Proton pump inhibitors are associated with a high rate of serious infections in veterans with decompensated cirrhosis

Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 36, Issue 9, 2012, Pages 866-874

  Bajaj, J S ^a   Ratliff, S M ^a   Heuman, D M ^a   Lapane, K L ^a,b  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ESOMEPRAZOLE; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; LANSOPRAZOLE; OMEPRAZOLE; PANTOPRAZOLE; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; RABEPRAZOLE; RIFAXIMIN;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL PERITONITIS; CELLULITIS; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DECOMPENSATED LIVER CIRRHOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; INFECTION; KIDNEY INFECTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MONOTHERAPY; PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SEPTICEMIA; SKIN INFECTION;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BACTEREMIA; CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS; FEMALE; GASTRIC ACID; HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS; HUMANS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; UNITED STATES; VETERANS;

EID: 84878562423     PISSN: 02692813     EISSN: 13652036     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/apt.12045     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Kim WR, Brown RS Jr, Terrault NA, ElSerag H. Burden of liver disease in the United States: summary of a workshop. Hepatology 2002; 36: 227-42. (Pubitemid 34700782)
2. Cazzaniga M, Dionigi E, Gobbo G, Fioretti A, Monti V, Salerno F. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome in cirrhotic patients: Relationship with their in-hospital outcome. J Hepatol 2009; 51: 475-82.
3. Arvaniti V, D'Amico G, Fede G, et al. Infections in patients with cirrhosis increase mortality four-fold and should be used in determining prognosis. Gastroenterology 2010; 139: 1246-56.
4. Bajaj JS, O'Leary JG, Reddy KR, et al. Second infections independently increase mortality in hospitalized cirrhotic patients: the nacseld experience. Hepatology 2012; doi: 10.1002/hep.25947 [Epub ahead of print].
5. Tandon P, Garcia-Tsao G. Bacterial infections, sepsis, and multiorgan failure in cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 2008; 28: 26-42. (Pubitemid 351326531)
6. Christou L, Pappas G, Falagas ME. Bacterial infection-related morbidity and mortality in cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 1510-7. (Pubitemid 46976304)
7. Jun DW, Kim KT, Lee OY, et al. Association between small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and peripheral bacterial DNA in cirrhotic patients. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 1465-71.
8. Fernandez J, Gustot T. Management of bacterial infections in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2012; 56(Suppl): S1-12.
9. Aseeri M, Schroeder T, Kramer J, Zackula R. Gastric acid suppression by proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 2308-13.
10. Bavishi C, Dupont HL. Systematic review: the use of proton pump inhibitors and increased susceptibility to enteric infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 1269-81.
11. du Moulin GC, Paterson DG, Hedley-Whyte J, Lisbon A. Aspiration of gastric bacteria in antacid-treated patients: a frequent cause of postoperative colonisation of the airway. Lancet 1982; 1: 242-5. (Pubitemid 12205279)
12. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/ SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm290838.htm. Accessed June 1, 2012.
13. Dalton BR, Lye-Maccannell T, Henderson EA, Maccannell DR, Louie TJ. Proton pump inhibitors increase significantly the risk of Clostridium difficile infection in a low-endemicity, non-outbreak hospital setting. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29: 626-34.
14. Kedika RR, Souza RF, Spechler SJ. Potential anti-inflammatory effects of proton pump inhibitors: a review and discussion of the clinical implications. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54: 2312-7.
15. Lombardo L, Foti M, Ruggia O, Chiecchio A. Increased incidence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth during proton pump inhibitor therapy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8: 504-8.
16. Naunton M, Peterson GM, Bleasel MD. Overuse of proton pump inhibitors. J Clin Pharm Ther 2000; 25: 333-40. (Pubitemid 32002877)
17. Palkovic LB, Coley KC, Sokos DR. Factors associated with inappropriate inpatient prescribing of acid-suppressive therapy. Int J Pharm Pract 2009; 17: 73-5.
18. Chavez-Tapia NC, Tellez-Avila FI, Garcia-Leiva J, Valdovinos MA. Use and overuse of proton pump inhibitors in cirrhotic patients. Med Sci Monit 2008; 14: CR468-72.
19. Katz MH. Failing the acid test: benefits of proton pump inhibitors may not justify the risks for many users. Arch Intern Med 2010; 170: 747-8.
20. Goel GA, Deshpande A, Lopez R, Hall GS, van DD, Carey WD. Increased rate of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis among cirrhotic patients receiving pharmacologic acid suppression. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10: 422-7.
21. Bajaj JS, Zadvornova Y, Heuman DM, et al. Association of proton pump inhibitor therapy with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 1130-4.
22. Bajaj JS, Ananthakrishnan AN, Hafeezullah M, et al. Clostridium difficile is associated with poor outcomes in patients with cirrhosis: a national and tertiary center perspective. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 105: 106-13.
23. Choi EJ, Lee HJ, Kim KO, et al. Association between acid suppressive therapy and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46: 616-20.
24. Davila JA, Henderson L, Kramer JR, et al. Utilization of surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma among hepatitis C virus-infected veterans in the United States. Ann Intern Med 2011; 154: 85-93.
25. Ray WA. Evaluating medication effects outside of clinical trials: new-user designs. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158: 915-20. (Pubitemid 37323253)
26. Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika 1983; 70: 41-55.
27. Rubin DB. Estimating causal effects from large data sets using propensity scores. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127(8 Pt 2): 757-63. (Pubitemid 27446562)
28. Yu W, Barnett PG, inventors. Reconciliation o DSS Encounter-Level National Data Extracts with the VA National Patient Care Database: Fiscal Year 2001. Menlo Park, CA: Health Economics Resource Center (HERC), 2001.
29. Murphy PA, Cowper DC, Seppala G, Stroupe KT, Hynes DM. Veterans Health Administration inpatient and outpatient care data: an overview. Eff Clin Pract 2002; 5(3 Suppl): E4.
30. Kramer JR, Davila JA, Miller ED, Richardson P, Giordano TP, El-Serag HB. The validity of viral hepatitis and chronic liver disease diagnoses in Veterans Affairs administrative databases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27: 274-82.
31. Lo Re V IIIrd, Lim JK, Goetz MB, et al. Validity of diagnostic codes and liver-related laboratory abnormalities to identify hepatic decompensation events in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2011; 20: 68-99.
32. Nguyen GC, Segev DL, Thuluvath PJ. Racial disparities in the management of hospitalized patients with cirrhosis and complications of portal hypertension: a national study. Hepatology 2007; 45: 12829.
33. Schneeweiss S, Robicsek A, Scranton R, Zuckerman D, Solomon DH. Veteran's affair hospital discharge databases coded serious bacterial infections accurately. J Clin Epidemiol 2007; 60: 397-409. (Pubitemid 46341704)
34. Dial S, Alrasadi K, Manoukian C, Huang A, Menzies D. Risk of Clostridium difficile diarrhea among hospital inpatients prescribed proton pump inhibitors: cohort and case-control studies. CMAJ 2004; 171: 33-8. (Pubitemid 38925116)
35. Garcia Rodriguez LA, Ruigomez A, Panes J. Use of acid-suppressing drugs and the risk of bacterial gastroenteritis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5: 1418-23. (Pubitemid 350181606)
36. Garcia-Tsao G. Bacterial translocation: cause or consequence of decompensation in cirrhosis? J Hepatol 2001; 34: 150-5.
37. Smith MW, Joseph GJ. Pharmacy data in the VA health care system. Med Care Res Rev 2003; 60(3 Suppl): 92S-123S. (Pubitemid 36993497)
38. Olson JC, Wendon JA, Kramer DJ, et al. Intensive care of the patient with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2011; 54: 1864-72.
39. Senzolo M, Cholongitas E, Burra P, et al. beta-Blockers protect against spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients: a meta-analysis. Liver Int 2009; 29: 1189-93.
40. Serste T, Melot C, Francoz C, et al. Deleterious effects of beta-blockers on survival in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites. Hepatology 2010; 52: 1017-22.
41. Kalambokis GN, Mouzaki A, Rodi M, et al. Rifaximin improves systemic hemodynamics and renal function in patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis and ascites. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10: 815-8.
42. Romano PS, Roos LL, Jollis JG. Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative data: differing perspectives. J Clin Epidemiol 1993; 46: 1075-9.
43. Parsons LS. Reducing Bias in a Propensity Score Matched-Pair Sample Using Greedy Matching Techniques (Paper 214-26). In: SUGI 26 proceedings. Proceedings of the 26th annual SAS Users Group International conference, Long Beach, California, April 22-25, 2001. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc, 2001. Available at: http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi26/p214-26.pdf.
44. Nunes AP, Lapane KL, Weinstock MA. Association between non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and keratinocyte carcinomas of the skin among participants in the Veterans Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention Trial. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2011; 20: 922-9.
45. Cirera I, Bauer TM, Navasa M, et al. Bacterial translocation of enteric organisms in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2001; 34: 32-7.
46. Kanno T, Matsuki T, Oka M, et al. Gastric acid reduction leads to an alteration in lower intestinal microflora. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 381: 666-70.
47. Shen Y, Hendricks A, Zhang S, Kazis LE. VHA enrollees' health care coverage and use of care. Med Care Res Rev 2003; 60: 253-67. (Pubitemid 36605436)