Acute bacterial skin infections: Developments since the 2005 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines

Journal of Emergency Medicine

Volumn 44, Issue 6, 2013, Pages

  Moran, Gregory J ^a   Abrahamian, Fredrick M ^a   Lovecchio, Frank ^b,c   Talan, David A ^a  

^a OLIVE VIEW UCLA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b BANNER GOOD SAMARITAN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c Maricopa County Medical Center   (United States)

Author keywords

abscess; antimicrobial; CA MRSA; cellulitis; infection

Indexed keywords

AZTREONAM; CEFTAROLINE FOSAMIL; DALBAVANCIN; DAPTOMYCIN; LINEZOLID; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TELAVANCIN; VANCOMYCIN;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ANEMIA; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY; BACTERIAL SKIN DISEASE; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; CONSTIPATION; CREATINE KINASE BLOOD LEVEL; DECREASED APPETITE; DIARRHEA; DISEASE SEVERITY; DIZZINESS; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG EXPOSURE; DRUG SAFETY; DYSPNEA; ERYTHEMA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HOSPITAL READMISSION; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; INFUSION SITE ERYTHEMA; INFUSION SITE PAIN; INJECTION SITE REACTION; INSOMNIA; KIDNEY FAILURE; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LIVER FUNCTION TEST; LOEFFLER PNEUMONIA; MEDICAL SOCIETY; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); MYCOSIS; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; OUTPATIENT CARE; PAIN; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRURITUS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RIGOR; SIDE EFFECT; SURGICAL INFECTION; TASTE DISORDER; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT FAILURE; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; VOMITING;

EID: 84878572158     PISSN: 07364679     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.11.050     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. F.M. Abrahamian, D.A. Talan, and G.J. Moran Management of skin and soft-tissue infections in the emergency department Infect Dis Clin North Am 22 2008 89 116
2. F.M. Abrahamian, and E.W. Snyder Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: incidence, clinical presentation, and treatment decisions Curr Infect Dis Rep 9 2007 391 397
3. C.G. Gunderson Cellulitis: definition, etiology, and clinical features Am J Med 124 2011 1113 1122
4. R.N. Jones, R.E. Mendes, and H.S. Sader Ceftaroline activity against pathogens associated with complicated skin and skin structure infections: results from an international surveillance study J Antimicrob Chemother 65 Suppl 4 2010 iv17 iv31
5. G.J. Moet, R.N. Jones, D.J. Biedenbach, M.G. Stilwell, and T.R. Fritsche Contemporary causes of skin and soft tissue infections in North America, Latin America, and Europe: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1998-2004) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 57 2007 7 13
6. F.F. Barrett, R.F. McGehee Jr., and M. Finland Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at Boston City Hospital. Bacteriologic and epidemiologic observations N Engl J Med 279 1968 441 448
7. T.S. Naimi, K.H. LeDell, and D.J. Boxrud Epidemiology and clonality of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Minnesota, 1996-1998 Clin Infect Dis 33 2001 990 996
8. R.N. Jones, A.M. Nilius, B.K. Akinlade, L.M. Deshpande, and G.F. Notario Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from a 2005 clinical trial of uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51 2007 3381 3384
9. S.L. Kaplan, K.G. Hulten, and B.E. Gonzalez Three-year surveillance of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections in children Clin Infect Dis 40 2005 1785 1791
10. M.D. King, B.J. Humphrey, Y.F. Wang, E.V. Kourbatova, S.M. Ray, and H.M. Blumberg Emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA 300 clone as the predominant cause of skin and soft-tissue infections Ann Intern Med 144 2006 309 317
11. R.M. Klevens, M.A. Morrison, and J. Nadle Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) MRSA Investigators. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States JAMA 298 2007 1763 1771
12. G.J. Moran, R.N. Amii, F.M. Abrahamian, and D.A. Talan Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in community-acquired skin infections Emerg Infect Dis 11 2005 928 930
13. G.J. Moran, A. Krishnadasan, R.J. Gorwitz EMERGEncy ID Net Study Group Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department N Engl J Med 355 2006 666 674
14. D.J. Pallin, D.J. Egan, A.J. Pelletier, J.A. Espinola, D.C. Hooper, and C.A. Camargo Jr. Increased US emergency department visits for skin and soft tissue infections, and changes in antibiotic choices, during the emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Ann Emerg Med 51 2008 291 298
15. D.A. Talan, A. Krishnadasan, R.J. Gorwitz EMERGEncy ID Net Study Group Comparison of Staphylococcus aureus from skin and soft-tissue infections in US emergency department patients, 2004 and 2008 Clin Infect Dis 53 2011 144 149
16. G.S. Tillotson, D.C. Draghi, D.F. Sahm, K.M. Tomfohrde, T. Del Fabro, and I.A. Critchley Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from skin and wound infections in the United States 2005-07: laboratory-based surveillance study J Antimicrob Chemother 62 2008 109 115
17. H.F. Chambers, and F.R. Deleo Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era Nat Rev Microbiol 7 2009 629 641
18. K. Chua, F. Laurent, G. Coombs, M.L. Grayson, and B.P. Howden Antimicrobial resistance: not community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA)! A clinician's guide to community MRSA-its evolving antimicrobial resistance and implications for therapy Clin Infect Dis 52 2011 99 114
19. F.C. Tenover, and R.V. Goering Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain USA300: origin and epidemiology J Antimicrob Chemother 64 2009 441 446
20. P.C. Appelbaum Microbiology of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Clin Infect Dis 45 Suppl 3 2007 S165 S170
21. T.S. Naimi, K.H. LeDell, and K. Como-Sabetti Comparison of community- and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection JAMA 290 2003 2976 2984
22. J.M. Voyich, M. Otto, and B. Mathema Is Panton-Valentine leukocidin the major virulence determinant in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease? J Infect Dis 194 2006 1761 1770
23. M.E. Stryjewski, and H.F. Chambers Skin and soft-tissue infections caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clin Infect Dis 46 Suppl 5 2008 S368 S377
24. R.D. Mistry, H.F. Scott, T.E. Zaoutis, and E.R. Alpern Emergency department treatment failures for skin infections in the era of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pediatr Emerg Care 27 2011 21 26
25. M.B. Hasty, A. Klasner, and S. Kness Cutaneous community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among all skin and soft-tissue infections in two geographically distant pediatric emergency departments Acad Emerg Med 14 2007 35 40
26. E. Klein, D.L. Smith, and R. Laxminarayan Hospitalizations and deaths caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, United States, 1999-2005 Emerg Infect Dis 13 2007 1840 1846
27. J. Edelsberg, C. Taneja, and M. Zervos Trends in US hospital admissions for skin and soft tissue infections Emerg Infect Dis 15 2009 1516 1518
28. D.L. Stevens, A.L. Bisno, and H.F. Chambers Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections Clin Infect Dis 41 2005 1373 1406
29. C. Liu, A. Bayer, and S.E. Cosgrove Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children Clin Infect Dis 52 2011 e18 e55
30. F. LoVecchio, N. Perera, L. Casanova, M. Mulrow, and A. Pohl Board-certified emergency physicians' treatment of skin and soft tissue infections in the community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus era Am J Emerg Med 27 2009 68 70
31. R.D. Mistry, K. Weisz, H.F. Scott, and E.R. Alpern Emergency management of pediatric skin and soft tissue infections in the community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus era Acad Emerg Med 17 2010 187 193
32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outpatient management of skin and soft tissue infections in the era of community-associated MRSA. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/MRSA/pdf/flowchart-pstr.pdf. Accessed January 6, 2012.
33. A.K. May Skin and soft tissue infections: the new Surgical Infection Society guidelines Surg Infect (Larchmt) 12 2011 179 184
34. M. Rybak, B. Lomaestro, and J.C. Rotschafer Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin in adult patients: a consensus review of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists Am J Health Syst Pharm 66 2009 82 98
35. M.J. Rybak, B.M. Lomaestro, and J.C. Rotschafer Vancomycin therapeutic guidelines: a summary of consensus recommendations from the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists Clin Infect Dis 49 2009 325 327
36. G. Sakoulas, R.C. Moellering Jr., and G.M. Eliopoulos Adaptation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the face of vancomycin therapy Clin Infect Dis 42 Suppl 1 2006 S40 S50
37. A. Soriano, F. Marco, and J.A. Martínez Influence of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration on the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia Clin Infect Dis 46 2008 193 200
38. F.C. Tenover, and R.C. Moellering Jr. The rationale for revising the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute vancomycin minimal inhibitory concentration interpretive criteria for Staphylococcus aureus Clin Infect Dis 44 2007 1208 1215
39. S. Deresinski Counterpoint: vancomycin and Staphylococcus aureus - an antibiotic enters obsolescence Clin Infect Dis 44 2007 1543 1548
40. M.H. Kollef Limitations of vancomycin in the management of resistant staphylococcal infections Clin Infect Dis 45 Suppl 3 2007 S191 S195
41. G. Sakoulas, P.A. Moise-Broder, J. Schentag, A. Forrest, R.C. Moellering Jr., and G.M. Eliopoulous Relationship of MIC and bactericidal activity to efficacy of vancomycin for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia J Clin Microbiol 42 2004 2398 2402
42. G.E. Stein, and E.M. Wells The importance of tissue penetration in achieving successful antimicrobial treatment of nosocomial pneumonia and complicated skin and soft-tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: vancomycin and linezolid Curr Med Res Opin 26 2010 571 588
43. S.J. Van Hal, T.P. Lodise, and D.L. Paterson The clinical significance of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration in Staphylococcus aureus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis Clin Infect Dis 54 2012 755 771
44. S.K. Fridkin, J. Hageman, L.K. McDougal Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Epidemiology Study Group Epidemiological and microbiological characterization of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin, United States, 1997-2001 Clin Infect Dis 36 2003 429 439
45. G. Wang, J.F. Hindler, K.W. Ward, and D.A. Bruckner Increased vancomycin MICs for Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates from a university hospital during a 5-year period J Clin Microbiol 44 2006 3883 3886
46. J.A. Bosso, J. Nappi, and C. Rudisill Relationship between vancomycin trough concentrations and nephrotoxicity: a prospective multicenter trial Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55 2011 5475 5479
47. T.R. Fritsche, and R.N. Jones Importance of understanding pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic principles in the emergence of resistances, including community-associated Staphylococcus aureus J Drugs Dermatol 4 6 Suppl 2005 s4 s8
48. S.Y. Lee, J.L. Kuti, and D.P. Nicolau Antimicrobial management of complicated skin and skin structure infections in the era of emerging resistance Surg Infect (Larchmt) 6 2005 283 295
49. L.K. McDougal, G.E. Fosheim, and A. Nicholson Emergence of resistance among USA300 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing invasive disease in the United States Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54 2010 3804 3811
50. A.D. Tice, and S.J. Rehm Meeting the challenges of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy Clin Infect Dis 51 Suppl 2 2010 S171 S175
51. Cubicin prescribing information 2010 Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc Lexington, MA
52. Teflaro prescribing information 2012 Forest Laboratories, Inc New York
53. Vibativ prescribing information 2009 Theravance Inc South San Francisco, CA
54. Zyvox prescribing information 2010 Pharmacia & Upjohn Co, Division of Pfizer Inc New York
55. Y. Cai, R. Wang, B. Liang, N. Bai, and Y. Lui Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness and safety of tigecycline for treatment of infectious disease Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55 2011 1162 1172
56. P. Prasad, J. Sun, R.L. Danner, and C. Natanson Excess deaths associated with tigecycline after approval based on noninferiority trials Clin Infect Dis 54 2012 1699 1709
57. Food and Drug Administration. Tygacil (tigecycline): label change - increased mortality risk. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/ SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm224626.htm. Accessed March 20, 2012.
58. US Food and Drug Administration Guidance for industry: uncomplicated and complicated skin and skin structure infections-developing antimicrobial drugs for treatment 1998 US Food and Drug Administration Rockville, MD
59. D. Biek, I.A. Critchley, T.A. Riccobene, and D.A. Thye Ceftaroline fosamil: a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin with expanded anti-Gram-positive activity J Antimicrob Chemother 65 Suppl 4 2010 iv9 iv16
60. G.G. Zhanel, G. Sniezek, and F. Schweizer Ceftaroline: a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin with activity against meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Drugs 69 2009 809 831
61. K. Kosowska-Schick, P.L. McGhee, and P.C. Appelbaum Affinity of ceftaroline and other β-lactams for penicillin-binding proteins from Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54 2010 1670 1677
62. L.I. Llarrull, J.F. Fisher, and S. Mobashery Molecular basis and phenotype of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and insights into new β-lactams that meet the challenge Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53 2009 4051 4063
63. Ge Y, Blosser RS, Sahm D, et al. In vitro activity of T-91825, a new anti-MRSA cephalosporin, against Gram-positive and Gram-negative clinical isolates. Presented at the 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September 14-17, 2003; Chicago, IL.
64. S.S. Richter, S.W. Satola, and E.K. Crispell Detection of Staphylococcus aureus isolates with heterogeneous intermediate-level resistance to vancomycin in the United States J Clin Microbiol 49 2011 4203 4207
65. Sader HS, Moet G, Jones RN. In vitro activity of ceftaroline tested against recent clinical isolates from the United States (USA). Presented at the 47th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America; October 29-November 1, 2009; Philadelphia, PA.
66. H.S. Sader, T.R. Fritsche, K. Kaniga, Y. Ge, and R.N. Jones Antimicrobial activity and spectrum of PPI-0903M (T-91825), a novel cephalosporin, tested against a worldwide collection of clinical strains Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 2005 3501 3512
67. L. Saravolatz, J. Pawlak, and L. Johnson In vitro activity of ceftaroline against community-associated methicillin-resistant, vancomycin-intermediate, vancomycin-resistant, and daptomycin-nonsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54 2010 3027 3030
68. Y. Ge, D. Biek, G.H. Talbot, and D.F. Sahm In vitro profiling of ceftaroline against a collection of recent bacterial clinical isolates from across the United States Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52 2008 3398 3407
69. D.M. Citron, K.L. Tyrrell, C.V. Merriam, and E.J.C. Goldstein In vitro activity of ceftaroline against 623 diverse strains of anaerobic bacteria Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54 2010 1627 1632
70. D.R. Snydman, N.V. Jacobus, and L.A. McDermott In vitro activity of ceftaroline against a broad spectrum of recent clinical anaerobic isolates Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55 2011 421 425
71. Clark C, Kosowska-Shick K, McGhee P, Appelbaum P. Multistep resistance development studies of ceftaroline (CPT) with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, staphylococci, and enterococci. Presented at the 50th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September 12-15, 2010; Boston, MA.
72. Hinshaw RR, Schaadt RD, Murray B, et al. Spontaneous mutation frequency and serial passage resistance development studies with ceftaroline. Presented at the 48th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy/46th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America; October 25-28, 2008; Washington, DC.
73. G.R. Corey, M. Wilcox, and G.H. Talbot Integrated analysis of CANVAS 1 and 2: phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind studies to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ceftaroline versus vancomycin plus aztreonam in complicated skin and skin-structure infection Clin Infect Dis 51 2010 641 650
74. G.R. Corey, M.H. Wilcox, G.H. Talbot CANVAS 1 investigators CANVAS 1: the first Phase III, randomized, double-blind study evaluating ceftaroline fosamil for the treatment of patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections J Antimicrob Chemother 65 Suppl 4 2010 iv41 iv51
75. M.H. Wilcox, R.G. Corey, G.H. Talbot, D. Thye, D. Friedland, T. Baculik CANVAS 2 Investigators CANVAS 2: the second Phase III, randomized, double-blind study evaluating ceftaroline fosamil for the treatment of patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections J Antimicrob Chemother 65 Suppl 4 2010 iv53 iv65
76. H.D. Friedland, T. O'Neal, and D. Biek CANVAS 1 and 2: Analysis of Clinical Response at Day 3 in Two Phase 3 Trials of Ceftaroline Fosamil versus Vancomycin Plus Aztreonam in Treatment of Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56 2012 2231 2236
77. M.L. Corrado Integrated safety summary of CANVAS 1 and 2 trials: Phase III randomized, double-blind studies evaluating ceftaroline fosamil for the treatment of patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections J Antimicrob Chemother 65 Suppl 4 2010 iv67 iv71
78. B.I. Einstein, F.B. Oleson Jr., and R.H. Baltz Daptomycin: from the mountain to the clinic, with essential help from Francis Tally MD. Clin Infect Dis 50 Suppl 1 2010 S10 S15
79. G. Sakoulas Clinical outcomes with daptomycin: a post-marketing, real-world evaluation Clin Microbiol Infect 15 Suppl 6 2009 11 16
80. H.W. Boucher, and G. Sakoulas Perspectives on Daptomycin resistance, with emphasis on resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Clin Infect Dis 45 2007 601 608
81. M.J. Rybak, E. Hershberger, T. Moldovan, and R.G. Grucz In vitro activities of daptomycin, vancomycin, linezolid, and quinupristin-dalfopristin against Staphylococci and Enterococci, including vancomycin-intermediate and -resistant strains Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44 2000 1062 1066
82. H.S. Sader, G.J. Moet, D.J. Farrell, and R.N. Jones Antimicrobial susceptibility of daptomycin and comparator agents tested against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci: trend analysis of a 6-year period in US medical centers (2005-2010) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 70 2011 412 416
83. F.M. Marty, W.W. Yeh, and C.B. Wennersten Emergence of a clinical daptomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate during treatment of methicillin-resistant bacteremia and osteomyelitis J Clin Microbiol 44 2006 595 597
84. J.A. Silverman, N. Oliver, T. Andrew, and T. Li Resistance studies with daptomycin Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 2001 1799 1802
85. J.A. Crompton, D.S. North, M. Yoon, J.N. Steenbergen, K.C. Lamp, and G.N. Forrest Outcomes with daptomycin in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections with a range of vancomycin MICs J Antimicrob Chemother 65 2010 1784 1791
86. R.D. Arbeit, D. Maki, F.B. Tally, E. Campanaro, and B.I. Eisenstein Daptomycin 98-01 and 99-01 Investigators. The safety and efficacy of daptomycin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections Clin Infect Dis 38 2004 1673 1681
87. S.L. Davis, P.S. McKinnon, and L.M. Hall Daptomycin versus vancomycin for complicated skin and skin structure infections: clinical and economic outcomes Pharmacotherapy 27 2007 1611 1618
88. W.J. Martone, and K.C. Lamp Efficacy of daptomycin in complicated skin and skin-structure infections due to methicillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus: results from the CORE Registry Curr Med Res Opin 22 2006 2337 2343
89. M. Bassetti, E. Nicco, F. Ginocchio, F. Ansaldi, D. de Florentiis, and C. Viscoli High-dose daptomycin in documented Staphylococcus aureus infections Int J Antimicrob Agents 36 2010 459 461
90. S.M. Bhavnani, C.M. Rubino, P.G. Ambrose, and G.L. Drusano Daptomycin exposure and the probability of elevations in the creatine phosphokinase level: data from a randomized trial of patients with bacteremia and endocarditis Clin Infect Dis 50 2010 1568 1574
91. V.G. Fowler Jr., H.W. Boucher, and G.R. Corey S. aureus Endocarditis and Bacteremia Study Group. Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus N Engl J Med 355 2006 653 665
92. D.E. Katz, K.C. Lindfield, and J.N. Steenbergen A pilot study of high-dose short duration daptomycin for the treatment of patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by gram-positive bacteria Int J Clin Pract 62 2008 1455 1464
93. US Food and Drug Administration. Eosinophilic pnuemonia associated with the use of Cubicin (daptomycin). Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm220273.htm. Accessed March 20, 2012.
94. T. Gee, R. Ellis, G. Marshall, J. Andrews, J. Ashby, and R. Wise Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of linezolid following multiple oral doses Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 2001 1843 1846
95. D. Shinabarger, K.R. Marotti, and R.W. Murray Mechanism of action of oxazolidinones: effects of linezolid and eperezolid on translation reactions Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 1997 2132 2136
96. R.N. Jones, M.G. Stilwell, P.A. Hogan, and D.J. Sheehan Activity of linezolid against 3,251 strains of uncommonly isolated gram-positive organisms: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51 2007 1491 1493
97. A.H. Mutnick, D.J. Biedenbach, D. Turnidge, and R.N. Jones Spectrum and potency evaluation of a new oxazolidinone, linezolid: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1998-2000 Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 43 2002 65 73
98. D.J. Farrell, R.E. Mendes, J.E. Ross, H.S. Sader, and R.N. Jones LEADER program results for 2009: an activity and spectrum analysis of linezolid using 6,414 clinical isolates from 56 medical centers in the United States Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55 2011 3684 3690
99. R.N. Jones, J.E. Ross, M. Castanheira, and R.E. Mendes United States resistance surveillance results for linezolid (LEADER Program for 2007) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 62 2008 416 426
100. M. Sánchez García, M.A. De la Torre, and G. Morales Clinical outbreak of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit JAMA 303 2010 2260 2264
101. K.S. Long, and B. Vester Resistance to linezolid caused by modification at its binding site on the ribosome Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56 2012 603 612
102. S. Kohno, K. Yamaguchi, and N. Aikawa Linezolid versus vancomycin for the treatment of infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Japan J Antimicrob Chemother 60 2007 1361 1369
103. D.L. Stevens, D. Herr, H. Lampiris, J.L. Hunt, D.H. Batts, and B. Hafkin Linezolid versus vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections Clin Infect Dis 34 2002 1481 1490
104. J. Weigelt, K. Itani, D. Stevens, W. Lau, M. Dryden, and C. Knirsch Linezolid CSSTI Study Group. Linezolid versus vancomycin in treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 2005 2260 2266
105. J. Weigelt, H.M. Kaafarani, K.M. Itani, and R.N. Swanson Linezolid eradicates MRSA better than vancomycin from surgical-site infections Am J Surg 188 2004 760 766
106. M.H. Wilcox, K.J. Tack, and E. Bouza Complicated skin and skin-structure infections and catheter-related bloodstream infections: noninferiority of linezolid in a phase 3 study Clin Infect Dis 48 2009 203 212
107. M. Bounthavong, and D.I. Hsu Efficacy and safety of linezolid in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) complicated skin and soft tissue infection (cSSTI): a meta-analysis Curr Med Res Opin 26 2010 407 421
108. E. Rubinstein, R. Isturiz, and H.C. Standiford Worldwide assessment of linezolid's clinical safety and tolerability: comparator-controlled phase III studies Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 2003 1824 1831
109. D.C. Vinh, and E. Rubinstein Linezolid: a review of safety and tolerability J Infect 59 Suppl 1 2009 S59 S74
110. K. Attassi, E. Hershberger, R. Alam, and M.J. Zervos Thrombocytopenia associated with linezolid therapy Clin Infect Dis 34 2002 695 698
111. S.L. Gerson, S.L. Kaplan, and J.B. Bruss Hematologic effects of linezolid: summary of clinical experience Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 2002 2723 2726
112. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: updated information about the drug interaction between linezolid (Zyvox) and serotonergic psychiatric medications. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ DrugSafety/ucm276251.htm. Accessed January 6, 2012.
113. M.H. Chang, T.D. Kish, and H.B. Fung Telavancin: a lipoglycopeptide antimicrobial for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by gram-positive bacteria in adults Clin Ther 32 2010 2160 2185
114. R.E. Mendes, H.S. Sader, and R.N. Jones Activity of telavancin and comparator antimicrobial agents tested against Staphylococcus spp. isolated from hospitalised patients in Europe (2007-2008) Int J Antimicrob Agents 36 2010 374 379
115. S.D. Putnam, H.S. Sader, G.J. Moet, R.E. Mendes, and R.N. Jones Worldwide summary of telavancin spectrum and potency against Gram-positive pathogens: 2007 to 2008 surveillance results Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 67 2010 359 368
116. K.M. Krause, S.L. Barriere, M.M. Kitt, and B.M. Benton In vitro activity of telavancin against Gram-positive isolates from complicated skin and skin structure infections: results from 2 phase 3 (ATLAS) clinical studies Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 68 2010 181 185
117. K. Kosowska-Shick, C. Clark, and G.A. Pankuch Activity of telavancin against staphylococci and enterococci determined by MIC and resistance selection studies Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53 2009 4217 4224
118. H.K. Sun, K. Duchin, C.H. Nightingale, J.P. Shaw, J. Seroogy, and D.P. Nicolau Tissue penetration of telavancin after intravenous administration in healthy subjects Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 2006 788 790
119. M.E. Stryjewski, S.L. Barriere, and W. O'Riordan Efficacy of telavancin in patients with specific types of complicated skin and skin structure infections J Antimicrob Chemother 67 2012 1496 1502
120. M.E. Stryjewski, D.R. Graham, and S.E. Wilson Assessment of Telavancin in Complicated Skin and Skin-Structure Infections Study. Telavancin versus vancomycin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections caused by gram-positive organisms Clin Infect Dis 46 2008 1683 1693
121. M.E. Stryjewski, V.H. Chu, W.D. O'Riordan FAST 2 Investigator Group Telavancin versus standard therapy for treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by gram-positive bacteria: FAST 2 study Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 2006 862 867
122. M.E. Stryjewski, W.D. O'Riordan, W.K. Lau FAST Investigator Group Telavancin versus standard therapy for treatment of complicated skin and soft-tissue infections due to gram-positive bacteria Clin Infect Dis 40 2005 1601 1607
123. S.E. Wilson, W. O'Riordan, A. Hopkins, H.D. Friedland, S.L. Barriere, M.M. Kitt, and ATLAS Investigators Telavancin versus vancomycin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections associated with surgical procedures Am J Surg 197 2009 791 796
124. L.A. Marcos, B.C. Camins, D.J. Ritchie, E. Casabar, and D.K. Warren Acute renal insufficiency during telavancin therapy in clinical practice J Antimicrob Chemother 67 2012 723 726
125. M. Billeter, M.J. Zervos, A.Y. Chen, J.R. Dalovisio, and C. Kurukularatne Dalbavancin: a novel once-weekly lipoglycopeptide antibiotic Clin Infect Dis 46 2008 577 583
126. R.N. Jones, M.G. Stilwell, H.S. Sader, T.R. Fritsche, and B.P. Goldstein Spectrum and potency of dalbavancin tested against 3322 Gram-positive cocci isolated in the United States Surveillance Program (2004) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 54 2006 149 153
127. G.G. Zhanel, C. Calic, and F. Schweizer New lipoglycopeptides: a comparative review of dalbavancin, oritavancin and telavancin Drugs 70 2010 859 886
128. L.E. Jauregui, S. Babazadeh, and E. Seltzer Randomized, double-blind comparison of once-weekly dalbavancin versus twice-daily linezolid therapy for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections Clin Infect Dis 41 2005 1407 1415
129. L.M. Dunbar, J. Milata, T. McClure, M.M. Wasilewski SIMPLIFI Study Team Comparison of the efficacy and safety of oritavancin front-loaded dosing regimens to daily dosing: an analysis of the SIMPLIFI trial Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55 2011 3476 3484
130. th Infectious Diseases Society of America Annual Meeting; Washington, DC: October 26, 2008.
131. Macone AB, Arbeit RD, Hait HI, Draper MP, Tanaka SK. Identification and susceptibility of pathogens isolated from patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI): results of a PTK796 (PTK) phase 2 clinical trial. Presented at the 50th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September 12-15, 2010; Boston, MA.
132. st European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases meeting; May 7-10, 2011; Milan, Italy.
133. M. Hombach, G.E. Pfyffer, M. Roos, and K. Lucke Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in specimens from various body sites: performance characteristic of the BD GeneOhm MRSA assay, the Xpert MRSA Assay, and broth-enriched culture in an area with a low prevalence of MRSA infections J Clin Microbiol 48 2010 3882 3887
134. E. Stürenburg Rapid detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus directly from clinical samples: methods, effectiveness and cost considerations Ger Med Sci 7 2009 Doc06
135. D.M. Wolk, M.J. Struelens, and P. Pancholi Rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in wound specimens and blood cultures: multicenter preclinical evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert MRSA/SA skin and soft tissue and blood culture assays J Clin Microbiol 47 2009 823 826
136. B.H. Heintz, J. Halilovic, and C.L. Christensen Impact of a multidisciplinary team review of potential outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy prior to discharge from an academic medical center Ann Pharmacother 45 2011 1329 1337
137. H.H. Nguyen Hospitalist to home: outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy at an academic center Clin Infect Dis 51 Suppl 2 2010 S220 S223
138. J.A. Paladino, and D. Poretz Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy today Clin Infect Dis 51 Suppl 2 2010 S198 S208
139. A. Tice, S.J. Rehm, and J.R. Dalovisio Practice guidelines for outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy. IDSA guidelines Clin Infect Dis 38 2004 1651 1672
140. nd Outpatient parenteral anti-infective therapy for skin and soft-tissue infections Infect Dis Clin North Am 12 1998 935 949 vii
141. W.A. Craig Antibiotic selection factors and description of a hospital-based outpatient antibiotic therapy program in the USA Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 14 1995 636 642
142. J.E. Leggett Ambulatory use of parenteral antibacterials: contemporary perspectives Drugs 59 Suppl 3 2000 1 8