The effects of caffeinated "energy shots" on time trial performance

Nutrients

Volumn 5, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 2062-2075

  Mark Schubert, Matthew ^a,b,c   Astorino, Todd Anthony ^b   Leal Azevedo, John ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Caffeine; Distance running; Taurine; Time trial; Yerba mat

Indexed keywords

CAFFEINE; PLACEBO;

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATHLETE; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; COMPETITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSSOVER PROCEDURE; ENERGY CONSUMPTION; ENERGY DRINK; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SPORTS DRINK; TREADMILL;

CROTON OVALIFOLIUS; ELAGATIS;

EID: 84878779872     PISSN: 20726643     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/nu5062062     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Desbrow, B.; Leveritt, M. Well-trained endurance athletes' knowledge, insight, and experience of caffeine use. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2007, 17, 328-339.
2. Vandenbogaerde, T.J.; Hopkins, W.G. Monitoring acute effects on athletic performance with mixed linear modeling. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2010, 42, 1339-1344.
3. Cox, G.R.; Desbrow, B.; Montgomery, P.G.; Anderson, M.E.; Bruce, C.R.; Macrides, T.A.; Martin, D.T.; Moquin, A.; Roberts, A.; Hawley, J.A. et al. Effect of different protocols of caffeine intake on metabolism and endurance performance. J. Appl. Physiol. 2002, 93, 990-999.
4. Jenkins, N.T.; Trilk, J.L.; Singhal, A.; O'Connor, P.J.; Cureton, K.J. Ergogenic effects of low doses of caffeine on cycling performance. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2008, 18, 328-342.
5. Bridge, C.A.; Jones, M.A. The effect of caffeine ingestion on 8-km run performance in a field setting. J. Sports Sci. 2006, 24, 433-439.
6. Woolsey, C.; Waigandt, A.; Beck, N.C. Athletes and energy drinks: Reported risk-taking and consequences from the combined use of alcohol and energy drinks. J. Appl. Sports Psychol. 2010, 22, 65-71.
7. Ivy, J.L.; Kammer, L.; Ding, Z.; Wang, B.; Bernard, J.R.; Liao, Y.-H.; Hwang, J. Improved cycling time-trial performance after ingestion of a caffeine energy drink. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2009, 19, 61-78.
8. Astorino, T.A.; Matera, A.J.; Basinger, J.; Evans, M.; Schurman, T.; Marquez, R. Effects of Red Bull energy drink on repeated sprint performance in women athletes. Amino Acids 2012, 42, 1803-1808.
9. Peters, H.P.; van Schelven, F.W.; Verstappen, P.A.; de Boer, R.W.; Bol, E.; Erich, W.B.; van der Togt, C.R.; de Vries, W.R. Gastrointestinal problems as a function of carbohydrate supplements and mode of exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1993, 25, 1211-1224.
10. Desbrow, B.; Hughes, R.; Leveritt, M.; Scheelings, P. An examination of consumer exposure to caffeine from retail coffee outlets. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2007, 45, 1588-1592.
11. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 25. Available online: http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl (accessed on 30 September 2011).
12. Siri, W.E. Gross composition of the human body. Adv. Biol. Med. Phys. 1956, 4, 239-280.
13. Heyward, V.H. Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription, 5th ed.; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 2006.
14. Jackson, A.S.; Pollock, M.L. Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. Br. J. Nutr. 1978, 40, 497-504.
15. Smith, D.; Telford, R.; Peltola, E.; Tumilty, D. Protocols for the Physiological Assesment of High-Performance Runners. In Physiological Test for Elite Athletes; Gore, C.J., Ed.; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 2000.
16. Robergs, R.A.; Dwyer, D.; Astorino, T.A. Recommendations for improved data processing from expired gas analysis indirect calorimetry. Sports Med. 2010, 40, 95-111.
17. Heckman, M.A.; Weil, J.; Gonzalez de Mejia, E. Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) in foods: A comprehensive review on consumption, functionality, safety, and regulatory matters. J. Food Sci. 2010, 75, R77-R87.
18. Heck, C.I.; de Mejia, E.G. Yerba Mate Tea (Ilex paraguariensis): A comprehensive review on chemistry, health implications, and technological considerations. J. Food Sci. 2007, 72, R138-R151.
19. Desbrow, B.; Barrett, C.M.; Minahan, C.L.; Grant, G.D.; Leveritt, M.D. Caffeine, cycling performance, and exogenous CHO oxidation: A dose-response study. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2009, 41, 1744-1751.
20. Borg, G.A.V. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1982, 14, 377-381.
21. Hopkins, W.G.; Marshall, S.W.; Batterham, A.M.; Hanin, J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2009, 41, 3-13.
22. W.G. Competitive performance of elite track-and-field athletes: Variability and smallest worthwhile enhancements. Sports Sci. 2005, 9, 17-20.
23. Laursen, P.B.; Francis, G.T.; Abbiss, C.R.; Newton, M.J.; Nosaka, K. Reliability of time-to-exhaustion versus time-trial running tests in runners. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2007, 39, 1374-1379.
24. Hopkins, W.G. A spreadsheet for deriving a confidence interval, mechanistic inference, and clinical inference from a p-value. Sports Sci. 2007, 11, 16-20.
25. Ganio, M.S.; Klau, J.F.; Casa, D.J.; Armstrong, L.E.; Maresh, C.M. Effect of caffeine on sport-specific endurance performance: A systematic review. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2009, 23, 315-324.
26. O'Rourke, M.P.; O'Brien, B.J.; Knez, W.L.; Paton, C.D. Caffeine has a small effect on 5-km running performance in well-trained and recreational runners. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2008, 11, 231-233.
27. Paton, C.D.; Lowe, T.; Irvine, A. Caffeinated chewing gum increases repeated sprint performance and augments increases in testosterone in competitive cyclists. Eur. J. Appl. Phys. 2010, 110, 1243-1250.
28. Cureton, K.J.; Warren, G.L.; Millard-Stafford, M.L.; Wingo, J.E.; Trilk, J.L.; Buyckx, M. Caffeinated sports drink: Ergogenic effects and potential mechanisms. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2007, 17, 35-55.
29. Davis, J.M.; Zhao, Z.; Stock, H.S.; Mehl, K.A.; Buggy, J.; Hand, G.A. Central nervous system effects of caffeine and adenosine on fatigue. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2003, 284, R399-R404.
30. Motl, R.W.; O'Connor, P.J.; Dishman, R.K. Effect of caffeine on perceptions of leg muscle pain during moderate intensity cycling exercise. J. Pain 2003, 4, 316-321.
31. Plaskett, C.J.; Cafarelli, E. Caffeine increases endurance and attenuates force sensation during submaximal isometric contractions. J. Appl. Physiol. 2001, 91, 1535-1544.
32. Doherty, M.; Smith, P.M. Effects of caffeine ingestion on rating of perceived exertion during and after exercise: A meta-analysis. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2005, 15, 69-78.
33. Wiles, J.D.; Bird, S.R.; Hopkins, J.; Riley, M. Effect of caffeinated coffee on running speed, respiratory factors, blood lactate and perceived exertion during 1500-m treadmill running. Br. J. Sports Med. 1992, 26, 116-120.
34. Beverages Direct. Available online: http://www.beveragesdirect.com/default.aspx (accessed on 30 August 2010).