The meaning of stromatolites

Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences

Volumn 41, Issue , 2013, Pages 21-44

  Bosak, Tanja ^a   Knoll, Andrew H ^b   Petroff, Alexander P ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biosignature; Early life; Evolution; Microbialite; Reef

Indexed keywords

BIOSIGNATURES; EARLY LIFE; EVOLUTION; MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS; MICROBIALITE; NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY; PROTEROZOIC CARBONATES; SCALE-DEPENDENT MODELS;

REEFS; SEAWATER;

SEDIMENTOLOGY;

ARCHEAN; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; GROWTH RATE; LONG-TERM CHANGE; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; MICROBIALITE; NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY; ORIGIN OF LIFE; PETROGRAPHY; PROTEROZOIC; REEF; SEAWATER; STROMATOLITE;

EID: 84878725055     PISSN: 00846597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105327     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Allwood AC, Grotzinger JP, Knoll AH, Burch IW, Anderson MS, et al. 2009. Controls on development and diversity of Early Archean stromatolites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106:9548-55
2. Allwood AC, Walter MR, Kamber BS, Marshall CP, Burch IW. 2006. Stromatolite reef from the Early Archaean era of Australia. Nature 441:714-18
3. Altermann W. 2008 Accretion, trapping and binding of sediment in Archean stromatolites-morphological expression of the antiquity of life. Space Sci. Rev. 135:55-79
4. Andersen DT, Sumner DY, Hawes I, Webster-Brown J, McKay CP. 2011. Discovery of large conical stromatolites in Lake Untersee, Antarctica. Geobiology 9:280-93
5. Andres MS, Reid RP. 2006. Growth morphologies of modern marine stromatolites: a case study from Highborne Cay, Bahamas. Sediment. Geol. 185:319-28
6. Arp G, Hofmann J, Reitner J. 1998. Microbial fabric formation in spring mounds ("microbialites") of alkaline salt lakes in the Badain Jaran Sand Sea, PR China. Palaios 13:581-92
7. Arp G, Thiel V, Reimer A, Michaelis W, Reitner J. 1999. Biofilm exopolymers control microbialite formation at thermal springs discharging into the alkaline Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA. Sediment. Geol. 126:159-76
8. Awramik SM. 1992. The history and significance of stromatolites. In Early Organic Evolution: Implications for Mineral and Energy Resources, ed. M Schidlowski, pp. 435-49. New York: Springer
9. Awramik SM, Margulis L, Barghoorn ES. 1976. Evolutionary processes in stromatolites. See Walter 1976a, pp. 149-62
10. Awramik SM, Riding R. 1988. Role of algal eukaryotes in subtidal columnar stromatolite formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:1327-29
11. Awramik SM, Vanyo JP. 1986. Heliotropism in modern stromatolites. Science 231:1279-81
12. Barabási AL, Stanley HE. 1995. Fractal Concepts in Surface Growth. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. 366 pp.
13. Barbieri R, Cavalazzi B. 2005. Microbial fabrics from Neogene cold seep carbonates, Northern Apennine, Italy. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 227:143-55
14. Batchelor M, Burne R, Henry B, Jackson M. 2004. A case for biotic morphogenesis of coniform stromatolites. Phys. A 337:319-26
15. BatchelorM, Burne R, Henry B, Slatyer T. 2005. Statistical physics and stromatolite growth: new perspectives on an ancient dilemma. Phys. A 350:6-11
16. Batchelor M, Burne R, Henry B, Watt S. 2000. Deterministic KPZ model for stromatolite laminae. Phys. A 282:123-36
17. Beukes NJ. 1987. Facies relations, depositional environments and diagenesis in a major Early Proterozoic stromatolitic carbonate platform to basinal sequence, Campbellrand Subgroup, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Sediment. Geol. 54:1-46
18. Beukes NJ, Lowe DR. 1989. Environmental control on diverse stromatolite morphologies in the 3000 Myr Pongola Supergroup, South Africa. Sedimentology 36:383-97
19. Black M. 1933. The algal sediments of Andros Island, Bahamas. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 222:165-92
20. Bontognali TRR, Vasconcelos C, Warthmann R, Bernasconi S, Dupraz C, et al. 2010. Dolomite formation within microbial mats in the coastal sabkha of AbuDhabi (UnitedArabEmirates). Sedimentology 57:824-44
21. Bosak T, Bush J, Flynn M, Liang B, Ono S, et al. 2010. Formation and stability of oxygen-rich bubbles that shape photosynthetic mats. Geobiology 8:45-55
22. Bosak T, Greene S, Newman DK. 2007. A likely role for anoxygenic photosynthetic microbes in the formation of ancient stromatolites. Geobiology 5:119-26
23. Bosak T, Liang B, Sim MS, Petroff AP. 2009. Morphological record of oxygenic photosynthesis in conical stromatolites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106:10939-43
24. Bosak T, Newman DK. 2003. Microbial nucleation of calcium carbonate in the Precambrian. Geology 31:577- 80
25. Bosak T, Newman DK. 2005. Microbial kinetic controls on calcite morphology in supersaturated solutions. J. Sediment. Res. 75:190-99
26. BosakT, Liang B, Wu T-D, Templer SP, Evans A, et al. 2012. Cyanobacterial diversity and activity inmodern conical microbialites. Geobiology 10(5):384-401
27. Burne RV, Moore LS. 1987. Microbialites: organosedimentary deposits of benthic microbial communities. Palaios 2:241-54
28. Canfield DE. 2004. Evolution of the Earth surface sulfur reservoir. Am. J. Sci. 304:839-61
29. Canfield DE, Poulton SW, Knoll AH, Narbonne GM, RossG, et al. 2008 Ferruginous conditions dominated later Neoproterozoic deep water chemistry. Science 321:949-52
30. Cao R, Yin L. 2011. Microbiota and microbial mats within ancient stromatolites in southChina. In Stromatolites: Interaction of Microbes with Sediments, ed. VC Tewari, J Sekbach. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, 18:65-86. New York: Springer
31. Cecile MP, Campbell FHA. 1978. Regressive stromatolite reefs and associated facies, MiddleGoulburnGroup (Lower Proterozoic), in Kilohigok Basin, N.W.T.: an example of environmental control of stromatolite form. Bull. Can. Pet. Geol. 26:237-67
32. Cloud PE, Semikhatov M.A. 1969. Proterozoic stromatolite zonation. Am. J. Sci. 267:1017-61
33. Cuerno R, Escudero C, García-Ruiz JM, Hererro MA. 2012. Pattern formation in stromatolites: insights from mathematical modeling. J. R. Soc. Interface 9:1051-62
34. David LA, Alm EJ. 2011. Rapid evolutionary innovation during anArchaean genetic expansion. Nature 469:93- 96
35. de Brouwer JFC, Bjelic S, de Deckere EMGT, Stal LJ. 2000. Interplay between biology and sedimentology in a mudflat (Biezelingse Ham, Westerschelde, The Netherlands). Cont. Shelf Res. 20:1159-77
36. Decho AW. 2010. Overview of biopolymer-induced mineralization: What goes on in biofilms? Ecol. Eng. 36:137-44
37. DesMarais DJ. 2000. When did photosynthesis emerge on Earth? Science 289:1703-5
38. Donaldson JA. 1976. Paleoecology of Conophyton and associated stromatolites in the Precambrian Dismal Lakes and Rae Groups, Canada. SeeWalter 1976a, pp. 523-34
39. Dupraz C, Pattisina R, Verrecchia ER. 2006. Translation of energy into morphology: simulation of stromatolite morphospace using a stochastic model. Sediment. Geol. 185:185-203
40. Dupraz C, Visscher PT. 2005. Microbial lithification in marine stromatolites and hypersaline mats. Trends Microbiol. 13:429-38
41. Dupraz C, Visscher PT, Baumgartner LK, Reid RP. 2004. Microbe-mineral interactions: early carbonate precipitation in a hypersaline lake (Eleuthera Island, Bahamas). Sedimentology 51:745-65
42. Eagan KE, Liddell WD. 1997. Stromatolite biostromes as bioevent horizons: an example from the Middle Cambrian Ute Formation of the Eastern Great Basin. In Paleontological Events: Stratigraphic, Ecological, and Evolutionary Implications, ed. CE Brett, GC Baird, pp. 285-308. New York: Columbia Univ. Press
43. Eckman JE, Andres MS, Marinelli RL, Bowlin E, Reid RP, et al. 2008 Wave and sediment dynamics along a shallow subtidal sandy beach inhabited by modern stromatolites. Geobiology 6:21-32
44. Feldmann M, McKenzie J. 1998. Stromatolite-Thrombolite associations in a modern environment, Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas. Palaios 13:201-12
45. Garcia-Pichel F, Al-Horani FA, Farmer JD, Ludwig R, Wade BD. 2004. Balance between microbial calcification and metazoan bioerosion in modern stromatolitic oncolites. Geobiology 2:49-57
46. Garrett P. 1970. Phanerozoic stromatolites: noncompetitive ecologic restriction by grazing and burrowing animals. Science 169:171-73
47. Gautret P, Camoin G, Golubic S, Sprachta S. 2004. Biochemical control of calcium carbonate precipitation in modern lagoonal microbialites, Tikehau Atoll, French Polynesia. J. Sediment. Res. 74:462-78
48. Gebelein KD. 1969. Distribution, morphology, and accretion rate of recent subtidal algal stromatolites, Bermuda. J. Sediment. Res. 39:49-69
49. Ginsburg RN, Lowenstam HA. 1958. The influence of marine bottom communities on the depositional environment of sediments. J. Geol. 66:310-18
50. Ginsburg RN, Planavsky NJ. 2008 Diversity of Bahamian microbialite substrates. In Links Between Geological Processes, MicrobialActivities and Evolution of Life, ed.Y Dilek, H Furnes, K Muelenbachs. Modern Approaches in Solid Earth Sciences, 4:177-95. New York: Springer
51. Golubic S, Seong-Joo L, Browne K. 2000. Cyanobacteria: architects of sedimentary structures. In Microbial Sediments, ed. RE Riding, SM Awramik, pp. 57-67. Berlin: Springer
52. Green J, Knoll AH, Swett K. 1989. Stromatolitic microfossils from the Upper Proterozoic Eleonore Bay Group, central East Greenland. Geol. Mag. 126:567-85
53. Grey K. 1994. Stromatolites from the Paleoproterozoic Earaheedy Group, Earaheady Basin, Western Australia. Alcheringa 18:187-218
54. Grotzinger JP. 1989. Facies and evolution of Precambrian carbonate depositional systems: emergence of the modern platform archetype. In Controls on Carbonate Platform and Basin Development, ed. PD Crevello, JLWilson, JF Sarg, JF Read, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 44:79-106
55. Grotzinger JP. 1990. Geochemical model for Proterozoic stromatolite decline. Am. J. Sci. 290A:80-103
56. Grotzinger JP, Knoll AH. 1999. Stromatolites in Precambrian carbonates: Evolutionary mileposts or environmental dipsticks? Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 27:313-58
57. Grotzinger JP, Rothman DH. 1996. An abiotic model for stromatolite morphogenesis. Nature 383:423-25
58. Hand BM, Bartberger CE. 1988. Leeside sediment fallout patterns and the stability of angular bedforms. J. Sediment. Res. 58:33-43
59. HoffmanPF. 1976a.Environmental diversity of MiddlePrecambrian stromatolites. See Walter 1976a, pp. 599- 611
60. Hoffman PF. 1976b. Stromatolite morphogenesis in Shark Bay, Australia. SeeWalter 1976a, pp. 261-71
61. Hofmann HJ. 1973. Stromatolites: characteristics and utility. Earth-Sci. Rev. 9:339-73
62. Hofmann HJ. 1976. Stromatoid morphometrics. See Walter 1976a, pp. 45-54
63. Hofmann HJ. 2000. Archean stromatolites as microbial archives. In Microbial Sediments, ed. RE Riding, SM Awramik, pp. 315-27. Berlin: Springer
64. Hofmann HJ, Grey K, Hickman A, Thorpe R. 1999. Origin of 3.45 Ga coniform stromatolites in Warrawoona Group, Western Australia. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 111:1256-62
65. HofmannHJ, JacksonG. 1987. Proterozoicministromatolites with radial-fibrous fabric. Sedimentology 34:963- 71
66. Jones B, Renaut RW. 2003. Petrography and genesis of spicular and columnar geyserite from the Whakarewarewa and Orakeikorako geothermal areas, North Island, New Zealand. Can. J. Earth Sci. 40:1585-610
67. Jones B, Renaut RW, RosenMR, Ansdell KM. 2002. Coniform stromatolites from geothermal systems, North Island, New Zealand. Palaios 17:84-103
68. Jorgensen B, DesMarais DJ. 1990. The diffusive boundary layer of sediments: oxygen microgradients over a microbial mat. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35:1343-55
69. Kah LC, Bartley J, Stagner A. 2009. Reinterpreting a Proterozoic enigma, Conophyton-Jacutophyton stromatolites of theMesoproterozoic Atar Group, Mauritania. In Perspectives in Carbonate Geology, A Tribute to the Career of Robert Nathan Ginsburg, ed. PK Swart, GP Eberli, JA McKenzie, I Jarvis, T Stevens, pp. 277-96. Chichester: Wiley
70. Kah LC, Knoll AH. 1996. Microbenthic distribution of Proterozoic tidal flats: environmental and taphonomic considerations. Geology 24:79-82
71. Kalkowsky E. 1908. Oolith and stromatolith im norddeutschen Bundsandstein. Z. Dtsch. Geol. Ges. 60:68-125
72. Kardar M, Parisi G, Zhang Y. 1986. Dynamic scaling of growing interfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett. 56:889-92
73. Knoll AH, Fairchild IJ, Swett K. 1993. Calcified microbes in Neoproterozoic carbonates: implications for our understanding of the Proterozoic/Cambrian transition. Palaios 8:512-25
74. KnollAH, Semikhatov M.A. 1998. The genesis and time distribution of two distinctive Proterozoic stromatolite microstructures. Palaios 13:407-21
75. Knoll AH, Swett K. 1990. Carbonate deposition during the late Proterozoic era: an example from Spitsbergen. Am. J. Sci. 290A:104-32
76. Knoll AH, Swett K, Mark J. 1991. Paleobiology of a Neoproterozoic tidal flat/lagoonal complex: the Draken Conglomerate Formation, Spitsbergen. J. Paleontol. 65:531-69
77. KomarVA, Raaben ME, SemikhatovMA. 1965. Conophytons in theRiphean of theUSSR and their stratigraphic importance. Trudy Geol. Inst. Acad. Sci. USSR 131:1-72
78. Le Hir P, Monbet Y, Orvain F. 2007. Sediment erodability in sediment transport modelling: Can we account for biota effects? Cont. Shelf Res. 27:1116-42
79. Lepot K, Benzerara K, Brown GE, Phillipot P. 2008 Microbially influenced formation of 2,724-million-yearold- stromatolites. Nat. Geosci. 1:118-27
80. Li C, Love GD, Lyons TW, Fike DA, Sessions AL, Chu X. 2010. A stratified redox model for the Ediacaran ocean. Science 328:80-83
81. Logan BW. 1961. Cryptozoon and associated stromatolites from the Recent, Shark Bay, Western Australia. J. Geol. 69:517-33
82. Logan BW, Hoffman PF, Gebelein CD. 1974. Algal mats, cryptalgal fabrics, and structures, Hamelin Pool, Western Australia. In Evolution and Diagenesis of Quaternary Carbonate Sequences, Shark Bay, Western Australia, ed. BW Logan, JF Read, GM Hagan. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Mem. 22:140-94
83. Lowe DR. 1983. Restricted shallow-water sedimentation of Early Archean stromatolitic and evaporitic strata of the Strelley Pool Chert, Pilbara Block, Western Australia. Precambr. Res. 19:239-83
84. Lowe DR. 1994. Abiological origin of described stromatolites older than 3.2 Ga. Geology 22:387-90
85. Makarikhin VV, Kononova GM. 1983. Phytoliths of the Lower Proterozoic of Karelia. Leningrad: Nauka. 180 pp.
86. Maliva RG, Missimer TM, Leo KC, Statom RA, Dupraz C, et al. 2000. Unusual calcite stromatolites and pisoids from a landfill leachate collection system. Geology 28:931-34
87. Mata SA, Harwood CL, Corsetti FA, Stork NJ, Eilers K, et al. 2012. Influence of gas production and filament orientation on stromatolite microfabric. Palaios 27:206-19
88. Murphy MA, Sumner DY. 2008 Variations in Neoarchean microbialite morphologies: clues to controls on microbialite morphologies through time. Sedimentology 55:1189-202
89. O'Donoghue T, Clubb GS. 2001. Sand ripples generated by regular oscillatory flow. Coast. Eng. 44:101-15
90. Ono S, Kaufman AJ, Farquhar J, Sumner DY, Beukes NJ. 2009. Lithofacies control on multiple-sulfur isotope records and Neoarchean sulfur cycles. Precambr. Res. 169:58-67
91. Parker BC, Simmons GM Jr, Love G, Wharton RA Jr, Seaburg KG. 1981. Modern stromatolites in Antarctic Dry Valley lakes. BioScience 31:656-61
92. Pelechaty SM, Grotzinger JP. 1989. Stromatolite bioherms of a 1.9Ga foreland basin carbonate ramp, Beechey Formation, Kilohigok Basin, Northwest Territories. In Reefs of Canada and Adjacent Areas, ed. HHJ Geldsetzer, NP James, E Tebbutt. Can. Soc. Pet. Geol. Mem. 13:49-54
93. Petroff AP, SimMS, Maslov A, KrupeninM, Rothman DH, Bosak T. 2010. Biophysical basis for the geometry of conical stromatolites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107:9956-61
94. Petroff AP, Wu T-D, Liang B, Mui J, Guerquin-Kern J-L, et al. 2011. Reaction-diffusion model of nutrient uptake in a biofilm: theory and experiment. J. Theor. Biol. 289:90-95
95. Petrov PY, Semikhatov M.A. 2001. Sequence organization and growth patterns of late Mesoproterozoic stromatolite reefs: an example from the Burovaya Formation, Turukhansk Uplift, Siberia. Precambr. Res. 111:257-81
96. Pierrehumbert RT, Abbot DS, Voigt A, Koll D. 2011. Climate of the Neoproterozoic. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 39:417-60
97. Planavsky NJ, Ginsburg RN. 2009. Taphonomy of modern marine Bahamian Microbialites. Palaios 24:5-17
98. Pope M, Grotzinger J, Schreiber BC. 2000. Evaporitic subtidal stromatolites produced by in situ precipitation: textures, facies associations, and temporal significance. J. Sediment. Res. 70:1139-51
99. Raaben ME. 2005. Archean and Proterozoic ministromatolites: taxonomic composition of successive assemblages. Stratigr. Geol. Correl. 13:367-79
100. Raaben ME. 2006. Dimensional parameters of columnar stromatolites as a result of stromatolite ecosystem evolution. Stratigr. Geol. Correl. 14:150-63
101. Reid RP, James NP, Macintyre IG, Dupraz CP, Burne RV. 2003. Shark Bay stromatolites: microfabrics and reinterpretation of origins. Facies 49:299-324
102. Reid RP, Visscher PT, Decho AW, Stolz JF, Bebout BM, et al. 2000. The role of microbes in accretion, lamination and early lithification of modern marine stromatolites. Nature 406:989-92
103. Riding R. 2000. Microbial carbonates: the geological record of calcified bacterial-Algal mats and biofilms. Sedimentology 47:179-214
104. Riding R, Braga JC, Martin JM. 1991. Oolite stromatolites and thrombolites, Miocene, Spain: analogues of Recent Bahamian examples. Sediment. Geol. 71:121-27
105. Ross GM, Donaldson JA. 1989. Reef development and facies geometry on a high-energy Early Proterozoic carbonate shelf (Hornby Bay Group, NorthwestTerritories, Canada). In Reefs, Canada and Adjacent Areas, ed. HHJ Geldsetzer, NP James, GE Tebbutt. Can. Soc. Pet. Geol. Mem. 13:120-28
106. Schopf JW. 2006. Fossil evidence of Archaean life. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 361:869-85
107. Schopf JW, Sovietov YK. 1976. Microfossils in Conophyton from the Soviet Union and their bearing on Precambrian biostratigraphy. Science 193:143-46
108. Semikhatov MA, Gebelein CD, Cloud P, Awramik SM, BenmoreWC. 1979. Stromatolite morphogenesis- progress and problems. Can. J. Earth Sci. 19:992-1015
109. Semikhatov MA, Raaben ME. 1996. Dynamics of the global diversity of Proterozoic stromatolites. Article II: Africa, Australia, North America, and general synthesis. Stratigr. Geol. Correl. 4:24-50
110. Seong-Joo L, Golubic S. 1999. Microfossil populations in the context of synsedimentary micrite deposition and acicular carbonate precipitation: Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation, China. Precambr. Res. 96:183-208
111. Serebryakov SN. 1976. Biotic and abiotic factors controlling the morphology of Riphean stromatolites. See Walter 1976a, pp. 321-36
112. Shepard RN, Sumner DY. 2010. Undirected motility of cyanobacteria produces reticulate mats. Geobiology 8:179-90
113. Sim MS, Liang B, Petroff AP, Evans A, Klepac-Ceraj V, et al. 2012. Oxygen-dependent morphogenesis of modern clumped photosynthetic mats and implications for the Archean stromatolite record. Geosciences 2:235-59
114. Soulsby R. 1997. Dynamics of Marine Sands. London: Thomas Telford. 249 pp.
115. Southgate PN. 1989. Relationships between cyclicity and stromatolite form in the Late Proterozoic Bitter Spring Formation, South Australia. Sedimentology 36:323-39
116. Srinivasan R, ShuklaM, Naqvi SM, Yadav VK, Venkatachala BS, et al. 1989. Archaean stromatolites from the Chitradurga Schist Belt, Dharwar Craton, South India. Precambr. Res. 43:239-50
117. Srivastava NK. 1999. Lagoa Salgada (Rio de Janeiro) Estromat ólitos recentes. In Sitios Geologicos e Paleontol ogicos do Brasil, ed. C Schobbenhaus, DA Campos, ET Queiroz, M Winge, M Berbert-Born, pp. 203-9. http://www.unb.br/ig/sigep/sitio041/sitio041.htm
118. Sumner DY. 1997. Late Archean calcite-microbe interactions: two morphologically distinct microbial communities that affected calcite nucleation differently. Palaios 12:302-18
119. Tice M, Lowe DR. 2004. Photosynthetic microbial mats in the 3,416-Myr-old ocean. Nature 431:549-52
120. Tice MM, Thornton DCO, Pope MC, Olszewski TD, Gong J. 2011. Archean microbial mat communities. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 39:297-319
121. Vandenbruwaene W, Temmerman S, Bouma TJ, Klaassen PC, de Vries MB, et al. 2011. Flow interaction with dynamic vegetation patches: implications for biogeomorphic evolution of a tidal landscape. J. Geophys. Res. 116:F01008
122. van Lith Y, Warthmann R, Vasconcelos C, McKenzie J. 2003. Sulphate-reducing bacteria induce lowtemperature Ca-dolomite and high Mg-calcite formation. Geobiology 1:71-79
123. Verrecchia E. 1996. Morphometry ofmicrostromatolites in calcrete laminar crusts and a fractal model of their growth. Math. Geol. 28:87-109
124. Visscher PT, Reid RP, Bebout BM. 2000. Microscale observations of sulfate reduction: Correlation of microbial activity with lithified micritic laminae in modern marine stromatolites. Geology 28:919-22
125. Voorhies AA, Biddanda BA, Kendall ST, Jain S, Marcus DN, et al. 2012. Cyanobacterial life at low O2: community genomics and function reveal metabolic versatility and extremely low diversity in a Great Lakes sinkhole mat. Geobiology 10:250-67
126. Wacey D. 2010. Stromatolites in the ∼3400 Ma Strelley Pool Formation, Western Australia: examining biogenicity from the macro- to the nano-scale. Astrobiology 10:381-95
127. Walter MR, ed. 1976a. Developments in Sedimentology, Vol. 20: Stromatolites. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 790 pp.
128. Walter MR. 1976b. Geyserites of Yellowstone National Park: an example of abiogenic "stromatolites." See Walter 1976a, pp. 87-112
129. Walter MR. 1976c.List of available translations of majorworks on stromatolites. See Walter 1976a, pp. 695-96
130. Walter MR. 1983. Archean stromatolites-evidence of the Earth's earliest benthos. In Earth's Earliest Biosphere: Its Origins and Evolution, ed.WSchopf, pp. 187-213. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
131. Walter MR, Bauld J, Brock TD. 1976. Microbiology and morphogenesis of columnar stromatolites (Conophyton, Vacerrilla) from hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. See Walter 1976a, pp. 273-310
132. Walter MR, Buick R, Dunlop J.S.R. 1980. Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr old from the North Pole area, Western Australia. Nature 284:443-45
133. Walter MR, Heys GR. 1985. Links between the rise of the metazoa and the decline of stromatolites. Precambr. Res. 29:149-74
134. Warthmann R, Vasconcelos C, Bittermann AG, McKenzie JA. 2011. The role of purple sulfur bacteria in the precipitation of modern and possibly early Precambrian stromatolites. In Advances in Stromatolite Geobiology, ed. J Reitner, N-V Quéric, GArp. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, 131:141-49. Berlin: Springer
135. Weerman EJ, van de Koppel J, Eppinga MB, Montserrat F, Liu Q-X, Herman P.M.J. 2010. Spatial selforganization on intertidal mudflats through biophysical stress divergence. Am. Nat. 176:E15-32
136. Wiberg PL, Harris CK. 1994. Ripple geometry in wave-dominated environments. J. Geophys. Res. 99:775-89
137. Witten T Jr, Sander L. 1981. Diffusion-limited aggregation, a kinetic critical phenomenon. Phys. Rev. Lett. 47:1400-3
138. Zhu S, Chen H. 1992. Characteristics of Palaeoproterozoic stromatolites in China. Precambr. Res. 57:135-63