Prevalence of and risk factors associated with atherosclerosis in psittacine birds

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

Volumn 242, Issue 12, 2013, Pages 1696-1704

  Beaufrère, Hugues ^a   Ammersbach, Mélanie ^b   Reavill, Drury R ^c   Garner, Michael M ^d   Heatley, J Jill ^e   Wakamatsu, Nobuko ^a   Nevarez, Javier G ^a   Tully, Thomas N ^a  

^a LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

^c Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service   (United States)

^d NORTHWEST ZOOPATH   (United States)

^e TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGING; ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BIRD DISEASE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; FEMALE; MALE; PATHOLOGY; PSITTACINE; REVIEW; RISK; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; STATISTICAL MODEL; UNITED STATES;

AGING; ANIMALS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BIRD DISEASES; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; FEMALE; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; ODDS RATIO; PSITTACIFORMES; RISK FACTORS; SEX FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

AMAZONA; ARA; AVES; CACATUA; NYMPHICUS; PSITTACIFORMES; PSITTACUS;

EID: 84878425075     PISSN: 00031488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.12.1696     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Bavelaar FJ, Beynen AC. The relation between diet, plasma cholesterol and atherosclerosis in pigeons, quails and chickens. Int J Poult Sci 2004;3:671-684.
2. Moghadasian MH. Experimental atherosclerosis: a historical overview. Life Sci 2002;70:855-865.
3. St Clair RW. The contribution of avian models to our understanding of atherosclerosis and their promise for the future. Lab Anim Sci 1998;48:565-568.
4. Bavelaar FJ, Beynen AC. Atherosclerosis in parrots. A review. Vet Q 2004;26:50-60.
5. Beaufrère H, Nevarez JG, Holder K, et al. Characterization and classification of psittacine atherosclerotic lesions by histopathology, digital image analysis, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Avian Pathol 2011;40:531-544.
6. Fricke C, Schmidt V, Cramer K, et al. Characterization of atherosclerosis by histochemical and immunohistochemical methods in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) and Amazon parrots (Amazona spp). Avian Dis 2009;53:466-472.
7. Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Braun S, Pees M, et al. Research on the anatomy and pathology of the psittacine heart. J Avian Med Surg 2004;18:2-11.
8. Garner MM, Raymond JT. A retrospective study of atherosclerosis in birds, in Proceedings. 24th Annu Assoc Avian Med Annu Conf 2003;59-66.
9. Johnson JH, Phalen DN, Kondik VH, et al. Atherosclerosis in psittacine birds, in Proceedings. 13th Assoc Avian Med Annu Conf 1992;87-93.
10. Pilny AA. Retrospective of atherosclerosis in psittacine birds: clinical and histopathologic findings in 31 cases, in Proceedings. 25th Annu Assoc Avian Med Annu Conf 2004;349-351.
11. Schenker OA, Hoop RK. Chlamydiae and atherosclerosis: can psittacine cases support the link? Avian Dis 2007;51:8-13.
12. Stary HC, Chandler AB, Glagov S, et al. A definition of initial, fatty streak, and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb 1994;14:840-856.
13. Stary HC, Chandler AB, Dinsmore RE, et al. A definition of advanced types of atherosclerosic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation 1995;92:1355-1374.
14. Stary H. Phase of clinically important lesions. In: Stary HC, ed. Atlas of atherosclerosis: progression and regression. 2nd ed. New York: The Parthenon Publishing Group Inc, 2003;25-31.
15. Farb A, Tang AL, Burke AP, et al. Sudden coronary death. Frequency of active coronary lesions, inactive coronary lesions, and myocardial infarction. Circulation 1995;92:1701-1709.
16. Sanz J, Fayad ZA. Imaging of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nature 2008;451:953-957.
17. Bavelaar FJ, Beynen AC. Severity of atherosclerosis in parrots in relation to the intake of alpha-linolenic acid. Avian Dis 2003;47:566-577.
18. Bavelaar FJ, Van der Kuilen J, Hovenier R, et al. Plasma lipids and fatty acid composition in parrots in relation to the intake of alpha-linolenic acid from two feed mixtures. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2005;89:359-366.
19. Bavelaar FJJ, Beynen ACC. Plasma cholesterol concentrations in African grey parrots fed diets containing psyllium. Int J Appl Res Vet Med 2003;1:97-104.
20. Petzinger C, Larner C, Heatley J, et al. HDL density subfraction alterations and plasma lipids with dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in Myiopsitta monachus, in Proceedings. 32nd Annu Assoc Avian Med Annu Conf 2011;297-298.
21. Bavelaar F, Beynen A. Influence of amount and type of dietary fat on plasma cholesterol concentrations in African grey parrots. J Appl Res Vet Med 2003;1:1-8.
22. Stanford M. Significance of cholesterol assays in the investigation of hepatic lipidosis and atherosclerosis in psittacine birds. Exotic DVM 2005;7:28-34.
23. McGill HCC, McMahan CAA. Risk factors: overview. In: Fuster V, Topol EJ, Nabel EG, eds. Atherothrombosis and coronary artery disease. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005;23-33.
24. von Eckardstein A. Risk factors for atherosclerotic vascular disease. In: von Eckardstein A, ed. Atherosclerosis: diet and drugs. Berlin: Springer, 2005;71-105.
25. Smith SC, Smith EC, Taylor RL. Susceptibility to spontaneous atherosclerosis in pigeons: an autosomal recessive trait. J Hered 2001;92:439-442.
26. Shih JC, Pullman EP, Kao KJ, et al. Genetic selection, general characterization and histology of atherosclerosis-susceptible and-resistant Japanese quail. Atherosclerosis 1983;49:41-53.
27. Beaufrère H, Holder KA, Bauer R, et al. Intermittent claudication-like syndrome secondary to atherosclerosis in a yellownaped Amazon parrot (Amazona ochrocephala auropalliata). J Avian Med Surg 2011;25:266-276.
28. Mans C, Brown CJ. Radiographic evidence of atherosclerosis of the descending aorta in a grey-cheeked parakeet (Brotogeris pyrrhopterus). J Avian Med Surg 2007;21:56-62.
29. Phalen DN, Hays HB, Filippich LJ, et al. Heart failure in a macaw with atherosclerosis of the aorta and brachiocephalic arteries. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1435-1440.
30. Sedacca CD, Campbell TW, Bright JM, et al. Chronic cor pulmonale secondary to pulmonary atherosclerosis in an African grey parrot. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009;234:1055-1059.
31. Shrubsole-Cockwill A, Wojnarowicz C, Parker D. Atherosclerosis and ischemic cardiomyopathy in a captive, adult red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). Avian Dis 2008;52:537-539.
32. Simone-Freilicher E. Use of isoxsuprine for treatment of clinical signs associated with presumptive atherosclerosis in a yellownaped Amazon parrot (Amazona ochrocephala auropalliata). J Avian Med Surg 2007;21:215-219.
33. Vink-Nooteboom M, Schoemaker NJ, Kik MJ, et al. Clinical diagnosis of aneurysm of the right coronary artery in a white cockatoo (Cacatua alba). J Small Anim Pract 1998;39:533-537.
34. Honaker J, King G, Blackwell M, et al. Amelia II: a program for missing data. J Stat Softw [serial online]. 2011;45(7):1-47. Available at: www.jstatsoft.org/v45/i07. Accessed Dec 12, 2012.
35. Rubin D. Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. New York: Wiley Interscience, 2004;320.
36. Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, et al. Lessons from sudden coronary death: a comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:1262-1275.
37. Beaufrère H, Pariaut R, Rodriguez D, et al. Avian vascular imaging. J Avian Med Surg 2010;24:174-184.
38. Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Case-control studies: research in reverse. Lancet 2002;359:431-434.
39. Donders ART, van der Heijden GJMG, Stijnen T, et al. Review: a gentle introduction to imputation of missing values. J Clin Epidemiol 2006;59:1087-1091.
40. Harel O, Zhou X-H. Multiple imputation: review of theory, implementation and software. Stat Med 2007;26:3057-3077.
41. Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2011 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011;123:e18-e209.
42. Pilny AA, Quesenberry KE, Bartick-Sedrish TE, et al. Evaluation of Chlamydophila psittaci infection and other risk factors for atherosclerosis in pet psittacine birds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012;240:1474-1480.
43. Nichols D, Montali R. Atherosclerosis in zoo birds. Lab Invest 1985;52:48A-49A.
44. Fox H. Arteriosclerosis in lower mammals and birds: its relation to the disease in man. In: Cowdry E, ed. Arteriosclerosis. New York: The MacMillan Co, 1933;153-193.
45. Godin DV, Garnett ME, Cheng KM, et al. Sex-related alterations in antioxidant status and susceptibility to atherosclerosis in Japanese quail. Can J Cardiol 1995;11:945-951.
46. Mendelsohn ME. Estrogen actions in the cardiovascular system. Climacteric 2009;12(suppl 1):18-21.
47. Mosca L. Estrogen and atherothrombosis. In: Fuster V, Topol E, Nabel E, eds. Atherothrombosis and coronary artery disease. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005;297-307.
48. Alvarenga RR, Zangeronimo MG, Pereira LJ, et al. Lipoprotein metabolism in poultry. Worlds Poult Sci J 2011;67:431-440.
49. Walzem RL, Hansen RJ, Williams DL, et al. Estrogen induction of VLDLy assembly in egg-laying hens. J Nutr 1999;129(suppl 2S):467S-472S.
50. Zannis VI, Kypreos KE, Chroni A, et al. Lipoproteins and atherogenesis. In: Loscalzo J, ed. Molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis. Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England: Taylor & Francis, 2005;111-174.
51. Toda T, Leszczynski D, Kummerow F. Vasculotoxic effects of dietary testosterone, estradiol, and cholesterol on chick artery. J Pathol 1981;134:219-231.
52. Cornejo J, Dierenfeld ES, Bailey CA, et al. Predicted metabolizable energy density and amino acid profile of the crop contents of free-living scarlet macaw chicks (Ara macao). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2012;96:947-954.
53. Van Sant F. Problem sexual behaviors of companion parrots. In: Luescher A, ed. Manual of parrot behavior. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Publishing, 2006;233-245.
54. Bowles H. Evaluating and treating the reproductive system. In: Harrison GJ, Lightfoot T, eds. Clinical avian medicine. Palm Beach, Fla: Spix Publishing, 2006;519-540.
55. Bhatia LS, Curzen NP, Calder PC, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a new and important cardiovascular risk factor? Eur Heart J 2012;33:1190-1200.
56. Kim D, Choi S-Y, Park EH, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with coronary artery calcification. Hepatology 2012;56:605-613.
57. Dugan JP, Feuge RR, Burgess DS. Review of evidence for a connection between Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerotic disease. Clin Ther 2002;24:719-735.
58. Hoymans VY, Bosmans JM, Ieven MM, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae-based atherosclerosis: a smoking gun. Acta Cardiol 2007;62:565-571.
59. Sessa R, Nicoletti M, Di Pietro M, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis: current state and future prospectives. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009;22:9-14.
60. Watson C, Alp NJ. Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2008;114:509-531.
61. Wheeler MT, McNally EM. The interaction of coronary tone and cardiac fibrosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2005;7:219-226.
62. Frohlich ED. Fibrosis and ischemia: the real risks in hypertensive heart disease. Am J Hypertens 2001;14:194S-199S.
63. Liebson P. Echocardiography: left ventricular hypertrophy and atherosclerosis. In: Feinstein S, ed. Non-invasive surrogate markers of atherosclerosis. Boca Raton, Fla: Informa Healthcare, 2008;1-10.
64. Finlayson R, Hirchinson V. Experimental atheroma in budgerigars. Nature 1961;192:369-370.