Phylogeny and systematics of the orycteropodidae (Mammalia, Tubulidentata)

Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society

Volumn 155, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 649-702

  Lehmann, Thomas ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE POITIERS   (France)

^b Transvaal Museum   (South Africa)

^c SENCKENBERG DEUTSCHES ENTOMOLOGISCHES INSTITUT   (Germany)

Author keywords

Aardvark; Afrotheria; Leptorycteropus; Miocene; Myorycteropus; Orycteropus; Pleistocene; Pliocene; Taxonomy

Indexed keywords

AFROTHERIA; MAMMALIA; MYORYCTEROPUS; ORYCTEROPODIDAE; ORYCTEROPUS; TUBULIDENTATA;

EID: 62249195612     PISSN: 00244082     EISSN: 10963642     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00460.x     Document Type: Article

References (161)

1. Alferez F, Molero G, Maldonado E, Inigo C. 1988. Los restos fósiles más antiguos de Orycteropodidae (Tubulidentata, Mammalia) hallados en Eurasia, Coll. Homen. A. R. Adrover, Sabadell, 14-16 Dec. 1988, Bioeventos y sucesiones faunisticas en el terciario continental ibérico.
2. Amaghino F. 1905. Les édentés fossiles de France et d'Allemagne. Annales du Muséum National de Buenos Aires 13 : 175 250.
3. Andrews CW. 1896. On a skull of Orycteropus gaudryi from Samos. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London, 1896 : 196 199.
4. ème série : 289 322.
5. Arambourg C. 1959. Vertébrés continentaux du Miocène supérieur de l'Afrique du Nord. Publications du Service de Carte Géologique, Algérie, n. s., Paléontologie 4 : 42 53.
6. Asher RJ. 2007. A web-database of mammalian morphology and a reanalysis of placental phylogeny. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7 : 108.
7. Asher RJ, Lehmann T. 2008. Dental eruption in afrotherian mammals. BMC Biology 6 : 14.
8. Barry JC, Morgan ME, Flynn LJ, Pilbeam D, Behrensmeyer AK, Raza SM, Khan IA, Bagley C, Hicks J, Kelley J. 2002. Faunal and environmental change in the late Miocene Siwaliks of Northern Pakistan. Paleobiology Memoirs 28 : 1 72.
9. de Beaumont G. 1970. Observations sur un Orycteropus gaudryi Major (Mammalia, Tubulidentata). Bulletin de la Société vaudienne de Sciences Naturelles 70 : 327 336.
10. Behrensmeyer AK, Potts R, Plummer T, Tauxe L, Opdyke N, Jorstad T. 1995. The Pleistocene locality of Kanjera, Western Kenya: stratigraphy, chronology and paleoenvironments. Journal of Human Evolution 29 : 247 274.
11. Bininda-Emonds ORP, Cardillo M, Jones KE, MacPhee RDE, Beck DMD, Grenyer F, Price SA, Vos RA, Gittlenman JL, Purvis A. 2007. The delayed rise of present-day mammals. Nature 446 : 507 512.
12. Bishop WW, Miller JA, Fitch FJ. 1969. New Potassium-Argon age determinations relevant to the Miocene fossil mammal sequence in East Africa. American Journal of Science 267 : 669 699.
13. de Bonis L, Bouvrain G, Geraads D, Koufos GD, Sen S. 1994. The first aardvarks (Mammalia) from the late Miocene of Macedonia, Greece. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 194 : 343 360.
14. Brain CK. 1993. Structure and stratigraphy of the Swartkrans Cave in light of the new excavations. In : Brain CK, ed. SWARTKRANS - a caves chronicle of early man. Pretoria : Transvaal Museum, 35 73.
15. Broom R. 1909a. On the milk dentition of Orycteropus. Annals of the South African Museum 5 : 381 384.
16. Broom R. 1909b. On the organ of Jacobson in Orycteropus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 1909 : 680 683.
17. Brunet M. 2000. Chad: discovery of a vertebrate Fauna close to Mio-Pliocene Boundary. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 20 : 205 209.
18. Capot-Rey P. 1965. La bordure meridionale de l'Ennedi Travaux de I'institut de recherches sahariennes[Alger], tome XXIV : 47 64.
19. Le Gros Clark WE, Sonntag CF. 1926. A monograph of Orycteropus afer. - III. The skull. The skeleton of the trunk and limbs. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 30 : 445 485.
20. Colbert EH. 1933. The presence of tubulidentates in the Middle Siwalik Beds of northern India. American Museum Novitates 604 : 1 10.
21. Colbert EH. 1941. A study of Orycteropus gaudryi from the island of Samos. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 78 : 305 351.
22. Coupin F. 1926. Recherches sur les fosses nasales de l'Oryctérope. Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 1 : 151 171.
23. Cox PG. 2006. Character evolution in the orbital region of the Afrotheria. Journal of Zoology 269 : 514 526.
24. Cuvier G. 1798. Tableau élémentaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux. Paris : Baudouin.
25. Cuvier G. 1817. Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, Tome 1, p. 221.
26. Cuvier G. 1823. Sur l'Ostéologie des Tatous et de l'Oryctérope. In : Cuvier G, ed. Recherches sur les Ossements fossiles, Tome V, 1ère partie, 132 141.
27. Cuvier G. 1835. Lȩons d'Anatomie comparée, Tome IV, 2ème partie, p. 461.
28. Dietrich WO. 1942. Ältestquartäre Säugetiere aus der südlichen Serengeti, Deutsch-Ostafrika. Palaeontographica 94 (Abt. A 43 133.
29. Drake R, Curtis GH. 1987. K-Ar Geochronology of the Laetoli fossil localities. In : Leakey MD, Harris JM, eds. Laetoli, A Pliocene site in northern Tanzania, Oxford : Clarendon Press, 48 51.
30. Drake RE, van Couvering JA, Pickford M, Curtis GH, Harris JA. 1988. New chronology for the early Miocene mammalian faunas of Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Journal of the Geological Society, London 145 : 479 491.
31. Edgeworth FH. 1924. On the masticatory, intermandibular, and hyoid muscles of Orycteropus capensis. Journal of Anatomy 58 : 134 139.
32. Filhol H. 1894. Observations concernant quelques mammifères fossiles nouveaux du Quercy. Annales de Sciences Naturelles Zoologie 16 : 129 150.
33. Filhol MH. 1895. Observations concernant les mammifères contemporains à Aepyomisà Madagascar. Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 1 : 12 14.
34. Fortelius M. 1990. Less common ungulate species from Pasalar, middle Miocene of Anatolia (Turkey). Journal of Human Evolution 19 : 479 487.
35. Fortelius M, Nummela S, Sen S. 2003. Fossil Aardvaks of the Miocene Sinap Formation, Turkey. In : Fortelius M, Kappelman J, Sen S, Bernor R, eds. Geology and paleontology of the Miocene Sinap formation, Turkey. Columbia : Columbia University Press, 194 201.
36. Franz F. 1908. Das Auge von Orycteropus afer. Zoologischer Anzeiger 32 : 148 150.
37. Frechkop S. 1946. L'Oryctérope, ne serait-t-il pas le prototype de l'incarnation de Seth-Typhon? Chroniques d'Egypte 41 : 91 92.
38. Gabunia L. 1956. An extinct Tubulidentate (Orycteropus sp.) from the Middle Miocene deposits of Belomechetskaya (North Caucase). Dok. AN Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR 12 : 203 206 In Russian JC. 1869. The myology of the upper and lower extremities of Orycteropus capensis. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 26 : 567 608.
39. Gazin CL. 1952. The Lower Eocene Knight Formation of western Wyoming and its mammlian faunas. Smithsonian Institution, Miscellaneous Collections, Washington, D.C 117 : 1 98.
40. Geoffroy St Hilaire E. 1796. Extrait d'un mémoire sur le Myrmecophaga capensis Gmelin, 1788. Bulletin de la Société Philomatique, Paris 50 : 1 2.
41. Gray JE. 1821. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals. London Medical Repository XV : 296 310.
42. Griffin DL. 2002. Aridity and humidity: two aspects of the late Miocene climate of North Africa and the Mediterranean. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 182 : 65 91.
43. Grine FE, Klein RG. 1993. Late Pleistocene human remains from the Sea Harvest site, Sadanha Bay, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 89 : 145 152.
44. Grote H. 1921. Neue Erdferkel (Orycteropus) aus Deutsch-Ostafrika und Kamerun. Archiv für Naturgesellschaft. Sect. A, pt. 7 87 : 121 127.
45. Hatt RT. 1932. The aardvark of the Haut-Uele. American Museum Novitates 535 : 1 2.
46. Heissig K. 1999. Order Tubulidentata. In : Rössner G, Heissig K, eds. Land Mammals of Europe. München : Friedrich Pfeil Verlag, 155 156.
47. Helbing H. 1933. Ein Orycteropus-Fund aus dem Unteren Pliocaen des Roussillon. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 26 : 256 267.
48. Hendey QB. 1973. Fossil occurrences at Langebaanweg, Cape Province. Nature 244 : 13 14.
49. Heuvelmans B. 1939. Le problème de la dentition de l'oryctérope. Bulletin du Musée royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, Bruxelles Tome XV : 1 30.
50. Hildebrand M. 1985. Digging of quadrupeds. In : Hildebrand M, Bramble DM, Liem KL, Wate DB, eds. Functional vertebrate morphology. Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 89 109.
51. Hill A. 2002. Paleoanthropological researh in the Tugen Hills, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 42 : 1 10.
52. Hill A, Leakey M, Kingston JD, Ward S. 2002. New cercopithecoids and a hominoid from 12.5 Ma in the Tugen Hills succession, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 42 : 75 93.
53. Hirst AS. 1906. A new species of Orycteropus. Annales and Magazine of Natural History ser. 7 17 : 383 384.
54. Holroyd PA, Mussel JC. 2005. Macroscelidae and Tubulidentata. In : Rose KD, Archibald JD, eds. Placental Mammals: origins and relationships of the major clades. Baltimore : JohnHopkins University Press, 71 83.
55. Howell AB. 1941. The femoral trochanters. Field Museum for Natural History, Zoological Series 27 : 279 291.
56. Humphey GM. 1869. On the myology of Orycteropus capensis and Phoca communis. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology 2 : 290 322.
57. Huxley TH. 1872. A manual of the anatomy of vertebrated animals. New York : D. Appleton and Company.
58. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1999. International code of zoological nomenclature, 4th edn, adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences. London, United Kingdom : International Trust of Zoological Nomenclature in association with the British Natural History Museum in English and French).
59. Jepsen GL. 1932. Tubulodon taylori, a Wind River Eocene tubulidentate. Proceedings of the American Philosophy Society 71 : 255 274.
60. Jäger KF. 1837. Anatomische Untersuchung des Orycteropus capensis. Inaugural-Dissertation, Stuttgart; Carl Erhard, pp. 1 22.
61. Kappelman J, Maas MC, Sen S, Alpagut B, Fortelius M, Lunkka J-P. 1996. A new early Tertiary mammalian fauna from Turkey and its paleobiogeographic significance. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 : 592 595.
62. Kappelman J, Rasmussen DT, Sanders WJ, Feseha M, Bown T, Copeland P, Crabaugh J, Fleagle J, Glantz M, Gordon A, Jacobs B, Maga M, Muldoon K, Pan A, Pyne L, Richmond B, Ryan T, Seiffert E, Sen S, Todd L, Wiemann MC, Winkler A. 2003. Oligocene mammals from Ethiopia and faunal exchange between Afro-Arabia and Eurasia. Nature 426 : 549 552.
63. Keimer L. 1944. L'oryctérope dans l'Egypte Ancienne. Etude d'Egyptologie 6 : 1 20.
64. Kitching JW. 1963. A fossil Orycteropus from the limeworks quarry, Makapansgat, Potgietersrus. Paleontologica Africana 8 : 119 121.
65. Kjer KM, Honeycutt RL. 2007. Site specific rates of mitochondrial genomes and the phylogeny of Eutheria. BMC Evolutionnary Biology 7 : 8.
66. Klein RG. 1979. Paleoenvironmental and cultural implications of late Holocene archaeological faunas from the Orange Free State and North Central Cape Province, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 34 : 34 49.
67. Klein RG. 1986. The prehistory of stone age herders in the Cape province of South Africa. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 5 : 5 12.
68. Klein RG, Avery G, Cruz-Uribe K, Steele TE. 2007. The mammalian fauna associated with an archaic hominin skullcap and later Acheulean artefacts at Elandsfontein, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 54 : 164 186.
69. Klein RG, Cruz-Uribe K, Beaumont PB. 1991. Environmental, ecological, and paleoanthropological implications of the late Pleistocene mammalian fauna from Equus Cave, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Quaternary Research 36 : 94 119.
70. Kostopoulos DS, Sen S, Koufos GD. 2003. Magnetostratigraphy and revised chronology of the late Miocene mammal localisites of Samos, Greece. International Journal of Earth Sciences 92 : 779 794.
71. Lamberton C. 1946. Contribution à la connaissance de la faune subfossile de Madagascar - Note XV - Le Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis Filhol. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache 25 : 25 53.
72. Lavocat R. 1958. Tubulidentata. In : Piveteau J, ed. Traité de Paléontologie, Vol. 6(2). Paris : Masson et Cie, 139 144.
73. Leakey MG. 1987. Fossil aardvarks from the Laetolil Beds. In : Leakey MD, Harris JM, eds. Laetoli, a Pliocene site in Northern Tanzania. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 297 300.
74. Leakey MG, Harris JM, eds. 2003. Lothagam - the dawn of humanity in Eastern Africa. New York : Columbia University Press.
75. Leakey MG, Feibel C, Bernor RL, Harris JM, Cerling TE, Stewart KM, Storrs GW, Walker A, Werdelin L, Winkler A. 1996. Lothagam: a record of faunal change in the Late Miocene of East Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 : 556 570.
76. Lehmann T. 2004. Fossil aardvark (Orycteropus) from Swartkrans Cave, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 100 : 311 314.
77. Lehmann T. 2006a. The biodiversity of the Tubulidentata over Geological time. Afrotherian Conservation 4 : 6 11.
78. Lehmann T. 2006b. Langebaanweg aardvarks: phylogenetic and palaeobiogeographical implications. African Natural History 2 : 187 188.
79. Lehmann T. 2007. Amended taxonomy of the order Tubulidentata (Mammalia, Eutheria). Annals of the Transvaal Museum 44 : 179 196.
80. Lehmann T. 2008a. Tubulidentata. In : Haile-Selassier Y, Woldegabriel G, eds. Ardipithecus kadabba. Berkeley : University of California Press, 517 520.
81. Lehmann T. 2008b. Plio-Pleistocene aardvarks (Mammalia, Tubulidentata) from East Africa. Fossil Records 11 : 67 81.
82. Lehmann T, Vignaud P, Likius A, Brunet M. 2004. A fossil aardvark (Mammalia, Tubulidentata) from the lower Pliocene of Chad. African Journal of Earth Science 40 : 201 217.
83. Lehmann T, Vignaud P, Mackaye HT, Brunet M. 2005. A new species of Orycteropodidae (Mammalia, Tubulidentata) in the Mio-Pliocene of Northern Chad. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 : 109 131.
84. Lehmann T, Vignaud P, Likius A, Mackaye HT, Brunet M. 2006. A sub-complete fossil aardvark (Mammalia, Tubulidentata) from the Upper Miocene of Chad. Comptes Rendus Palévol 5 : 693 703.
85. Lesson RP. 1840. Observations zoologiques. Revue Zoologique par la Société Cuvierienne 3 : 225 227.
86. Lewis GE. 1938. A skull of Orycteropus pilgrimi. American Journal of Science 36 : 401 405.
87. Lydekker R. 1908. The game animals of Africa. London : Rowlond Ward, Limited.
88. Lönnberg E. 1906. On a new Orycteropus from Northern Congo and some remarks on the dentition of the Tubulidentata. Akiv für Zoologi 3 : 1 35.
89. MacFadden PL, Brock A, Partridge TC. 1979. Palaeomagnetism and the age of the Makapansgat hominid site. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 44 : 373 382.
90. MacInnes DG. 1956. Fossil Tubulidentata from East Africa. Fossil Mammals of Africa, British Museum (Natural History), London 10 : 1 38.
91. MacPhee RDE. 1994. Morphology, adaptations, and relationships of Plesiorycteropus, and a diagnosis of a new order of eutherian Mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 220 : 1 214.
92. van der Made J. 2003. The aardvark from the Miocene hominoid locality ̧andir, Turkey. Courier Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg. Frankfurt 240 : 133 147.
93. Major F. 1888. Sur un gisement d'ossements fossiles dans l'île de Samos, contemporains de l'âge de Pikermi. Compte Rendu de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris 117 : 1178 1181.
94. Major F. 1893. On the tooth of an ant bear. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1893 : 239 240.
95. Manlius N. 2002. Aardvarks to otters: ancient Egypt's unusual fauna. Ancient Egypt 3 : 24 31.
96. Marean CW. 1992. Implications of late quaternary mammalian fauna from Lukenya Hill (South-Central Kenya) for paleoenvironmental change and faunal extinctions. Quaternary Research 37 : 239 255.
97. Matschie P. 1898. Aus der Säugetierwelt der mittleren Hochländer Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas. In : Werther CW, ed. Die mittleren Hochländer des Nördlichen Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas. Berlin : Hermann Patel Verlag, 205 267.
98. Matschie P. 1900. Einige Säugetiere aus dem Hinterlande von Kamerun. Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde, Berlin 3 : 87 138.
99. Melton DA. 1976. The biology of aardvark (Tubulidentata-Orycteropodidae). Mammal Revue 6 : 75 88.
100. Milledge SAH. 2003. Fossil aardvarks from the Lothagam Beds. In : Harris JM, Leakey MG, eds. Lothagam - the down of humanity in Eastern Africa. New York : Columbia University Press, 303 308.
101. Murphy WJ, Pringle TH, Crider TA, Springer MS, Miller W. 2007. Using genomic data to unravel the root of the placental phylogeny. Genome Research 17 : 413 421.
102. Ozansoy F. 1965. Etude des Gisements Continentaux et des Mammifères du Cénozoique de Turquie. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France 102 : 1 92.
103. Pagès E. 1970. Sur l'écologie et les adaptations de l'oryctérope et des pangolins sympatriques d'Afrique. Biologia Gabonica 6 : 27 92.
104. Pallas PS. 1766. Miscellanea zoologica. La Haye : AP Van Cleef.
105. Pallas PS. 1780. Observationes circa Myrmecophagam africanam et Didelphidis novam speciem orientalem, e litteris celeberrimi Petri Camper excerplae et illustratae. Acta Academiae scientiarum imperialis Petropolitanae pro anno 1777, p. 225, pars posterior, Petropoli.
106. Patterson B. 1975. The fossil Aardvarks (Mammalia: Tubulidentata). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 147 : 185 237.
107. Patterson B. 1978. Pholidota and Tubulidentata. In : Maglio VJ, Cooke HBS, eds. Evolution of African Mammals. Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 268 278.
108. Pavlova MV. 1915. Mammifères tertiaires de la Nouvelle Russie. Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société des Naturalistes, Moscou XVII : 45 46.
109. Pickford M. 1975. New fossil Orycteropodidae (Mammalia, Tubulidentata) from East Africa. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 25 : 57 88.
110. Pickford M. 1978. New evidence concerning the fossil Aardvarks (Mammalia, Tubulidentata) of Pakistan. Tertiary Research 2 : 39 44.
111. Pickford M. 1981. Preliminary Miocene mammalian biostratigraphy for Western Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 10 : 73 97.
112. Pickford M. 1994. Tubulidentata of the Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda. In : Senut B, Pickford M, eds. Geology and Palaeobiology of the Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda-Zaire. Vol. II: Palaeobiology. CIFEG 29 Occasional Publications, 261 262.
113. Pickford M. 1996. Tubulidentata (Mammalia) from the Middle and Upper Miocene of southern Namibia. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, série IIa 322 : 805 810.
114. Pickford M. 2003. Minute species of Orycteropus from the early Middle Miocene at Arrisdrift, Namibia. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Namibia 19 : 195 198.
115. Pickford M. 2004. Southern Africa: a cradle of evolution. South African Journal of Science 100 : 205 214.
116. Pickford M. 2005. Orycteropus (Tubulidentata, Mammalia) from Langebaanweg and Baard's Quarry, Early Pliocene of South Africa. Comptes Rendus Palevol 4 : 715 726.
117. Pickford M, Andrews P. 1981. The Tinderet Miocene sequence in Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 10 : 1 33.
118. Pickford M, Morales J. 1998. Une lignée de suiformes de type tubulidenté (Tayassuidae, Mammalia) du Miocène inférieur d'Espagne. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Séries IIA - Earth and Planetary Science 327 : 285 290.
119. Pocock RI. 1924. Some external characters of Orycteropus afer. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 46 : 697 706.
120. Potts R, Deino A. 1995. Mid-Pleistocene change in large Mammal faunas of East Africa. Quaternary Research 43 : 106 113.
121. Potts R, Shipman P, Ingall E. 1988. Taphonomy, paleoecology, and hominids of Lainyamok, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 17 : 597 614.
122. Robinson RJ, Seiffert ER. 2004. Afrotherian origins and interrelationships: new views and future prospects. Current Topics in Developmental Biology 63 : 37 60.
123. Romer AS. 1938. Mammalian remains from some Paleolithic stations in Algeria. Logan Museum Bulletin 5 : 165 184.
124. Rook L, Masini F. 1994. Orycteropus cf. gaudryi (Mammalia, Tubulidentata) from the late Messinian of the Monticino Quarry (Faenza, Italy). Bullettino dellà Società Paleontologica Italiana 33 : 369 374.
125. Rothschild W. 1907. On a new race of Orycteropus. Novitates Zoologicae Tring. 14 : 506.
126. Rothschild W. 1927. Description of a new race of Aardvarks (Orycteropus afer kordofanicus). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 9 19 : 512.
127. Rögl F. 1999. Circum-Mediterranean Miocene palaeogeography. In : Rössner G, Heissig K, eds. The Miocene Land Mammals of Europe. München : Friedrich Pfeil Verlag, 39 48.
128. Sen S. 1986. Contribution à la magnétostratigraphie et à la paléontologie des formations continentales néogènes du pourtour méditerranéen. Implications biochronologiques et paléobiologiques. Unpublished D. Phil. Thesis, Université Paris VI.
129. Sen S. 1990. Hipparion datum and its chronologic evidence in the mediterranean area. NATO ASI Series, Serie A; Life Science 'European Neogene Mammal Chronology' 180 : 495 595.
130. Sen S. 1994. Les gisements de mammifères du Miocène supérieur de Kemiklitepe, Turquie: 5. Rongeurs, Tubulidentés et Chalicothères. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris 16 4ème série; section C : 97 111.
131. Sen S, Valet JP. 1986. Magnetostratigraphy of late Miocene continental deposits in Samos, Greece. Earth and Planetary Science Letter 80 : 167 174.
132. Shipman P, Potts R, Pickford M. 1983. Lainyamok, a new middle Pleistocene hominid site. Nature 306 : 365 368.
133. Shoshani J, Goldman CA, Thewissen JGM. 1988. Orycteropus afer. Mammalian Species 300 : 1 8.
134. Simpson GG. 1959. A new Middle Eocene edentate from Wyoming. American Museum Novitates 1950 : 1 12.
135. Sondaar PY. 1971. The samos Hipparion. Proceeding of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, series B 74 : 417 441.
136. Sonntag CF. 1925. A monograph of Orycteropus afer. - I. Anatomy except the nervous system, skin, and skeleton. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 23 : 331 437.
137. Sonntag CF, Woolard HH. 1925. A monograph of Orycteropus afer. - II. Nervous system, sense organs and hairs. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 1925 : 1185 1235.
138. Springer MS, Cleven GC, Madsen O, de Jong WW, Waddell VG, Amrine HM, Stanhope MJ. 1997. Endemic African mammals shake the phylogenetic tree. Nature 388 : 61 64.
139. Springer MS, Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, O'Brien SJ. 2003. Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 : 1056 1061.
140. Springer MS, Stanhope MJ, Madsen O, de Jong WW. 2004. Molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19 : 430 438.
141. Stanhope MJ, Waddell VG, Madsen O, de Jong WW, Hedges SB, Cleven GC, Kao D, Springer MS. 1998. Molecular evidence for multiple origins of Insectivora and for a new order of endemic African insectivore mammals. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science USA 95 : 9967 9972.
142. Sundevall CJ. 1843. Orycteropus aethiopicus. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademeins Handlingar Stockholm 1842 : 236 242.
143. Swofford DL. 1998. PAUP - Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parcimony. Massachussets, Sunderland : Sinauer Associates.
144. Tabuce R, Marivaux L, Adaci M, Bensalah M, Hartenberger J-L, Mahboubi M, Mebrouk F, Tafforeau P, Jaeger J-J. 2007. Early Tertiary mammals from North Africa reinforce the molecular Afrotheria clade. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B 274 : 1159 1166.
145. Tabuce R, Asher RJ, Lehmann T. 2008. Afrotherian Mammals: a review of current data. Mammalia 72 : 2 14.
146. Taylor WA, Skinner JD. 2003. Activity patterns, home ranges and burrow use of aardvarks (Orycteropus afer) in the Karoo. Journal of Zoology, London 261 : 291 297.
147. Taylor WA, Lindsey PA, Skinner JD. 2002. The feeding ecology of the aardvark Orycteropus afer. Journal of Arid Environments 50 : 135 152.
148. Tekkaya I. 1993. Türkiye fosil Orycteropodidae'leri. T. C. Kültür Bakanligi Anitlar ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlü gü. VIII Arkeometri Sonu̧lari Toplantisi 1992, Ankara, 275 289.
149. Thewissen JGM. 1985. Cephalic evidence for the affinities of Tubulidentata. Mammalia 49 : 257 284.
150. Thewissen JGM, Badoux DM. 1986. The Descriptive and Functional Myology of the Fore-Limb of the Aardvark (Orycteropus afer, Pallas 1766). Anatomische Anzeiger, Jena 162 : 109 123.
151. Thomas O. 1890. A milk dentition in Orycteropus. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London 47 : 246 248.
152. Urbain A. 1954. Biologie de l'Oryctérope. Annales du Muséum Royal du Congo Belge (NS), Sciences Zoologiques 1 : 101 105.
153. Van Neer W. 1984. Faunal remains form Matupi cave, an iron age and late stone age site in norhteastern Zaïre. Academia Analecta 46 : 58 76.
154. Vignaud P, Duringer P, Mackaye HT, Likius A, Blondel C, Boisserie J-R, de Bonis L, Eisenmann V, Etienne M-E, Geraads D, Guy F, Lehmann T, Lihoreau F, Lopez-Martinez N, Mourer-Chauviré C, Otero O, Rage J-C, Schuster M, Viriot L, Zazzo A, Brunet M. 2002. Geology and palaeontology of the Upper Miocene Toros-Menalla hominid locality. Nature 418 : 152 155.
155. Waddell PJ, Kishino H, Ota R. 2001. A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics. Genome Informatics Series 12 : 141 154.
156. Willis CK, Skinner JD, Robertson HG. 1992. Abundance of ants and termites in the False Karoo and their importance in the diet of the aardvark, Orycteropus afer. African Journal of Ecology 20 : 322 334.
157. WoldeGabriel G, Haile-Selassie Y, Renne PR, Hart WK, Ambrose SH, Asfaw B, Heiken G, White T. 2001. Geology and palaeontology of the late Miocene Middle Awash valley, Afar Rift, Ethiopia. Nature 412 : 175 177.
158. Woodward AS. 1901. On the bone-beds of Pikermi, Attica, and on similar deposits in Northern Euboea. The Geological Magazine, New Series decade IV, III : 481 486
159. Yang F, Alkalaeva EZ, Perelman PL, Pardini AT, Harrison WR, O'Brien PCM, Fu B, Graphodatsky AS, Ferguson-Smith MA, Robinson TJ. 2003. Reciprocal chromosome painting among human, aardvark, and elephant (superorder Afrotheria) reveals the likely eutherian ancestral karyotype. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 : 1062 1066.
160. von Zimmermann EAW. 1778. Geographische Geschichte der vierfüßigen Tiere. Band I, Leipzig, P. 305 and Band II, p. 407.
161. Zukowsky L, Haltenorth T. 1957. Das Erdferkel (Orycteropus afer) aus Angola, eine eigene Unterart? Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen Band V : 124 126.