First record of Todea (Osmundaceae) in South America, from the early Eocene paleorainforests of Laguna del Hunco (Patagonia, Argentina)

American Journal of Botany

Volumn 100, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 1831-1848

  Carvalho, Mónica R ^a,b   Wilf, Peter ^b   Hermsen, Elizabeth J ^c   Gandolfo, Maria A ^a   Cúneo, N Rubén ^d   Johnson, Kirk R ^e  

^a Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c OHIO UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d MUSEO PALEONTOLÓGICO EGIDIO FERUGLIO   (Argentina)

^e DEPARTMENT OF PALEOBIOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biogeography; Fossil; Gondwana; Laguna del Hunco; Osmundaceae; Phylogeny; Todea; Todites

Indexed keywords

BIOME; EOCENE; FERN; FOSSIL RECORD; GONDWANA; MORPHOLOGY; NEW RECORD; PALEOBOTANY; PHYLOGENETICS; PHYLOGENY; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; PHYTOGEOGRAPHY; TAXONOMY;

ARGENTINA; CHUBUT; LAGUNA DEL HUNCO; PATAGONIA;

ARTICLE; BIOGEOGRAPHY; CLASSIFICATION; FOSSIL; GENETICS; GONDWANA; HISTOLOGY; LAGUNA DEL HUNCO; OSMUNDACEAE; PALEONTOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; PLANT LEAF; SOUTH AMERICA; TODEA; TODITES; VASCULAR PLANT;

BIOGEOGRAPHY; FOSSIL; GONDWANA; LAGUNA DEL HUNCO; OSMUNDACEAE; PHYLOGENY; TODEA; TODITES;

FOSSILS; PALEONTOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; PLANT LEAVES; SOUTH AMERICA; TRACHEOBIONTA;

EID: 84878703763     PISSN: 00029122     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200637     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Allan, H. H. 1982. Flora of New Zealand. Volume 1: Indigenous Tracheophyta-Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledons. Website http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx.
2. Andersen, E. O., and B. Ollgaard. 1996. A note on some morphological terms of the leaf in the Gleicheniaceae. American Fern Journal 86: 52-57.
3. Aragón, E., and M. M. Mazzoni. 1997. Geología y estratigrafia del complejo volcánico piroclástico del Rio Chubut medio (Eoceno), Chubut, Argentina. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 52: 243-256.
4. Archangelsky, S. 1972. Esporas de la Formation Rio Turbio (Eoceno). Provincia de Santa Cruz. Revista del Museo de la Plata (Nueva Serie). Paleontología 6: 65-100.
5. Archangelsky, S. 1973. Pahnologia del Paleoceno de Chubut. 1. Descripciones sistemáticas. Ameghiniana 10: 339-399.
6. Archangelsky, S. 1974. Sobre la edad de la tafoflora de la Laguna del Hunco, Prov. De Chubut. Ameghiniana 11: 413-417.
7. Artabe, A. E., E. M. Morel, and D. G. Ganuza. 2007. Las floras Triásicas de la Argentina. Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. Publication Especial 11: 75-86.
8. Ash, S. R. 1969. Ferns from the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic) in the Fort Wingate area, New Mexico. Geological Survey Professional Paper 613-D.
9. Banerji, J. 1992. Osmundaceous fronds in Lower Cretaceous beds at Chunakhal, Rajmahal Hills, Bihar, India. Alcheringa 16: 1-13.
10. Barbacka, M., and E. Bodor. 2008. Systematic and palaeoenvironmental investigations of fossil ferns Cladophlebis and Todites from the Liassic of Hungary. Acta Palaeobotanica 48: 133-149.
11. Barnard, P. D. W. 1965. Flora of the Shemshak Formation. Part 1. Liassic plants from Dorud. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 71: 1123-1168.
12. Barreda, V. D., N. R. Cúneo, P. Wilf, E. D. Currano, R. A. Scasso, and H. Brinkhuis. 2012. Cretaceous/Paleogene floral turnover in Patagonia: Drop in diversity, low extinction, and a Classopollis spike. PLoS ONE 7: e52455.
13. Barreda, V. D., S. Palamarczuk, and J. A. Chamberlain, Jr. 2004. Vegetational disruption at the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary in Neuquén, Argentina: Evidence from spores and pollen. X Reunion Argentina de Sedimentología 1: 185-186.
14. Berry, E. W. 1925. A Miocene flora from Patagonia. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Geology 6: 182-252.
15. Berry, E. W. 1939. The fossil plants from Huallanca, Peru. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Geology 13: 73-93.
16. Bodor, E., and M. Barbacka. 2008. Taxonomie implications of Liassic ferns Cladophlebis Brongniart and Todites Seward from Hungary. Palaeoworld 17: 201-214.
17. Bose, M. N., and S. C. D. Sah. 1968. Some pteridophytic remains from the Rajmahal Hills, Bihar. Palaeobotanist 16: 12-28.
18. Bower, F. O. 1928. The ferns (Filicales) vol. 3. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
19. Cantrill, D. J. 1997. The pteridophyte Ashicaulis livingstonensis (Osmundaceae) from Upper Cretaceous of Williams Point, Livingston Island, Antarctica. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 40: 315-323.
20. Cantrill, D. J., A.-M. P. Tosolini, and J. E. Francis. 2011. Paleocene flora from Seymour Island, Antarctica: Revision of Dusen's (1908) pteridophyte and conifer taxa. Alcheringa 35: 309-328.
21. Cantrill, D. J., and J. A. Webb. 1987. A reappraisal of Phyllopteroides Medwell (Osmundaceae) and its stratigraphie significance in the Lower Cretaceous of eastern Australia. Alcheringa 11: 59-85.
22. Carpenter, R. J., and R. S. Hill. 1999. Ginkgo leaves from Paleogene sediments in Tasmania. Australian Journal of Botany Al: 717-724.
23. Carvalho, M. R., P. Wilf, M. A. Gandolfo, N. R. Cúneo, and K. R. Johnson. 2010. Ferns from the Laguna del Hunco paleoflora (51.9 Ma), Patagonia, Argentina, reveal biogeographic links to rainforest Gondwana. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 42: 373.
24. Clements, F. E. 1936. Nature and structure of the climax. Journal of Ecology 24: 252-284.
25. Collinson, M. E. 2001. Cainozoic ferns and their distribution. Brittonia 53: 173-235.
26. Crisp, M. D., M. T. K. Arroyo, L. G. Cook, M. A. Gandolfo, G J. Jordan, M. S. McGlone, P. H. Weston, et al. 2009. Phylogenetic biome conservatism on a global scale. Nature 458: 754-756.
27. Cúneo, N. R., L. V. de Seoane, M. A. Gandolfo, and P. Wilf. 2010. Last ginkgoalean record in South America. Botanical Society of America Annual Meeting, Providence, Rhode Island, abstract 507.
28. Del Fueyo, G M., L. Villar de Seoane, A. Archangelsky, V. Guler, M. Llorens, S. Archangelsky, J. C. Gamerro, et al. 2007. Biodiversidad de las paleofloras de Patagonia austral durante el Cretásico Inferior. Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. Publicación Especial 11: 101-122.
29. Diikstra, S. J., and H. W. J. van Amerom. 1988. Filicales, Pteridospermae, Cycadales, incertae sedis. 2. Supplement Part 93. In S. J. Dijkstra (ed.), Fossilium Catalogus II: Plantae. Kugler Publications, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
30. Du Toit, A. L., and F. R. C. Reed. 1927. A geological comparison of South America with South Africa. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C., USA.
31. Escapa, I. H, and N. R. Cúneo. 2012. Fertile Osmundaceae from the Early Jurassic of Patagonia, Argentina. International Journal of Plant Sciences 173: 54-66.
32. Farris, J. S., M. Källersiö, A. G. Kluge, and C. Bult. 1994. Testing significance of incongruence. Cladistics 10: 315-319.
33. Gandolfo, M., M. Dibbern, and E. J. Romero. 1988. Akania patagonica n. sp. and additional material on Akania americana Romero & Hickey (Akaniaceae), from Paleocene sediments of Patagonia. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Society 115: 83-88.
34. Gandolfo, M. A., and E. J. Hermsen. 2012. The emerging Patagonian fossil record of Cunoniaceae and its biogeographical significance. Japanese Journal of Botany Special Issue 58: 66-67.
35. Gandolfo, M. A., E. J. Hermsen, M. C. Zamaloa, K C. Nixon, C. C. Gonzalez, P. Wilf, N. R. Cúneo, and K. R. Johnson. 2011. Oldest known Eucalyptus macrofossils are from South America. PLoS ONE 6: e21084.
36. Gleason, H. A. 1926. The individualistic concept of the plant association. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 53: 7-26.
37. Gonzalez, C. C. 2008. Revision taxonómica y biogeográfica de las familias de angiospermas dominantes de la Flora del Hunco (Eoceno Temprano), Chubut, Argentina. Ph.D. dissertation, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
38. Gonzalez, C. C, M. A. Gandolfo, M. C. Zamaloa, N. R. Cúneo, P. Wilf, and K. R. Johnson. 2007. Revision of the Proteaceae macrofossil record from Patagonia, Argentina. Botanical Review 73: 235-266.
39. Gould, R. E. 1970. Palaeosmunda, a new genus of siphonostelic os-mundaceous trunks from the Upper Permian of Queensland. Palaeontology 13: 10-28.
40. Halle, T.G 1913. The Mesozoic flora ofGraham Land. Lithographisches Institut des Generalstabs, Stockholm, Sweden.
41. Harris, T. M. 1931. The fossil flora of Scoresby Sound East Greenland, Part 1: Cryptograms exclusive of Lycopodiales. Meddelelser om Grönland 85: 1-102.
42. Harris, T. M. 1961. The Yorkshire flora. I. Thallophyta-Pteridophyta. William Clowes and Sons, London, UK.
43. Hasebe, M., T. Omori, M. Nakazawa, T. Sano, M. Kato, and K Iwatsuki. 1994. rbcL gene sequences provide evidence for the evolutionary lineages of leptosporangiate ferns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91: 5730-5734.
44. Herbst, R. 1988. La flora Triásica del Grupo El Tranquilo, Provincia de Santa Cruz (Patagonia). Parte II. Filicopsida. Ameghiniana 25: 365-379.
45. Herbst, R., R. Melchor, and A. Troncoso. 1998. Las Pteridophyta y el paleoambiente de la parte media de la Formation La Ternera (Triásico Superior), en Quebrada La Cachivarita, III Región, Chile. Revista Geológica de Chile 25: 85-107.
46. Hermsen, E. J., M. A. Gandolfo, and M. C. Zamaloa. 2012. The fossil record of Eucalyptus in Patagonia. American Journal of Botany 99: 1356-1374.
47. Hewitson, W. 1962. Comparative morphology of the Osmundaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 49: 57-93.
48. Holmes, W B. K 1982. The middle Triassic flora from Benolong, near Dubbo, central-west New South Wales. Alcheringa 6: 1-33.
49. Holttum, R. E. 1954. A revised Flora of Malaya: An illustrated systematic account of the Malayan flora, including commonly cultivated plants. Government Print Office, Singapore.
50. Hooker, J. D. 1853. The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of the H. M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843, under the Command of Captain James Clark Ross. II. Flora Novae-Zelandiae. Part I. Flowering Plants. Reeve Brothers, London, UK.
51. Hunter, M. A., D. J. Cantrill, M. J. Flowerdew, and I. L. Millar. 2005. Mid-Jurassic age for the Botany Bay Group: Implications for the Weddell Sea Basin creation and Southern Hemisphere biostratigra-phy. Journal of the Geological Society 162: 745-748.
52. Iglesias, A., A. E. Artabe, and E. M. Morel. 2011. The evolution of Patagonian climate and vegetation from the Mesozoic to the present. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 103: 409-422.
53. Jiang, S., T. J. Bralower, M. E. Patzkowsky, L. R. Kump, and J. D. Schueth. 2010. Geographic controls on nannoplankton extinction across the Cretaceous/Palaeogene boundary. Nature Geoscience 3: 280-285.
54. Jud, N. A., G. W. Rothwell, and R. A. Stockey. 2008. Todea from the Lower Cretaceous of western North America: Implications for the phylogeny, systematics and evolution of modern Osmundaceae. American Journal of Botany 95: 330-339.
55. Jung, W. 1972. Ein fertiler Osmundaceen-Wedel aus dem fränkischen Rhät/Lias und seine Bedeutung für die Gliederung der Gattung Todites Seward. Geologische Blaetterfuer Nordost-Bayern 22: 25-32.
56. Kimura, T. and T. Ohana. 1980. Some fossil ferns from the middle Carnic Momonoki Formation, Yamaguchi prefecture, Japan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Series C6: 73-92.
57. Kimura, T., and M. Tsujii. 1980. Early Jurassic Plants in Japan. Part 2. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, New Series 120: 449-465.
58. Kluge, A. G. 1989 A concern for evidence and a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships among Epicrates (Boidae, Serpentes). Systematic Zoology 38: 7-25.
59. Kon'No, E. 1972. Some Late Triassic plants from the southwestern border of Sarawak, east Malaysia. Geology & Palaeontology of Southeast Asia 10: 125-178.
60. Kon'No, E., and K. Asama. 1973. Mesozoic plants from Khorat, Thailand. Geology & Palaeontology of Southeast Asia 12: 149-171.
61. Kramer, K. U. 1990. Osmundaceae. In K. U. Kramer and P. S. Green [eds.], The families and genera of vascular plants, vol. 1, 197-200. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA
62. Kunzmann, L. 2007. Araucariaceae (Pinopsida): Aspects in palaeobiogeography and palaeobiodiversity in the Mesozoic. Zoologischer Anzeiger 246: 257-277.
63. Kustatscher, E., and J. H. A. Van konijnenburg-Van Clttert. 2011. The ferns of the Middle Triassic flora from Thale (Germany). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen 261: 209-248.
64. Lellinger, D. B. 2002. A modern multilingual glossary for taxonomie pteridology. Pteridologia 3: 5-263.
65. Leppe, M., P. Moisan, E. Abad, and S. Palma-Heldt. 2006. Paleobotánica del Triásico Superior del valle del Rio Biobio, Chile: Clase Filicopsida. Revista Geológica de Chile 33: 81-107.
66. Litwin, R. J. 1985. Fertile organs and in situ spores of ferns from the late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona and New Mexico, with discussion of the associated dispersed spores. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology AA: 101-146.
67. Mazzoni, M., K Kawashita, S. Harrison, and E. Aragón. 1991. Edades radimétricas Eocenas en el borde occidental del Macizo Norpatagónico. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 46: 150-158.
68. McLoughlin, S., R. J. Carpenter, G. J. Jordan, and R. S. Hill. 2008. Seed ferns survived the end-Cretaceous mass extinction in Tasmania. American Journal of Botany 95: 465-471.
69. McLoughlin, S., R. J. Carpenter, and C. Pott. 2011. Ptilophyllum muelleri (Ettingsh.) comb. Nov. from the Oligocene of Australia: Last of the Bennettitales? International Journal of Plant Sciences 172: 574-585.
70. McLoughlin, S., and A. N. Drinnan. 1995. A Middle Jurassic flora from the Walloon coal measures, Mutdapilly, Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 38: 257-272.
71. McLoughlin, S., A.-M. P. Tosolini, N. S. Nagalingum, and A. N. Drinnan. 2002. Early Cretaceous (Neocomian) flora and fauna of the Lower Strzelecki Group, Gippsland Basin, Victoria. Memoir 26 of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, Canberra, Austria.
72. McQueen, D. R. 1956. Leaves of Middle and Upper Cretaceous pteridophytes and cycads from New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 83: 673-685.
73. Menéndez, C. A. 1956. Flórula Jurásica del bajo de los Baguales en Plaza Huincul, Neuquén. Acta Geológica Lilloana 1: 315-338.
74. Metzgar, J. S., J. E. Skog, E. A. Zimmer, and K. M. Pryer. 2008. The paraphyly of Osmunda is confirmed by phylogenetic analyses of seven plastid loci. Systematic Botany 33: 31-36.
75. Miller, C. N. 1971. Evolution of the fern family Osmundaceae based on anatomical studies Contibutions from the Museum of Paleontology. University of Michigan 23: 105-169.
76. Naugolnykh, S. V. 2002. A new species of Todites (Pteridophyta) with in situ spores from the Upper Permian of Pechora Cis-Urals (Russia). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47: 469-478.
77. Pais, J. 1974. Upper Jurassic plants from Cabo Mondego (Portugal). Boletim da Sociedade Geológica de Portugal 19: 19-45.
78. Pais, J. 1977. Vegetais do Oxfordiano (Lusitaniano) de Leiria. Ciéncias de Terra 3: 101-119 (UNL).
79. Palazzesi, L., and V. Barreda. 2012. Fossil pollen records reveal a late rise of open-habitat ecosystems in Patagonia. Nature Communications 3: 1294.
80. Panti, C, R. R. Pujana, M. C. Zamaloa, and E. J. Romero. 2012. Araucariaceae macrofossil record from South America and Antarctica. Alcheringa 36: 1-22.
81. Parris, B. S. 2001. Circum-Antarctic continental distribution patterns in pteridophyte species. Brittonia 53: 270-283.
82. Phipps, C. J., T. N. Taylor, E. L. Taylor, N. R. Cúneo, L. D. Boucher, and X. Yao. 1998. Osmunda (Osmundaceae) from the Triassic of Antarctica: An example of evolutionary stasis. American Journal of Botany 85: 888-895.
83. Pryer, K, E. Schuettpelz, P. Wolf, H. Schneider, A. Smith, and R. Cranfill. 2004. Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (Monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences. American Journal of Botany 91: 1582-1598.
84. Pryer, K, A. Smith, and J. Skog. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships of extant ferns based on evidence from morphology and rbcL sequences. American Fern Journal 85: 205-282.
85. Quattrocchio, M. E., W. Volkheimer, R. A. Marquillas, and J. A. Salfity. 2005. Palynostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography and evolutionary significance of the late Senonian and early Palaeogene palyno-floras of the Salta Group, northern Argentina. Revista Espaňola de Micropaleontología 37: 259-272.
86. Rees, P. M, and C. J. Cleal. 2004. Lower Jurassic floras from Hope Bay and Botany Bay, Antarctica. Special Papers in Paleontology 72: 5-90.
87. Retallack, G. J. 1981. Middle Triassic megafossil plants from Long Gully, near Otematata, north Otago, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 11: 167-200.
88. Retallack, G. J. 1985. Triassic fossil plant fragments from shallow marine rocks of the Murihiku Supergroup, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 15: 1-26.
89. Romero, E. J., M. C. Dibbern, and M. A. Gandolfo. 1986. Revision de Lomatia bivascularis (Berry) Frenguelli (Proteaceae) del yacimiento de la Laguna del Hunco (Paleoceno), Pcia del Chubut. TV Congreso Argentino de Paleontología y Bioestratigrafía, Mendoza, Argentina, 125-130.
90. Romero, E. J., and L. J. Hickey. 1976. A fossil leaf of Akaniaceae from Paleocene beds in Argentina. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 103: 126-131.
91. Rothwell, G. W., E. L. Taylor, and T. N. Taylor. 2002. Ashicaulis woolfei n. sp.: Additional evidence for the antiquity of osmundaceous ferns from the Triassic of Antarctica. American Journal of Botany 89: 352-361.
92. Roux, J. P. 2003. Swaziland ferns and fern allies. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report 19, SABONET, Pretoria, South Africa.
93. Ruiz, L. C, and M. E. Quattrocchio. 1997. Estudio palinológico de la Formation Pedro Luro (¿Maastrichtiano-Paleoceno), en la cuanda del Colorado, Republica Argentina. Parte 2: Turma Saccites, Plicates, Poröses e Incertae Sedis. Revista Espaňola de Micropaleontología 29: 15-137.
94. Schneider, H., A. Smith, and K. M. Pryer. 2009. Is morphology really at odds with molecules in estimating fern phylogeny? Systematic Botany 34: 455-475.
95. Schopf, J. M. 1978. An unusual osmundaceous specimen from Antarctica. Canadian Journal of Botany 56: 3083-3095.
96. Schweitzer, H. J. 1978. Die rätojurassischen Floren des Iran und Afganistans. 5. Todites prineeps, Thaumatopteris brauniana und Phlebopteris polypodioides. Palaeontographica 168: 17-60.
97. Schweitzer, H. J., J. H. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, and J. van der Burg. 1997. The Rhaeto-Jurassic flora of Iran and Afghanistan. 10. Bryophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, Pterophyta-Eusporangiatae and -Protoleptosporangiatae. Palaeontographica Abteilung B 243: 103-192.
98. Scotese, C. R. 2001. Paleogeographic atlas. Earth System History Geographie Information System version 02b. PALEOMAP Project, Arlington, Texas, USA.
99. Serbet, R., and G. W. Rothwell. 1999. Osmunda cinnamomea (Osmundaceae) in the Cretaceous of Western North America; additional evidence for exceptional species longevity among filicalean ferns. International Journal of Plant Sciences 160: 425-433.
100. Seward, A. C. 1903. Fossil floras of Cape Colony. Annals of the South African Museum volume 4. West, Newman & Co., London, UK.
101. Sim, T. R. 1892. The ferns of South Africa, containing descriptions and figures of the ferns and fern allies of South Africa. W. Wesley & Son, London, England.
102. Smith, A. R., K. M. Pryer, E. Schuettpelz, P. Korall, H. Schneider, and P. G. Wolf. 2006. A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55: 705-731.
103. Sporne, K. R. 1970. The morphology of pteridophytes: The structure of ferns and allied plants. Hutchinson, London, UK.
104. Swofford, D. L. 2002. PAUP*. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods) version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
105. Taylor, T. N, E. L. Taylor, B. Meyer-Berthaud, J. L. Isbell, and N. R. Cúneo. 1990. Triassic osmundaceous ferns from the Allan Hills, southern Victoria Land. Antarctic Journal of the United States 25: 18-20.
106. Tian, N, Y.-D. Wang, and Z.-K. Jiang. 2008. Permineralized rhizomes of the Osmundaceae (Filicales): Diversity and tempo-spatial distribution pattern. Palaeoworld 17: 183-200.
107. Tidwell, W. D. 1986. Millerocaulis, a new genus with species formerly in Osmundacaulis Miller (Fossils: Osmundaceae). SIDA, Contributions to Botany 11: 401-405.
108. Tidwell, W. D. 1993. Ashicaulis, a new genus for some species of Millerocaulis (Osmundaceae). SIDA, Contributions to Botany 16: 253-261.
109. Tidwell, W. D., and S. R. Ash. 1994. A review of selected Triassic to Early Cretaceous ferns. Journal of Plant Research 107: 417-442.
110. Tidwell, W. D., G. E. Munzing, and M. R. Banks. 1991. Millerocaulis species (Osmundaceae) from Tasmania, Australia. Palaeontographica 223B: 91-105.
111. Tidwell, W D., and J. E. Skog. 2002. Three new species of Aurealcaulis (A. burgii sp. Nov., A. dakotensis sp. Nov., A nebraskensis sp. Nov) from South Dakota and Nebraska, USA. Palaeontographica 262B: 25-37.
112. Vakhrameev, V. A. 1991. Jurassic and Cretaceous floras and climates of the Earth. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
113. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, J. H. A. 1978. Osmundaceous spores in situ from the Jurassic of Yorkshire, England. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 26: 125-141.
114. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, J. H. A. 1996. Two Osmundopsis species and their foliage from the middle Jurassic of Yorkshire. Palaeontology 39:719-731.
115. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, J. H. A. 2000. Osmundaceous spores through time. In M. M. Harley, C. M. Morton, and S. Blackmore (eds.), Pollen and spores: Morphology and biology, 435-449. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
116. Vera, E. I. 2007. A new species of Ashicaulis Tidwell (Osmundaceae) from Aptian strata of Livingston Island, Antarctica. Cretaceous Research 28: 500-508.
117. Vera, E. I. 2010. A new specimen of Millerocaulis (Osmundales: Osmundaceae) from the Cerro Negro Formation (Lower Cretaceous) Antarctica. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia', nueva serie 12: 41-46.
118. Vera, E. I. 2012. Millerocaulis tekelili sp. Nov., a new species of osmundalean fern from the Aptian Cerro Negro Formation (Antarctica). Alcheringa 36: 35-45.
119. Volkheimer, W., L. ScAFATi, and D. L. Melendi. 2007. Palynology of a Danian warm climatic wetland in central northern Patagonia, Argentina. Revista Espaňola de Micropaleontología 39: 117-134.
120. Wang, Y., Z. Cao, and F. Thévenard. 2005. Additional data on Todites (Osmundaceae from the Lower Jurassic) with special reference to the palaeogeographical and stratigraphical distributions in China. Geobios 38: 823-841.
121. Wilf, P. 2012. Rainforest conifers of Eocene Patagonia: Attached cones and foliage of the extant Southeast Asian and Australasian genus Dacrycarpus (Podocarpaceae). American Journal of Botany 99: 562-584.
122. Wilf, P., N. R. Cúneo, I. H. Escapa, D. Pol, and M. O. Woodburne. 2013. Splendid and seldom isolated: The paleobiogeography of Patagonia. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 41: 561-603.
123. Wilf, P., N. R. Cúneo, K. Johnson, J. Hicks, S. Wing, and J. Obradovich. 2003. High plant diversity in Eocene South America: Evidence from Patagonia. Science 300: 122-125.
124. Wilf, P., I. H. Escapa, and N. R. Cúneo. 2012. Eocene rainforest conifers of the Patagonian fire lakes. Botany 2012: Annual Meeting of the Botanical Society of America, Columbus, Ohio [online abstract, http://2012.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=175].
125. Wilf, P., K. Johnson, N. R. Cúneo, M. Smith, B. Singer, and M. Gandolfo. 2005. Eocene plant diversity at Laguna del Hunco and Rio Pichileufu, Patagonia, Argentina. American Naturalist 165: 634-650.
126. Wilf, P., S. A. Little, A. Iglesias, M. del C. Zamaloa, M. A. Gandolfo, N. R. Cúneo, and K R. Johnson. 2009. Papuacedrus (Cupressaceae) in Eocene Patagonia: A new fossil link to Australasian rainforests. American Journal of Botany 96: 2031-2047.
127. Wu, X. 1991. Several species of Osmundaceae from Middle Jurassic Hsiangchi Formation in Zigui of Hubei. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 30: 577-581 (in Chinese, with English summary).
128. Yatabe, Y, H. Nishida, and N. Murakami. 1999. Phylogeny of Osmundaceae inferred from rbcL nucleotide sequences and comparison to the fossil evidences. Journal of Plant Research 112: 397-404.
129. Zamaloa, M. del C, M. A. Gandolfo, C. C. Gonzalez, E. J. Romero, N. R. Cúneo, and P. Wilf. 2006. Casuarinaceae from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina. International Journal of Plant Sciences 167: 1279-1289.
130. Zamaloa, M. del C, and E. J. Romero. 1990. Some spores and pollen from the Cullen Formation (upper Eocene to middle Oligocene), Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Palynology 14: 123-133.