Predicting survival in thermal injury: A systematic review of methodology of composite prediction models

Burns

Volumn 39, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 835-850

  Hussain, Amer ^a   Choukairi, Fouzia ^b   Dunn, Ken ^a  

^a MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Indices; Models; Mortality; Prediction; Scoring

Indexed keywords

ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; BODY SURFACE; BURN PATIENT; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INJURY SEVERITY; LUNG BURN; LUNG FUNCTION; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; METHODOLOGY; MORTALITY; PERFORMANCE; PNEUMONIA; REPRODUCIBILITY; REVIEW; SEPSIS; SURVIVAL PREDICTION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THERMAL INJURY; BURN; INJURY SCALE; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PROBABILITY; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STATISTICAL MODEL; SURVIVAL;

BURNS; HUMANS; INJURY SEVERITY SCORE; MODELS, STATISTICAL; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROBABILITY; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 84879029188     PISSN: 03054179     EISSN: 18791409     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2012.12.010     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Darzi A. High quality care for all: NHS next stage review final report. Department of Health: http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod-consum-dh/groups/dh- digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh-085828.pdf; 2008.
2. B.H. Bowser, F.T. Caldwell, J.A. Baker, and R.C. Walls Statistical methods to predict morbidity and mortality: self assessment techniques for burn units Burns Incl Therm Inj 9 1983 318 326
3. W.L. Manson, P.C. Pernot, V. Fidler, E.W. Sauer, and H.J. Klasen Colonization of burns and the duration of hospital stay of severely burned patients J Hosp Infect 22 1992 55 63
4. J.R. Saffle, B. Davis, and P. Williams Recent outcomes in the treatment of burn injury in the United States: a report from the American Burn Association Patient Registry J Burn Care Rehabil 16 1995 219 232 [discussion 88-9]
5. M. Druery, T.L. Brown, and M. Muller Long term functional outcomes and quality of life following severe burn injury Burns 31 2005 692 695
6. S.J. Pope, W.R. Solomons, D.J. Done, N. Cohn, and A.M. Possamai Body image, mood and quality of life in young burn survivors Burns 33 2007 747 755
7. G.F. Cromes, R. Holavanahalli, K. Kowalske, and P. Helm Predictors of quality of life as measured by the Burn Specific Health Scale in persons with major burn injury J Burn Care Rehabil 23 2002 229 234
8. A. Anzarut, M. Chen, H. Shankowsky, and E.E. Tredget Quality-of-life and outcome predictors following massive burn injury Plast Reconstr Surg 116 2005 791 797
9. L. Kvannli, V. Finlay, D.W. Edgar, A. Wu, and F.M. Wood Using the Burn Specific Health Scale-brief as a measure of quality of life after a burn-what score should clinicians expect Burns 37 2011 54 60
10. J. Xiao, and B.R. Cai Functional and occupational outcome in patients surviving massive burns Burns 21 1995 415 421
11. M.E. van Baar, M.L. Essink-Bot, I.M. Oen, J. Dokter, H. Boxma, and E.F. van Beeck Functional outcome after burns: a review Burns 32 2006 1 9
12. G. Germann, U. Barthold, R. Lefering, T. Raff, and B. Hartmann The impact of risk factors and pre-existing conditions on the mortality of burn patients and the precision of predictive admission-scoring systems Burns 23 1997 195 203
13. J.P. Bull, and J.R. Squire A study of mortality in a burns unit; standards for the evaluation of alternative methods of treatment Ann Surg 130 1949 160 173
14. B.D. Thombs Do more predictors improve mortality risk estimates among burn patients? Comment on McGwin et al Burns 35 2009 303 304 [author reply 5]
15. N. Brusselaers, S. Monstrey, and S. Blot The FLAMES score accurately predicts mortality risk in burn patients (Gomez M, et al. 2008) J Trauma 67 2009 415
16. N. Brusselaers, S.J. Monstrey, D.M. Vandijck, and S.I. Blot Prediction of morbidity and mortality on admission to a burn unit Plast Reconstr Surg 120 2007 360 361 [author reply 1]
17. J.R. Saffle Predicting outcomes of burns N Engl J Med 338 1998 387 388
18. M. Choiniere, M. Dumont, J. Papillon, and D.R. Garrel Prediction of death in patients with burns Lancet 353 1999 2211 2212
19. J.H. Wasson, H.C. Sox, R.K. Neff, and L. Goldman Clinical prediction rules. Applications and methodological standards N Engl J Med 313 1985 793 799
20. A. Laupacis, N. Sekar, and I.G. Stiell Clinical prediction rules. A review and suggested modifications of methodological standards JAMA 277 1997 488 494
21. M.E. Charlson, K.L. Ales, R. Simon, and C.R. MacKenzie Why predictive indexes perform less well in validation studies. Is it magic or methods? Arch Intern Med 147 1987 2155 2161
22. D.G. Altman Systematic reviews in health care: Systematic reviews of evaluations of prognostic variables BMJ 323 2001 224 228
23. P. Royston, K.G. Moons, D.G. Altman, and Y. Vergouwe Prognosis and prognostic research: Developing a prognostic model BMJ 338 2009 b604
24. D.G. Altman, Y. Vergouwe, P. Royston, and K.G. Moons Prognosis and prognostic research: validating a prognostic model BMJ 338 2009 b605
25. J. Coste, J. Fermanian, and A. Venot Methodological and statistical problems in the construction of composite measurement scales: a survey of six medical and epidemiological journals Stat Med 14 1995 331 345
26. J.O. Park, S.D. Shin, J. Kim, K.J. Song, and M.D. Peck Association between socioeconomic status and burn injury severity Burns 35 2009 482 490
27. S.J. Scholer, G.B. Hickson, E.F. Mitchel Jr., and W.A. Ray Predictors of mortality from fires in young children Pediatrics 101 1998 E12
28. N.N. Sheppard, S. Hemington-Gorse, A. Ghanem, B. Philp, P. Dziewulski, and O.P. Shelley The Belgian severity prediction model compared to other scoring systems in a burn intensive care population Burns 36 2010 1320 1321 [author reply 18-20]
29. D. Barisoni, S. Peci, M. Governa, A. Sanna, and S. Furlan Mortality rate and prognostic indices in 2615 burned patients Burns 16 1990 373 376
30. L. Wong, C.M. Grande, and A.M. Munster Burns and associated nonthermal trauma: an analysis of management, outcome, and relation to the Injury Severity Score J Burn Care Rehabil 10 1989 512 516
31. R.S. Lundgren, C.B. Kramer, F.P. Rivara, J. Wang, D.M. Heimbach, and N.S. Gibran Influence of comorbidities and age on outcome following burn injury in older adults J Burn Care Res 30 2009 307 314
32. M. Meek, A.M. Munster, R.A. Winchurch, and C. Dickerson The Baltimore Sepsis Scale: measurement of sepsis in patients with burns using a new scoring system J Burn Care Rehabil 12 1991 564 568
33. J. Cumming, G.F. Purdue, J.L. Hunt, and G.E. O'Keefe Objective estimates of the incidence and consequences of multiple organ dysfunction and sepsis after burn trauma J Trauma 50 2001 510 515
34. Y. Tanaka, M. Shimizu, and H. Hirabayashi Acute physiology, age, and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) III score is an alternative efficient predictor of mortality in burn patients Burns 33 2007 316 320
35. L.N. Nguyen, and T.G. Nguyen Characteristics and outcomes of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome among severe-burn patients Burns 35 2009 937 941
36. J.A. Lorente, A. Vallejo, R. Galeiras, V. Tomicic, J. Zamora, and E. Cerda Organ dysfunction as estimated by the sequential organ failure assessment score is related to outcome in critically ill burn patients Shock 31 2009 125 131
37. J.J. McNamee, D.V. Pilcher, M.J. Bailey, E.C. Moore, and H.J. Cleland Mortality prediction and outcomes among burns patients from Australian and New Zealand intensive care units Crit Care Resusc 12 2010 196 201
38. J.A. Lopes, S. Jorge, F.C. Neves, A.G. Costa, M.M. Prata, and M. Caneira Acute renal failure in severely burned patients Resuscitation 73 2007 318
39. T. Palmieri, A. Lavrentieva, and D.G. Greenhalgh Acute kidney injury in critically ill burn patients. Risk factors, progression and impact on mortality Burns 36 2010 205 211
40. M.J. Mosier, T.N. Pham, M.B. Klein, N.S. Gibran, B.D. Arnoldo, and R.L. Gamelli Early acute kidney injury predicts progressive renal dysfunction and higher mortality in severely burned adults J Burn Care Res 31 2010 83 92
41. M.M. Gottschlich, T. Baumer, M. Jenkins, J. Khoury, and G.D. Warden The prognostic value of nutritional and inflammatory indices in patients with burns J Burn Care Rehabil 13 1992 105 113
42. P.M. Nthumba, and J.S. Oleich Outcome of moderate and severe thermal injuries at Kenyatta National Hospital East and Central Afr J Surg 10 2005 37 42
43. N. Brusselaers, I. Juhasz, I. Erdei, S. Monstrey, and S. Blot Evaluation of mortality following severe burns injury in Hungary: external validation of a prediction model developed on Belgian burn data Burns 35 2009 1009 1014
44. N.A. Forster, M. Zingg, S.R. Haile, W. Kunzi, P. Giovanoli, and M. Guggenheim 30 years later-Does the ABSI need revision Burns 37 2011 958 963
45. D.B. Lumenta, A. Hautier, C. Desouches, J. Gouvernet, R. Giorgi, and J.C. Manelli Mortality and morbidity among elderly people with burns - evaluation of data on admission Burns 34 2008 965 974
46. G.T. Lionelli, E.J. Pickus, O.K. Beckum, R.L. Decoursey, and R.A. Korentager A three decade analysis of factors affecting burn mortality in the elderly Burns 31 2005 958 963
47. L.A. Wibbenmeyer, M.J. Amelon, L.J. Morgan, B.K. Robinson, P.X. Chang, and R. Lewis 2nd Predicting survival in an elderly burn patient population Burns 27 2001 583 590
48. M. Spies, D.N. Herndon, J.I. Rosenblatt, A.P. Sanford, and S.E. Wolf Prediction of mortality from catastrophic burns in children Lancet 361 2003 989 994
49. N. Brusselaers, E.A. Hoste, S. Monstrey, K.E. Colpaert, J.J. De Waele, and K.H. Vandewoude Outcome and changes over time in survival following severe burns from 1985 to 2004 Intens Care Med 31 2005 1648 1653
50. G. Gravante, D. Delogu, G. Esposito, and A. Montone Analysis of prognostic indexes and other parameters to predict the length of hospitalization in thermally burned patients Burns 33 2007 312 315
51. D. Andel, L.P. Kamolz, M. Niedermayr, K. Hoerauf, W. Schramm, and H. Andel Which of the abbreviated burn severity index variables are having impact on the hospital length of stay J Burn Care Res 28 2007 163 166
52. M.J. Krob, F.J. D'Amico, and D.L. Ross Do trauma scores accurately predict outcomes for patients with burns J Burn Care Rehabil 12 1991 560 563
53. G. Liffner, Z. Bak, A. Reske, and F. Sjoberg Inhalation injury assessed by score does not contribute to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome in burn victims Burns 31 2005 263 268
54. V. Pavoni, L. Gianesello, L. Paparella, L.T. Buoninsegni, and E. Barboni Outcome predictors and quality of life of severe burn patients admitted to intensive care unit Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 18 2010 24
55. K. Kobayashi, H. Ikeda, R. Higuchi, M. Nozaki, Y. Yamamoto, and M. Urabe Epidemiological and outcome characteristics of major burns in Tokyo Burns 31 Suppl. 1 2005 S3 S11
56. B. Lipovy, Y. Kaloudova, M. Matyskova, M. Penka, H. Rihova, and P. Brychta Hemocoagulation disorders in extensively burned patients: pilot study for scoring of the DIC Acta Chir Plast 50 2008 115 118
57. M.M. Anous, and D.M. Heimbach Causes of death and predictors in burned patients more than 60 years of age J Trauma 26 1986 135 139
58. K. Rao, S.N. Ali, and N.S. Moiemen Aetiology and outcome of burns in the elderly Burns 32 2006 802 805
59. P.N. Sharma, R.L. Bang, I.E. Ghoneim, S. Bang, P. Sharma, and M.K. Ebrahim Predicting factors influencing the fatal outcome of burns in Kuwait Burns 31 2005 188 192
60. Y. Wang, H.T. Tang, Z.F. Xia, S.H. Zhu, B. Ma, and W. Wei Factors affecting survival in adult patients with massive burns Burns 36 2010 57 64
61. L.D. Roi, J.D. Flora Jr., T.M. Davis, R.G. Cornell, and I. Feller A severity grading chart for the burned patient Ann Emerg Med 10 1981 161 163
62. J. Tobiasen, J.H. Hiebert, and R.F. Edlich Prediction of burn mortality Surg Gynecol Obstet 154 1982 711 714
63. J. Tobiasen, J. Hiebert, and R.F. Edlich A practical burn severity index J Burn Care Rehabil 3 1982 229 232
64. D.L. Smith, B.A. Cairns, F. Ramadan, J.S. Dalston, S.M. Fakhry, and R. Rutledge Effect of inhalation injury, burn size, and age on mortality: a study of 1447 consecutive burn patients J Trauma 37 1994 655 659
65. J. Tobiasen, J.M. Hiebert, and R.F. Edlich The abbreviated burn severity index Ann Emerg Med 11 1982 260 262
66. J.A. McCoy, D.W. Micks, and J.B. Lynch Discriminant function probability model for predicting survival in burned patients JAMA 203 1968 644 646
67. B. Moores, M.M. Rahman, F.S.C. Browning, and J.A.D. Settle Discriminant function analysis of 570 consecutive burns patients admitted to the Yorkshire Regional Burns Centre between 1966 and 1973 Burns 1 1975 135 141
68. G.M. Clark, F.J. Volenec, M.M. Mani, D.W. Robinson, and L.J. Humphrey Predicting the survival of burned patients using discriminant function analysis Burns 4 1977 81 85
69. M. Stern, and B.A. Waisbren Comparison of methods of predicting burn mortality Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 13 1979 201 204
70. B.E. Zawacki, S.P. Azen, S.H. Imbus, and Y.T. Chang Multifactorial probit analysis of mortality in burned patients Ann Surg 189 1979 1 5
71. P.W. Curreri, A. Luterman, D.W. Braun Jr., and G.T. Shires Burn injury. Analysis of survival and hospitalization time for 937 patients Ann Surg 192 1980 472 478
72. J. Tobiasen, J. Hiebert, B.J. O'Brien, and R.F. Edlich A graded risk index of burn severity J Burn Care Rehabil 1 1981 31 35
73. L.D. Roi, J.D. Flora Jr., T.M. Davis, and R.A. Wolfe Two new burn severity indices J Trauma 23 1983 1023 1029
74. C.J. Clark, W.H. Reid, W.H. Gilmour, and D. Campbell Mortality probability in victims of fire trauma: revised equation to include inhalation injury Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 292 1986 1303 1305
75. C.E. Scott-Conner, J.A. Coil Jr., H.F. Conner, and M.E. Mack Wound Closure Index: a guide to prognosis in burned patients J Trauma 26 1986 123 127
76. K.Z. Shirani, B.A. Pruitt Jr., and A.D. Mason Jr. The influence of inhalation injury and pneumonia on burn mortality Ann Surg 205 1987 82 87
77. E.E. Tredget, H.A. Shankowsky, T.V. Taerum, G.L. Moysa, and J.D. Alton The role of inhalation injury in burn trauma. A Canadian experience Ann Surg 212 1990 720 727
78. G. Zoch, M. Schemper, E. Kyral, and G. Meissl Comparison of prognostic indices for burns and assessment of their accuracy Burns 18 1992 109 112
79. P. Vico, and J. Papillon Factors involved in burn mortality: a multivariate statistical approach based on discriminant analysis Burns 18 1992 212 215
80. A.S. Bhatia, and B.N. Mukherjee Predicting survival in burned patients Burns 18 1992 368 372
81. B.M. Renz, and R. Sherman The burn unit experience at Grady Memorial Hospital: 844 cases J Burn Care Rehabil 13 1992 426 436
82. V. Stavropoulou, J. Daskalakis, and J. Ioannovich A new prognostic Burn Index Ann Medit Burns Club 6 1993 1 7
83. J.R. Saffle, J.J. Sullivan, G.M. Tuohig, and C.M. Larson Multiple organ failure in patients with thermal injury Crit Care Med 21 1993 1673 1683
84. R. Herruzo-Cabrera, M. Fernandez-Arjona, V. Garcia-Torres, S. Martinez-Ratero, F. Lenguas-Portero, and J. Rey-Calero Mortality evolution study of burn patients in a critical care burn unit between 1971 and 1991 Burns 21 1995 106 109
85. M.K. Wong, and R.C. Ngim Burns mortality and hospitalization time - a prospective statistical study of 352 patients in an Asian National Burn Centre Burns 21 1995 39 46
86. J. Coste, D. Wasserman, and A. Venot Predicting mortality in adult burned patients: methodological aspects of the construction and validation of a composite ratio scale J Clin Epidemiol 49 1996 1125 1131
87. F.T. Caldwell Jr., B.H. Wallace, and J.B. Cone Sequential excision and grafting of the burn injuries of 1507 patients treated between 1967 and 1986: end results and the determinants of death J Burn Care Rehabil 17 1996 137 146
88. G. Demirdjian Adjusting a prognostic score for burned children with logistic regression J Burn Care Rehabil 18 1997 313 316
89. S.E. Wolf, J.K. Rose, M.H. Desai, J.P. Mileski, R.E. Barrow, and D.N. Herndon Mortality determinants in massive pediatric burns. An analysis of 103 children with > or =80% TBSA burns (> or =70% full-thickness) Ann Surg 225 1997 554 565 [discussion 65-9]
90. Y. Godwin, and S.H. Wood Major burns in Cape Town: a modified burns score for patient triage Burns 24 1998 58 63
91. C.M. Ryan, D.A. Schoenfeld, W.P. Thorpe, R.L. Sheridan, E.H. Cassem, and R.G. Tompkins Objective estimates of the probability of death from burn injuries N Engl J Med 338 1998 362 366
92. N.A. Siddiqui, and W. Ahmed Logistic regression analysis in predicting survival among burn patients JCPSP 8 1998 198 201
93. G.E. O'Keefe, J.L. Hunt, and G.F. Purdue An evaluation of risk factors for mortality after burn trauma and the identification of gender-dependent differences in outcomes J Am Coll Surg 192 2001 153 160
94. H.K. Estahbanati, and N. Bouduhi Role of artificial neural networks in prediction of survival of burn patients-a new approach Burns 28 2002 579 586
95. W.S. Ho, S.Y. Ying, and A. Burd Outcome analysis of 286 severely burned patients: retrospective study Hong Kong Med J 8 2002 235 239
96. A. Stachon, M. Lehnhardt, Y. Katzy, T. Holland-Letz, H.U. Steinau, and M. Krieg Making the case for adapting the abbreviated burn severity index to include erythroblast count J Wound Care 14 2005 97 100
97. A.R. Moreau, P.H. Westfall, L.C. Cancio, and A.D. Mason Jr. Development and validation of an age-risk score for mortality predication after thermal injury J Trauma 58 2005 967 972
98. S. Meshulam-Derazon, S. Nachumovsky, D. Ad-El, J. Sulkes, and D.J. Hauben Prediction of morbidity and mortality on admission to a burn unit Plast Reconstr Surg 118 2006 116 120
99. M.S. Park, J. Salinas, C.E. Wade, J. Wang, W. Martini, and A.E. Pusateri Combining early coagulation and inflammatory status improves prediction of mortality in burned and nonburned trauma patients J Trauma 64 2008 S188 S194
100. M. Gomez, D.T. Wong, T.E. Stewart, D.A. Redelmeier, and J.S. Fish The FLAMES score accurately predicts mortality risk in burn patients J Trauma 65 2008 636 645
101. G. McGwin Jr., R.L. George, J.M. Cross, and L.W. Rue Improving the ability to predict mortality among burn patients Burns 34 2008 320 327
102. R. Galeiras, J.A. Lorente, S. Pertega, A. Vallejo, V. Tomicic, and M.A. de la Cal A model for predicting mortality among critically ill burn victims Burns 35 2009 201 209
103. Belgian Outcome Burn Injury Study Group Development and validation of a model for prediction of mortality in patients with acute burn injury Br J Surg 96 2009 111 117
104. T. Osler, L.G. Glance, and D.W. Hosmer Simplified estimates of the probability of death after burn injuries: extending and updating the Baux score J Trauma 68 2010 690 697
105. E.C. Moore, D.V. Pilcher, M.J. Bailey, H. Cleland, and J. McNamee A simple tool for mortality prediction in burns patients: APACHE III score and FTSA Burns 36 2010 1086 1091
106. M. Gomez, R. Cartotto, J. Knighton, K. Smith, and J.S. Fish Improved survival following thermal injury in adult patients treated at a regional burn center J Burn Care Res 29 2008 130 137
107. B.A. Pruitt Jr., and S.E. Wolf An historical perspective on advances in burn care over the past 100 years Clin Plast Surg 36 2009 527 545
108. B.A. Latenser Critical care of the burn patient: the first 48 hours Crit Care Med 37 2009 2819 2826
109. C. Pereira, K. Murphy, and D. Herndon Outcome measures in burn care. Is mortality dead? Burns 30 2004 761 771
110. A.D. Jaskille, J.W. Shupp, A.R. Pavlovich, P. Fidler, M.H. Jordan, and J.C. Jeng Outcomes from burn injury-should decreasing mortality continue to be our compass Clin Plast Surg 36 2009 701 708
111. N.N. Sheppard, S. Hemington-Gorse, O.P. Shelley, B. Philip, and P. Dziewulski Prognostic scoring systems in burns: a review Burns 37 2011 1288 1295
112. A.C. Justice, K.E. Covinsky, and J.A. Berlin Assessing the generalizability of prognostic information Ann Intern Med 130 1999 515 524
113. L.G. Glance, T.M. Osler, D.B. Mukamel, W. Meredith, and A.W. Dick Impact of statistical approaches for handling missing data on trauma center quality Ann Surg 249 2009 143 148
114. B. Kirshner, and G. Guyatt A methodological framework for assessing health indices J Chronic Dis 38 1985 27 36
115. G.H. Guyatt, B. Kirshner, and R. Jaeschke Measuring health status: what are the necessary measurement properties J Clin Epidemiol 45 1992 1341 1345
116. A.R. Feinstein An additional basic science for clinical medicine: IV. The development of clinimetrics Ann Intern Med 99 1983 843 848
117. J.G. Wright, and A.R. Feinstein A comparative contrast of clinimetric and psychometric methods for constructing indexes and rating scales J Clin Epidemiol 45 1992 1201 1218
118. D.J. Finney Probit analysis 3rd ed. 1971 Cambridge University Press
119. J. Concato, A.R. Feinstein, and T.R. Holford The risk of determining risk with multivariable models Ann Intern Med 118 1993 201 210
120. A.M. Ghanem, S. Sen, B. Philp, P. Dziewulski, and O.P. Shelley Body Mass Index (BMI) and mortality in patients with severe burns: is there a tilt point at which obesity influences outcome Burns 37 2011 208 214
121. M.U. Anwar, S. Majumder, O. Austin, and A. Phipps Smoking, substance abuse, psychiatric history, and burns: trends in adult patients J Burn Care Rehabil 26 2005 493 501
122. S.R. Grobmyer, S.P. Maniscalco, G.F. Purdue, and J.L. Hunt Alcohol, drug intoxication, or both at the time of burn injury as a predictor of complications and mortality in hospitalized patients with burns J Burn Care Rehabil 17 1996 532 539
123. B.D. Thombs, V.A. Singh, J. Halonen, A. Diallo, and S.M. Milner The effects of preexisting medical comorbidities on mortality and length of hospital stay in acute burn injury: evidence from a national sample of 31,338 adult patients Ann Surg 245 2007 629 634
124. S. Baux, M. Mimoun, H. Saade, N. Lioret, M. Esteve, and X.B. Nolland Burns in the elderly Burns 15 1989 239 240