Plasma β-endorphin, cortisol and immune responses to acute exercise are altered by age and exercise training in horses

Equine Veterinary Journal

Volumn 38, Issue SUPPL.36, 2006, Pages 267-273

  Malinowski, K ^a   Shock, E J ^a   Rochelle, P ^a   Kearns, C F ^a   Guirnalda, P D ^a   Mckeever, K H ^a  

^a The State University of New Jersey   (United States)

Author keywords

endorphin; Ageing; Exercise; Horse; Immune function

Indexed keywords

EQUIDAE; PHYTOLACCACEAE;

BETA ENDORPHIN; HYDROCORTISONE; MITOGENIC AGENT;

AGE; AGING; ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; ARTICLE; BLOOD; CD4 CD8 RATIO; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; EXERCISE TEST; HORSE; IMMUNOLOGY; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; METHODOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

AGE FACTORS; AGING; ANIMALS; AREA UNDER CURVE; BETA-ENDORPHIN; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CD4-CD8 RATIO; EXERCISE TEST; HORSES; HYDROCORTISONE; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; MITOGENS; PHYSICAL CONDITIONING, ANIMAL;

EID: 84878425403     PISSN: 04251644     EISSN: 20423306     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05551.x     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. 2max. Equine vet. J., Suppl. 34, 100-105.
2. Bruin, G., Kuipers, H., Keizer, H. A. and Vander Vusse, G. J. (1994) Adaptation and overtraining in horses subjected to increasing training loads. J. appl. Physiol. 76, 1908-1913.
3. Dempsey, J. A. and Seals, D. R. (1995) Aging, exercise, and cardiopulmonary function. In: Perspectives in Exercise and Sports Medicine, Vol 8, Exercise in Older Adults, Eds: D. R. Lamb, C. V. Gisolfi and E. Nadel, Cooper Publishing, Carmel. pp 237-304.
4. Fry, R. W., Morton, A. R., Crawford, G. P. and Keast, D. (1992) Cell numbers and in vitro responses of leucocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations following maximal exercise and interval training sessions of different intensities. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occupational Physiol. 64, 218-227.
5. Green, K. J., Rowbottom, D. G. and Mackinnon, L. T. (2002) Exercise and T-lymphocyte function: a comparison of proliferation in PBMC and NK cell-depleted PBMC culture. J. appl. Physiol. 92, 2390-2395.
6. Goldfarb, A. H. and Jamurtas, A. Z. (1997) Beta-endorphin response to exercise. Sports Med. 24, 8-16.
7. Guirnalda P. D., Malinowski, K., Roegner, V. and Horohov, D. W. (2001) Effects of age and recombinant equine somatotropin (eST) administration on immune function in female horses. J. Anim. Sci. 79, 2651-2658.
8. Hines, M. T., Schott, H. C., Bayly, W. C. and Leroux, A. J. (1996) Exercise and immunity: a review with emphasis on the horse. J. vet. intern. Med 10, 280-289.
9. Hinton, J. R., Rowbottom, D. G., Keast, D. and Morton, A. R. (1997) Acute intensive interval training and in vitro T-lymphocyte function. Int. J. Sports Med. 18, 130-135.
10. Hintz, H. F. (1995) Nutrition of the geriatric horse. Proceedings Cornell Nutrition Conference, Cornell University, pp 195-198.
11. Hoffman-Goetz, L. and Pedersen, B. K. (1994) Exercise and the immune system: a model of the stress response Immunol. Today 15, 382-387.
12. Horohov, D. W., Dimock, A. N., Guirnalda, P. D., Folsom, R. W., McKeever, K. H. and Malinowski, K. (1999) Effect of exercise on the immune response of young and old horses. Am. J. vet. Res. 60, 643-647.
13. Keadle, T. L., Peuciau, S. S. and Melrose, P. A. (1993) Acute exercise stress modulates equine immune function. J. equine vet. Sci. 13, 226-231.
14. Kraemer, W. J., Fleck, S. J., Callister, R., Shealy, M. Dudley, G. A., Maresh, C. M., Marchitelli, L., Cruthirds, C., Murray, T. and Falkel, J. E. (1989) Training responses of plasma β-endorphin, adrenocorticotropin, and cortisol. Med. Sci. Sport Exerc. 21, 146-153.
15. Lassourd, V., Gayrard, V., route, V., Alvinerie, M., Benard, P., Courtot, D. and Toutain, P. L. (1996) Cortol disposition and production rate in horses during rest and exercise. Am. J. Physol. 271, R25-33.
16. Lebelt, D., Zanella, A. J. and shelm, J. (1998) Physiological correlates associated withcribbing behaviour i horses: changes in thermal threshold, heart rate, plasma beta-endorphin and serotonin. Equine vet. J., Suppl. 27, 21-27.
17. Malinowski, K., Hallquist, N. A. Helyar, L., Sherman, A. R. and Scanes, C. G. (1990) Effects of different separa on protocols between mares and foals on plasma cortisol and cell mediated immune response. J. equine vet. Sci. 10, 363-368.
18. Malinowski, K., Betros, C. L., Flora, L., Kearns, C. F. and McKeever, K. H. (2002) Effect of training on age-related changes in plasma insulin and glucose. Equine vet. J., Suppl. 34, 147-153.
19. Malinowski, K., Kearns, C. F., Guirnalda, P. D., Roegner, V. and McKeever, K. H. (2004) Effect of chronic clenbuterol administration on immune function in horses. J. anim. Sci. 82, 3500-3507.
20. Marc, M., Pravizi, N., Ellendorff, F., Kallweit, E. and Elsaesser, F. (2000) Plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations in the warmblood horse in response to a standardized treadmill exercise test as physiological markers for evaluation of training status. J. anim. Sci. 78, 1936-1946.
21. McCarthy, R. N., Jeffcott, L. B., Funder, J. W., Fullerton, M. and Clarke, I. J. (1991) Plasma β-endorphin and adrenocorticotropin in young horses in training. Aust. vet. J. 68, 359-361.
22. McKeever, K. H. and Malinowski, K. (1997) Exercise capacity in young and old mares. Am. J. vet. Res. 58, 1468-1472.
23. McKeever, K. H. and Malinowski, K. (1999) Endocrine response to exercise in young and old horses. Equine vet. J., Suppl. 30, 561-566.
24. McKeever, K. H. and Gordon, M. E. (2004) Endocrine alterations in the equine athlete. In: Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery: Basic and Clinical Sciences of the Equine Athlete, Eds: K. W. Hinchcliff, A. Kaneps and R. Geor, Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 793-814.
25. McKeever, K. H., Malinowski, K., Christensen, R. A. and Hafs, H. D. (1998) Chronic equine somatotropin administration does not affect aerobic capacity or indices of exercise performance in geriatric horses. Vet. J. 155, 19-25.
26. McKeever, K. H., Eaton, T. L., Geiser, S. and Kearns, C. F. (2000) Thermoregulation in old and young horses during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise 32, S156, 2000.
27. Mehl M. L., Schott, H. C., Sarkar, D. K. and Bayly, W. M. (2000) Effects of exercise intensity and duration on plasma beta-endorphin concentration in horses. Am. J. vet. Res. 61, 969-973.
28. Mehl, M. L., Sarkar, D. K., Schott, H. C., Brown, J. A., Sampson, S. N. and Bayly, W. M. (1999) Equine plasma beta-endorphin concentrations are affected by exercise intensity and time of day. Equine vet. J., Suppl. 30, 567-569.
29. Munck, A., Naray-Fejes-Toth, A. and Guyre, P. M. (1987) Mechanisms of glucocorticoid actions on the immune system. In: Hormones and Immunity. Eds: I. Berczi and K. Kovacs, MTP Press, Lancaster, UK. pp 20-37.
30. Pedersen, B. K. and Hoffman-Goetz, L. (2000) Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation. Phys. Rev. 80, 1056-1081.
31. Pedersen, B. K., Bruunsgaard, H., Jensen, M., Krzywkowski, K. and Ostrowski, K. (1999) Exercise and immune function: effect of ageing and nutrition, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, Volume 58: Issue 3: Copyright Nutrition Society. 158, 733-742.
32. Ralston, S. L., Nockels, C. F. and Squires, E. L. (1988) Differences in diagnostic test results and hematologic data between aged and young horses. Am. J. vet. res. 49, 1387-1392.
33. Ralston, S.L. (1989) Digestive alterations in aged horses. J. Equine vet. sci. 9, 203-205.
34. Raven, P. B. and Mitchell, J. H. (1980) Effect of aging on the cardiovascular response to dynamic and static exercise. In: The Aging Heart: Its Function and Response to Stress. Ed: M. L. Westfeldt, Raven Press, New York. pp 269-296.
35. Rowbottom, D. G. and Green, K. J. (2000) Acute exercise effects on the immune system. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 32, S396-S405.
36. Schaller, K., Mechau, D., Scharmann, H. G., Weiss, M., Baum, M. and Liesen, H. (1999) Increased training load and the beta-adrenergic-receptor system on human lymphocytes. J. appl. Physiol. 87, 317-324.
37. Shephard, R. J. (1997) Physical Activity, Training and the Immune Response, Cooper Publishing Group, Carmel. pp 1-463.
38. Shepard, R. J. and Shek, P. N. (1995) Exercise, Aging and Immune Function. Int. J. Sports Med. 16, 1-6.
39. Solana, R. and Pawelec, G. (1998) Molecular and cellular basis of immunosenescence. Mech. Aging. Dev. 102, 115-129.
40. Wilson, D. W., Kingery, S. and Snow, D. H. (1991) The effect of training on adrenocortical function in Thoroughbred racehorses. In: Equine Exercise Physiology 3. Eds: S. G. B. Persson, A. Lindholm, L. B. Jeffcott, ICEEP Publications, Davis. pp 482-489.
41. Wong, C. W., Smith, S. E., Thong, Y. H., Opdebeeck, J. P. and Thornton, J. R. (1992) Effects of exercise stress on various immune functions in horses. Am. J. vet. Res. 53, 1414-1417.