cheyne Out of mind, out of sight: eye blinking as indicator and embodiment of mind wandering Psychological Science 21 2010 786 789
61. M.K. Smith, W.B. Wood, W.K. Adams, C. Wieman, J.K. Knight, and N. Guild Why peer discussion improves student performance on in-class concept questions Science 323 2009 122 124
62. D.L. Strayer, and F.A. Drews Cell-phone induced driver distraction Current Directions in Psychological Science 16 2007 128 131
63. K.K. Szpunar, N.Y. Khan, and D.L. Schacter Interpolated memory tests reduce mind wandering and improve learning of online lectures Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 2013 6313 6317
64. A. Treisman Monitoring and storage of irrelevant messages in selective attention Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 3 1964 449 459
65. N. Unsworth, G.A. Brewer, and G.J. Spillers Variation in cognitive failures: an individual differences investigation of everyday attention and memory failures Journal of Memory and Language 67 2012 1 16
66. E. Walker, S.N. Lanthier, E.F. Risko, and A. Kingstone The effects of personal music devices on pedestrian behaviour Safety Science 50 2012 123 128
67. J.M. Watson, and D.L. Strayer Supertaskers: profiles in extraordinary multi-tasking ability Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 17 2010 479 485
68. C.D. Wickens Processing resources in attention R. Parasuraman, D.R. Davies, Varieties of attention 1984 Academic Press San Diego, CA 63 102
69. K. Wilson, and J.H. Korn Attention during lectures: beyond ten minutes Teaching of Psychology 34 2007 85 89
70. C. Wurst, C. Smarkola, and M.A. Gaffney Ubiquitous laptop use in higher education: effects on student achievement, student satisfaction, and constructivist measure in honors and traditional classes Computers and Education 51 2008 1766 1783
71. M.S. Young, S. Robinson, and P. Alberts Students pay attention! Combating the vigilance decrement to improve learning during lectures Active Learning in Higher Education 10 2009 41 55