Surveys of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) off bathing beaches in Algoa Bay, South Africa

Marine and Freshwater Research

Volumn 64, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 530-539

  Dicken, M L ^a   Booth, A J ^a  

^a RHODES UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

aerial; juvenile; nursery area; shore angling

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; AERIAL SURVEY; AGE STRUCTURE; ANGLING; BAROMETRY; BEACH; BODY SIZE; CATCH STATISTICS; JUVENILE; NURSERY GROUND; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SHARK; SPECIES CONSERVATION; WATER TEMPERATURE;

ALGOA BAY; EASTERN CAPE; SOUTH AFRICA;

CARCHARODON CARCHARIAS; CHONDRICHTHYES;

EID: 84878592542     PISSN: 13231650     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/MF12336     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Aitchison, J. (1955). On the distribution of a positive random variable having a discrete probability mass at the origin. Journal of the American Statistical Association 50, 901-908
2. Akaike, H. (1972). Information theory as an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In 'Second International Symposium on Information Theory'. (Eds B. N. Petrov and F. Csaki.) pp. 267-281. (Akademiai Kiado: Budapest.)
3. Aswani, S., and Lauer, M. (2006). Benthic mapping using local aerial photo interpretation and resident taxa inventories for designing marine protected areas. Environmental Conservation 33, 263-273. doi:10.1017/ S0376892906003183
4. Babbie, E. (1989). 'The Practice of Social Research.' 5th edn. (Wadsworth: Belmont, CA.)
5. Barlow, J., Oliver, C. W., Jackson, T. D., and Taylor, B. L. (1988). Harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, abundance estimation for California, Oregon, and Washington: II. Aerial surveys. Fish Bulletin 86, 433-444
6. Bass, A. J.,D'Aubrey, J.D., andKistnasamy, N. (1975).Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa: IV. The families Odontaspididae, Scapanorhynchidae, Isuridae, Cetorhinidae, Alopiidae, Orectolobidae, and Rhiniodontidae. Investigative Report of the Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban 39, 1-102
7. Beamish, C. A., Booth, A. J., and Deacon, N. (2005). Age, growth and reproduction of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, in Lake Manyame, Zimbabwe. African Zoology 40, 63-69
8. Beckley, L. E. (1983). Sea-surface temperature variability around Cape Recife, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 79, 436-438
9. Biernacki, P., and Waldorf, D. (1981). Snowball sampling: Problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. Sociological Methods&Research 10, 141-163
10. Bradford, R. W., Hobday, A. J., and Bruce, B. D. (2012). Identifying juvenile white shark behavior from electronic tag data. In 'Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark'. (Ed. M. L. Domeier.) pp. 255-270. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.)
11. Branstetter, S. (1990). Early life-history implications of selected carcharhinoid and lamnoid sharks of the northwest Atlantic. NOAA Technical Report. National Marine Fisheries Service 90, 17-28
12. Bremner, J. M. (1991). The bathymetry of Algoa Bay. Bulletin of the Geological Survey South Africa 100, 3-18
13. Bruce, B. D. (2008). White sharks: The biology and ecology of Carcharodon carcharias. In 'Sharks of the Open Ocean.' (Eds E. Pikitch and M. Camhi.) pp. 69-81. (Blackwell Scientific: Oxford, UK.)
14. Bruce, B. D., and Bradford, R.W. (2012). Habitat use and spatial dynamics of juvenile white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, in Eastern Australia. In 'Global Perspectives on the Biology and LifeHistory of theWhite Shark'. (Ed. M. L. Domeier.) pp. 225-253. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.)
15. Burgess, G. H., and Callahan, M. (1996). Worldwide patterns of white shark attacks on humans. In 'Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias'. (Eds A. P. Klimley and D. G. Ainley.) pp. 457-469. (Academic Press: San Diego, CA.)
16. Burks, C. M., Driggers, W. B., III, and Mullin, K. D. (2005). Abundance and distribution of whale sharks (Rhinocodon typus) in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fish Bulletin 104, 579-584
17. Cardona, L., Revelles, M., Carreras, C., San Felix, M., Gazo, M., and Aguilar, A. (2005). Western Mediterranean immature loggerhead turtles: Habitat use in spring and summer assessed through satellite tracking and aerial surveys. Marine Biology 147, 583-591. doi:10.1007/S00227- 005-1578-9
18. Casey, J. G., and Pratt, H. L., Jr (1985). Distribution of the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, in the western North Atlantic. Southern Californian Academy of Sciences Memoirs 9, 2-14
19. Castro, J. I. (1993). The shark nursery of Bulls Bay, South Carolina, with a review of the shark nurseries of the southeastern coast of the United States. Environmental Biology of Fishes 38, 37-48. doi:10.1007/ BF00842902
20. Cliff, G. (2006). A review of shark attacks in False Bay and the Cape Peninsula between 1960 and 2005. In 'Finding a Balance: White Shark Conservation and Recreational Safety in the Inshore Waters of Cape Town, South Africá. (Eds D. C. Nel and T. P. Peschak.) pp. 20-31. WWF South Africa Report Series - 2006/Marine/001 (WWF South Africa: Cape Town: South Africa.)
21. Cliff, G., Anderson-Reade, M. D., Aitken, A. P., Charter, G. E., and Peddemors, V. M. (2007). Aerial census of whale sharks on the Northern KwaZulu-Natal coast, South Africa. Fisheries Research 84, 41-46. doi:10.1016/J.FISHRES.2006.11.012
22. Cliff, G., Dudley, S. F. J., and Davis, B. (1989). Sharks caught in the protective gill nets off Natal, South Africa: 2. The great white shark Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus). South African Journal of Marine Science 8, 131-144. doi:10.2989/02577618909504556
23. Cliff, G., Dudley, S. F. J., and Jury, M. (1996). Catches of white sharks in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa and environmental influences. In 'Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias'. (Eds P. Klimley and D. G. Ainley.) pp. 351-362. (Academic Press: San Diego, CA.)
24. Clua, E., and Se'ret, B. (2010). Unprovoked fatal shark attack in Lifou Island (Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia, South Pacific) by a great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 31, 281-286. doi:10.1097/PAF.0B013E3181EC7CB8
25. Cockcroft, V. G., Ross, G. J. B., Peddemors, V. M., and Borchers, D. L. (1992). Estimates of abundance and undercounting of bottlenose dolphins off northern Natal, South Africa. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 22, 102-109
26. Compagno, L. J. V. (1991). Government protection for the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) in South Africa. South African Journal of Science 87, 284-285
27. Compagno, L. J. V. (2001). 'FAO Species Catalogue. Sharks of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. Vol. 1. Part 2. Bullhead, Mackerel and Carpet Sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes).' Food and Agriculture Organization species catalogue for fishery purposes. (FAO: Rome.)
28. Curtis, T.H., Bruce, B. D.,Cliff,G.,Dudley, S. F. J., Klimley,A. P.,Kock, A., Lea, R.N., Lowe, C. G.,McCosker, J. E., Skomal, G. B.,Werry, J.M., and West, J. G. (2012). Responding to the risk of white shark attack updated statistics, prevention, control methods, and recommendations In 'Global Perspectives on the Biology and LifeHistory of theWhite Shark'. (Ed. M. L. Domeier.) pp. 477-510. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.)
29. Dewar, H., Domeier, M., and Nasby-Lucas, N. (2004). Insights into young of the year white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) behavior in the Southern California Bight. Environmental Biology of Fishes 70, 133-143. doi:10.1023/B:EBFI.0000029343.54027.6A
30. Dicken, M. L. (2008). First observations of young of the year and juvenile great white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) scavenging from a whale carcass. Marine and Freshwater Research 59, 596-602. doi:10.1071/ MF07223
31. Dicken, M. L. (2011). Population size of neonate and juvenile dusky sharks (Carcharhinus obscurus) in the Port of Ngqura, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 33, 255-261. doi:10.2989/1814232X.2011. 600299
32. Dicken, M. L., Smale, M. J., and Booth, A. J. (2006). Shark fishing effort and catch of the raggedtooth shark (Carcharias taurus) in the South African competitive shore angling fishery. African Journal of Marine Science 28, 589-601. doi:10.2989/18142320609504209
33. Dicken, M. L., Smale, M. J., and Booth, A. J. (2012). Long-term catch and effort trends in Eastern Cape Angling Week competitions. African Journal of Marine Science 34, 259-268. doi:10.2989/1814232X.2012. 709961
34. Dicken, M. L., Smale, M. J., and Booth, A. J. (2013). White sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, at Bird Island, Algoa Bay, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science in press
35. Domeier, M. L., and Nasby-Lucas, N. (2008). Migration patterns of white sharks Carcharodon carcharias tagged at Guadalupe Island, Mexico, and identification of an eastern Pacific shared foraging area. Marine Ecology Progress Series 370, 221-237. doi:10.3354/MEPS07628
36. Dudley, S. F. J. (2012). A review of research on the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus), in southern Africa. In 'Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark'. (Ed. M. L. Domeier.) pp. 511-533. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.)
37. Ebert, D. A., and Cowley, P. D. (2003). Diet, feeding behaviour and habitat utilisation of the blue stingray Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828) in South African waters. Marine and Freshwater Research 54, 957-965. doi:10.1071/MF03069
38. Fallows, C., Martin, R. A., and Hammerschlag, N. (2012). Comparisons between white shark-pinniped interactions at Seal Island (South Africa) with other sites in California. In 'Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark'. (Ed. M. L. Domeier.) pp. 105-117. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.)
39. Ferreira, C. A., and Ferreira, T. P. (1996). Population dynamics of white sharks in South Africa. In 'Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias'. (Eds A. P. Klimley and D. G. Ainley.) pp. 381-391. (Academic Press: San Diego, CA.)
40. Fletcher, D., MacKenzie, D., and Villoutas, E. (2005). Modelling skewed data with many zeros: A simple approach combining ordinary and logistic regression. Environmental and Ecological Statistics 12, 45-54. doi:10.1007/S10651-005-6817-1
41. Goldman, K. J., and Anderson, S. D. (1999). Space utilization and swimming depth of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, at the South Farallon Islands, central California. Environmental Biology of Fishes 56, 351-364. doi:10.1023/A:1007520931105
42. Gruber, S. H., Nelson, D. R., and Morrissey, J. F. (1988). Patterns of activity and space utilization of lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris, in a shallow Bahamian lagoon. Bulletin of Marine Science 43, 61-76
43. Hall, D. B. (2000). Zero-inflated Poisson binomial regression with random effects: A case study. Biometrics 56, 1030-1039. doi:10.1111/J.0006- 341X.2000.01030.X
44. Heupel, M. R., and Hueter, R. E. (2002). Importance of prey density in relation to the movement patterns of juvenile blacktip sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus) within a coastal nursery area. Marine and Freshwater Research 53, 543-550. doi:10.1071/MF01132
45. Heupel,M. R., Carlson, J. K., and Simpfendorfer, C. A. (2007). Shark nursery areas: Concepts, definition, characterization and assumptions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 337, 287-297. doi:10.3354/MEPS337287
46. Holland, K. N., Wetherbee, B. M., Peterson, J. D., and Lowe, C. G. (1993). Movements and distribution of hammerhead shark pups on their natal grounds. Copeia 1993, 495-502. doi:10.2307/1447150
47. Hussey, N. E., McCann, H. M., Cliff, G., Dudley, S. F. J., Wintner, S. P., and Fisk, A. T. (2012). Size-based analysis of diet and trophic position of the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) in South African waters. In 'Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark'. (Ed. M. L. Domeier.) pp. 27-49. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.)
48. Klimley, A. P. (1985). The areal distribution and autoecology of the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, off the west coast of North America. Southern Californian Academy of Science Memoirs 9, 15-40
49. Kock, A., and Johnson, R. (2006). White shark abundance: Not a causative factor in numbers of shark bite incidents. In 'Finding a Balance: White Shark Conservation and Recreational Safety in the Inshore Waters of Cape Town, South Africá. (Eds D. C. Nel and T. P. Peschak.) pp. 1-19. WWF South Africa Report Series - 2006/Marine/001. (WWF South Africa: Cape Town: South Africa.)
50. Kock, A., Titleyn, S., Petersen, W., Sikweyiya, M., Davids, P., Tsotsobe, S., Colenbrander, D., Gold, H., and Oelofse, G. (2012). Shark spotters: A pioneering shark safety program in Cape Town, South Africa. In 'Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark'. (Ed. M. L. Domeier.) pp. 447-466. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.)
51. Kock, A., O'Riain, M. J., Mauff, K., Meyer, M., Kotze, D., and Griffiths, C. (2013). Residency, habitat use and sexual segregation of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias in False Bay, South Africa. PLoS ONE 8(1), e55048. doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0055048
52. Krogh, M. (1994). Spatial, seasonal and biological analysis of sharks caught in the New South Wales protection beach meshing programme. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 45, 1087-1106. doi:10.1071/MF9941087
53. Lambert, D. (1992). Zero-inflated Poisson regression with an application to defects in manufacturing. Technometrics 34, 1-14. doi:10.2307/1269547
54. Laroche, R. K., Kock, A. A., Dill, L. M., and Oosthuizen, W. H. (2007). Effects of provisioning ecotourism activity on the behaviour of white sharks Carcharodon carcharias. Marine Ecology Progress Series 338, 199-209. doi:10.3354/MEPS338199
55. Lowe, C. G., Blasius, M. E., Jarvis, E. T., Mason, T. J., Goodmanlowe, G. D., and O'Sullivan, J. B. (2012). Historic fishery interactions with white sharks in the southern California Bight. In 'Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark'. (Ed. M. L. Domeier.) pp. 169-186. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.)
56. Malcolm, H., Bruce, B. D., and Stevens, J. D. (2001).Areview of the biology and status of white sharks in Australian waters. In 'Report to Environment Australia, Marine Species Protection Program', pp. 1-113. CSIRO Marine Research, Hobart
57. Mann, B. Q., Nanni, G., and Pradervand, P. (2008). A monthly aerial survey of the KwaZulu-Natal marine shore fishery. ORI Unpublished Report No. 264. Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
58. Marsh, H., and Sinclair, D. F. (1989). An experimental evaluation of dugong and sea turtle aerial survey techniques. Australian Wildlife Research 16, 639-650. doi:10.1071/WR9890639
59. Martin, R. A., Hammerschlag, N., Collier, R. S., and Fallows, C. (2005a). Predatory behaviour of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) at Seal Island, South Africa. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, 1121-1135. doi:10.1017/S002531540501218X
60. Martin, T. G., Wintle, B. A., Rhodes, J. R., Kuhnert, P. M., Field, S. A., Low- Choy, S. J., Tyre, A. J., and Possingham, H. P. (2005b). Zero tolerance ecology: Improving ecological inference by modelling the source of zero observations. Ecology Letters 8, 1235-1246. doi:10.1111/J.1461-0248. 2005.00826.X
61. Martin, R. A., Rossmo, D. K., and Hammerschlag, N. (2009). Hunting patterns and geographic profiling of white shark predation. Journal of Zoology 279, 111-118. doi:10.1111/J.1469-7998.2009.00586.X
62. Maunder, M. N., and Punt, A. (2004). Standardizing catch and effort data: A review of recent approaches. Fisheries Research 70, 141-159. doi:10.1016/J.FISHRES.2004.08.002
63. McClellan, D. (1996). Aerial surveys for sea turtles, marine mammals and vessel activity along the southeast Florida coast, 1992-1996. Report No. 390, NationalOceanic andAtmospheric Administration,NationalMarine Fisheries Service - Southeast Fisheries Science Centre, Miami, Florida
64. McDaniel, C. J., Crowder, L. B., and Priddy, J. A. (2000). Spatial dynamics of sea turtle abundance and shrimping intensity in the US Gulf of Mexico. Conservation Ecology 4, 15
65. McFadden, D. (1974). The measurement of urban travel demand. Journal of Public Economics 3, 303-328. doi:10.1016/0047-2727(74)90003-6
66. McGrath, M. D., Horner, C. C. M., Brouwer, S. L., Lamberth, S. J., Mann, B. Q., Sauer, W. H. H., and Erasmus, C. (1997). An economic valuation of the South African linefishery. South African Journal of Marine Science 18, 203-211. doi:10.2989/025776197784161171
67. Merson, R. R., and Pratt, H. L. (2001). Distribution, movements and growth of young sandbar sharks, Carcharhinus plumbeus, in the nursery grounds of Delaware Bay. Environmental Biology of Fishes 61, 13-24. doi:10.1023/A: 1011017109776
68. Myers, R. A., and Pepin, P. (1990). The robustness of lognormal-based estimators of abundance. Biometrics 46, 1185-1192. doi:10.2307/2532460
69. Neis, B., Schneider, D. C., Felt, L., Haedrich, R. L., Fischer, J., and Hutching, J. A. (1999). Fisheries assessment: What can be learned from interviewing resource users? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, 1949-1963
70. Nishi, J. S., and Buckland, L. (2000). An aerial survey of caribou on western Victoria Island (5-17 June 1994). Department Of Resources, Wildlife, and Economic Development, Government of The Northwest Territories, Canada
71. O'Donoghue, S. H., Drapeau, L., and Peddemors, V. M. (2010). Broad-scale distribution patterns of sardine and their predators in relation to remotely sensed environmental conditions during the KwaZulu-Natal sardine run. African Journal ofMarine Science 32, 279-291. doi:10.2989/1814232X.2010.501584
72. Pennington, M. (1983). Efficient estimators of abundance, for fish and plankton surveys. Biometrics 39, 281-286. doi:10.2307/2530830
73. Pollock, K. H., Marsh, H. D., Lawler, I. R., and Alldredge, M. W. (2006). Estimating animal abundance in heterogeneous environments: An application to aerial surveys for dugongs. The Journal of Wildlife Management 70, 255-262. doi:10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[255:EAAIHE]2.0.CO;2
74. Pyle, P., Anderson, S. D., Klimley, A. P., and Henderson, R. P. (1996). Environmental factors affecting the occurrence and behavior of white sharks at the Farallon Islands, California. In 'Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias'. (Eds A. P. Klimley and D. G. Ainley.) pp. 281-291. (Academic Press: San Diego, CA.)
75. Quang, P. X., and Becker, E. F. (1996). Line transect sampling under varying conditions with application to aerial surveys. Ecology 77, 1297-1302. doi:10.2307/2265601
76. Redfern, J. V.,Viljoen, P. C.,Kruger, J.M., andGetz, W. M. (2002). Biases in estimating population size from an aerial census: A case study in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 98, 455-761
77. Robbins, R. L. (2007). Environmental variables affecting the sexual segregation of great white sharks Carcharodon carcharias at the Neptune Islands South Australia. Journal of Fish Biology 70, 1350-1364. doi:10.1111/J.1095-8649. 2007.01414.X
78. Robbins,W.D., Peddemors,V.M., andKennelly, S. J. (2012). Assessment of shark sighting rates by aerial beach patrols. Fisheries Final Report Series No. 132. NSW Department of Primary Industries, Jervis Bay, NSW
79. Roberts, M. J. (2010). Coastal currents and temperatures along the eastern region of Algoa Bay, South Africa, with implications for transport and shelf-bay water exchange. American Journal of Science 32, 145-161
80. Ross, G. J. B., Cockcroft, V. G., Melton, D. A., and Butterworth, D. S. (1989). Population estimates for bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus in Natal and Transkei waters. South African Journal of Marine Science 8, 119-129. doi:10.2989/02577618909504555
81. Rossouw, G. J. (1984). Age and growth of the sand shark, Rhinobatos annulatus, in Algoa Bay, South Africa. Journal of Fish Biology 25, 213-222. doi:10.1111/J.1095-8649.1984.TB04868.X
82. Rouault, M., Pohl, B., and Penven, P. (2010). Coastal oceanic climate change and variability from1982 to 2009 around South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 32, 237-246. doi:10.2989/1814232X.2010.501563
83. Rowat, D., Gore, M., Meekan, M. G., Lawler, I. R., and Bradshaw, C. J. A. (2009). Aerial survey as a tool to estimate whale shark abundance trends. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 368, 1-8. doi:10.1016/J.JEMBE.2008.09.001
84. Salganik, M. J., and Heckathorn, D. D. (2004). Sampling and estimation in hidden populations using respondent-driven sampling. Sociological Methodology 34, 193-240. doi:10.1111/J.0081-1750.2004.00152.X
85. Santana-Morales, O., Sosa-Nishizaki, O., Escobedo-Olvera, M. A., Oñate- González, E. C., O'Sullivan, J. B., and Cartamil, D. (2012). Incidental catch and ecological observations of juvenile white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) inBajaCalifornia, Mexico, and its conservation implications. In 'Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark'. (Ed. M. L. Domeier.) pp. 187-198. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.)
86. Schumann, E. H., Perrins, L. A., and Hunter, I. T. (1982). Upwelling along the south coast of the Cape Province, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 78, 238-242
87. Schumann, E. H., Churchill, J. R. S., and Zaayman, H. J. (2005). Oceanic variability in the western sector of Algoa Bay, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 27, 65-80. doi:10.2989/18142320509504069
88. Shannon, L. V. (1989). The physical environment. In 'Oceans of Life off Southern Africá. (Eds A. I. L. Payne and R. J. M. Crawford.) pp. 12-27. (Vlaeberg: Cape Town, South Africa.)
89. Shelden, K. E. W., and Laake, J. L. (2002). Comparison of the offshore distribution of southbound migrating gray whales from aerial survey data collected off Granite Canyon, California, 1979-96. The Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 4, 53-56
90. Simpfendorfer, C. A., and Milward, N. E. (1993). Utilisation of a tropical bay as a nursery area by sharks of the families Carcharhinidae and Sphyrnidae. Environmental Biology of Fishes 37, 337-345. doi:10.1007/ BF00005200
91. Skomal, G. B., Chisholm, J., and Correia, S. J. (2012). Implications of increasing pinniped populations on the diet and abundance of white sharks off the coast of Massachusetts. In 'Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark'. (Ed. M. L. Domeier.) pp. 405-418. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.)
92. Smith, J. L. B. (1951).Ajuvenile of the man-eater, Carcharodon carcharias. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 12, 729-736
93. van der Elst, R. P. (1989). Marine recreational angling in South Africa. In 'Oceans of Life off Southern Africá. (Eds A. I. L. Payne and R. J. M. Crawford.) pp. 164-176. (Vlaeberg Publishers: Cape Town, South Africa.)
94. Weng, K. C., Boustany, A. M., Pyle, P., Anderson, S. D., Brown, A., and Block, B. A. (2007). Migration and habitat of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Marine Biology 152, 877-894. doi:10.1007/S00227-007-0739-4
95. Werry, J. M., Bruce, B., Sumpton, W., Reid, D., and Mayer, D. G. (2012). Beach areas preferred by juvenile white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, in eastern Australia from long-term catch-per-unit-effort and movement data. In 'Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark'. (Ed. M. L. Domeier.) pp. 271-286. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.)
96. Wilson, S. G. (2004). Basking sharks (Cetorhinus maximus) schooling in the southern Gulf of Maine. Fisheries Oceanography 13, 283-286. doi:10.1111/J.1365-2419.2004.00292.X
97. Ye, Y., Al-Husaini, M., and Al-Baz, A. (2001). Use of generalized linear models to analyze catch rates having zero values: The Kuwait driftnet fishery. Fisheries Research 53, 151-168. doi:10.1016/S0165-7836(00) 00287-3