New specimens of Crocodylus pigotti (Crocodylidae) from Rusinga Island, Kenya, and generic reallocation of the species

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 629-646

  Conrad, Jack L ^a,b   Jenkins, Kirsten ^c   Lehmann, Thomas ^d   Manthi, Fredrick K ^e   Peppe, Daniel J ^f   Nightingale, Sheila ^g   Cossette, Adam ^c   Dunsworth, Holly M ^h   Harcourt Smith, William E H ^b,i   Mcnulty, Kieran P ^c  

^a NEW YORK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b DIVISION OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^d SENCKENBERG RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Germany)

^e INSTITUTE OF PRIMATE RESEARCH   (Kenya)

^f BAYLOR UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND   (United States)

ⁱ CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANATOMY; BODY SHAPE; CROCODILIAN; FOSSIL RECORD; MIOCENE; MORPHOLOGY; NEW GENUS; NEW RECORD; PALEONTOLOGY; PHYLOGENETICS; TAXONOMY;

EAST AFRICAN LAKES; KENYA; LAKE VICTORIA; NYANZA; RUSINGA ISLAND;

CROCODYLIDAE (ALL CROCODILES); CROCODYLUS; OSTEOLAEMUS;

EID: 84878310912     PISSN: 02724634     EISSN: 19372809     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2013.743404     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Andrews, P. J. 1974. New species of Dryopithecus from Kenya. Nature 249:188-190.
2. Andrews, P. J., and E. L. Simons. 1977. A new Miocene gibbonlike genus, Dendropithecus (Hominoidea, Primates) with distinctive postcranial adaptations: its significance to origin of Hylobatidae. Folia Primatologica 28:161-169.
3. Benton, M. J., and J. M. Clark. 1988. Archosaur phylogeny and the relationships of the Crocodilia; pp. 295-338 in M. J. Benton (ed.), The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
4. Brochu, C. A. 1997. Morphology, fossils, divergence timing, and the phylogenetic relationships of Gavialis. Systematic Biology 46: 479-522.
5. Brochu, C. A. 1999. Phylogenetics, taxonomy, and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea. Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 6:9-100.
6. Brochu, C. A. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence timing of Crocodylus based on morphology and the fossil record. Copeia 2000:657-673.
7. Brochu, C. A. 2003. Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 31:357-397.
8. Brochu, C. A. 2006. Osteology and phylogenetic significance of Eosuchus minor (Marsh, 1870) new combination, a longirostrine crocodylian from the late Paleocene of North America. Journal of Paleontology 80:162-186.
9. Brochu, C. A. 2007. Morphology, relationships, and biogeographical significance of an extinct horned crocodile (Crocodylia, Crocodylidae) from the Quaternary of Madagascar. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150:835-863.
10. Brochu, C. A., and G. W. Storrs. 2012. A giant crocodile from the Plio-Pleistocene of Kenya, the phylogenetic relationships of Neogene African crocodylines, and the antiquity of Crocodylus in Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32:587-602.
11. Brochu, C. A., J. Njau, R. J. Blumenschine, and L. D. Densmore. 2010. A new horned crocodile from the Plio-Pleistocene hominid sites at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. PLoS ONE 5:e9333.
12. Buffetaut, E. 1984. On the occurrence of Crocodylus pigotti in the Miocene of Saudi Arabia, with remarks on the origin of the Nile crocodile. Neues Jahrbuch f ur Geologie und Paleontologie, Monatschefte 1984:513-520.
13. Buscalioni, A. D., F. Ortega, D. B. Weishampel, and C. M. Jianu. 2001. A revision of the crocodyliform Allodaposuchus precedens from the Upper Cretaceous of the Hateg Basin, Romania. Its relevance in the phylogeny of Eusuchia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21:74-86.
14. Clos, L. M. 1995. A new species of Varanus (Reptilia, Sauria) from the Miocene of Kenya. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15: 254-267.
15. Cott, H. B. 1961. Scientific results of an inquiry into the ecology and economic status of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodilus niloticus) in Uganda and Northern Rhodesia. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29:211-356.
16. Cuvier, G. 1807. Sur les diff erentes especes de crocodiles vivans et sur leurs caract eres distinctifs. Annales deMuseum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris 10:8-66.
17. Drake, R. E., J. A. van Couvering, M. H. Pickford, G. H. Curtis, and J. A. Harris. 1988. New chronology for the early Miocene mammalian faunas at Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Journal of the Geological Society 145:479-491.
18. Gatesy, J., G. Amato, M. A. Norell, R. DeSalle, and C. Hayashi. 2003. Combined support for wholesale taxic atavism in gavialine crocodylians. Systematic Biology 52:403-422.
19. Gmelin, J. 1789. Linnei Systema Naturae. G. E. Beer, Leipzig, 1057 pp. Goloboff, P. A., J. S. Farris, and K. C. Nixon. 2003. T.N.T.: Tree Analysis Using New Technology. Goloboff, Farris, and Nixon, www.zmuc.dk/public/phylogeny. Available at www.zmuc.dk/public/phylogeny. Accessed February 2012.
20. Goloboff, P. A., J. S. Farris, and K. C. Nixon. 2008. TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 24:774-786.
21. Greer, A. E. 1974. On the maximum total length of the salt-water crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). Journal of Herpetology 8:381-384.
22. Grenard, S. 1991. Handbook of Alligators and Crocodiles. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, 210 pp
23. Hillenius, D. 1978. Notes on chameleons IV. A new chameleon from the Miocene of Fort Ternan, Kenya (Chamaeleonidae, Reptilia). Beaufortia 28:9-15.
24. Holliday, C. M., and L. M. Witmer. 2009. The epipterygoid of crocodyliforms and its significance for the evolution of the orbitotemporal region of eusuchians. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29: 715-733.
25. Hutton, J. M. 1987. Growth and feeding ecology of the Nile Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus at Ngezi, Zimbabwe. Journal of Animal Ecology 56:25-38.
26. Kley, N. J., J. J.W. Sertich, A. H. Turner, D. W. Krause, P.M. O'Connor, and J. A. Georgi. 2010. Craniofacial morphology of Simosuchus clarki (Crocodyliformes: Notosuchia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 10:13-98.
27. Kotsakis, T., M. Delfino, and P. Piras. 2004. Italian Cenozoic crocodilians: taxa, timing and palaeobiogeographic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 210:67-87.
28. Le Gros Clark, W. E. 1950. New palaeontological evidence bearing on the evolution of the Hominoidea. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 105:225-259.
29. Lehmann, T. 2009. Phylogeny and systematics of the Orycteropodidae (Mammalia, Tubulidentata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155:649-702.
30. McAlily, L. R., R. E. Willis, D. A. Ray, P. S. White, C. A. Brochu, and L. D. Densmore. 2006. Are crocodiles monophyletic? evidence for subdivisions from sequence and morphological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39:16-32.
31. Page, R. D. M. 2001. NDE: Nexus Data Editor for Windows. Available at http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/NDE/nde.html. Accessed March 2011.
32. Peppe, D. J., K. P. McNulty, S. Cote, W. E. H. Harcourt-Smith, H. M. Dunsworth, and J. A. van Couvering. 2009. Stratigraphic interpretation of the Kulu Formation (early Miocene, Rusinga Island, Kenya) and its implications for primate evolution. Journal of Human Evolution 56:447-461.
33. Peppe, D. J., A. L. Deino, K. P. McNulty, T. Lehmann, W. E. H. Harcourt-Smith, H. M. Dunsworth, and D. L. Fox. 2011. New age constraints on the early Miocene faunas from Rusinga and Mfangano Islands (Lake Victoria, Kenya). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144:237.
34. Pickford, M. 1986. Cainozoic paleontological sites of Western Kenya. Munchner Geowissenschaftlich Abhandlungen, Reihe A: Geologie und Palaontologie 8:1-151.
35. Platt, S. G., T. R. Rainwater, J. B. Thorbjarnarson, A. G. Finger, T. A. Anderson, and S. T. McMurry. 2009. Size estimation, morphometrix, sex ratio, sexual size dimorphism, and biomass of Morelet's crocodile in northern Belize. Caribbean Journal of Science 45: 80-93.
36. Rieppel, O., A. Walker, and I. Odhiambo. 1992. A preliminary report on a fossil chamaeleonine (Reptilia: Chamaeleoninae) skull from the Miocene of Kenya. Journal of Herpetology 26:77-80.
37. Schmitz, A., P.Mansfeld, E. Hekkala, T. Shine, H. Nickel, G. Amato, and W. Bohme. 2003. Molecular evidence for species level divergence in African Nile crocodiles Crocodylus niloticus (Laurenti, 1786). Comptes Rendus Palevology 2:703-712.
38. Swofford, D. L. 2001. PAUP?: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (?And Other Methods). Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Tchernov, E., and J. van Couvering. 1978. New crocodiles from the early Miocene of Kenya. Palaeontology 21:857-867.
39. Van Couvering, J. A. 1972. Geology of Rusinga Island and Correlation of the Kenya Mid-Tertiary Fauna. St. John's College, New York, 416 pp
40. Wagner, J. R. 2005. Crocodylus moreletii. Digital Morphology. Available at http://digimorph.org/specimens/Crocodylus moreletii/. Accessed December 2011.
41. Waitkuwait,W. E. 1989. Present knowledge on the west African slendersnouted crocodile, Crocodylus cataphractus Cuvier, 1824, and the west African dwarf crocodile, Osteolaemus tetraspis Cope, 1861; pp. 259-275 in IUCN (ed.), Crocodiles: Their Ecology, Management and Conservation. IUCN/SSC Crocodile Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland
42. Walker, A. C., M. F. Teaford, and P. Andrews. 1993. A new species of Proconsul from the early Miocene of Rusinga/Mfangano Islands, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 25:43-56.
43. Webb, G. J. W., and H. Messel. 1978. Morphometric analysis of Crocodylus porosus from the north coast of Arnhem Land, Northern Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 26:1-27.
44. Werdelin, L., and W. Sanders. 2010. Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 1040 pp
45. White, P. S., and L. D. Densmore. 2001. DNA sequence alignments and data analysis methods: there effect on the recovery of crocodylian relationships; pp. 29-37 in G. Grigg, F. Seebacher, and C. E. Franklin (eds.), Crocodilian Biology and Evolution. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney
46. Woodward, A. R., J. H. White, and S. B. Linda. 1995. Maximum size of the alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Journal of Herpetology 29:507-513.