Biological effects and physico-chemical properties of extremely diluted aqueous solutions as a function of aging-time

Frontiers in Life Science

Volumn 5, Issue 3-4, 2011, Pages 117-126

  Betti, Lucietta ^a   Elia, Vittorio ^b   Napoli, Elena ^b   Trebbi, Grazia ^a   Zurla, Michela ^a   Nani, Daniele ^c   Peruzzi, Maurizio ^d   Brizzi, Maurizio ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^c Italian Society of Anthroposophical Medicine   (Italy)

^d Andalo Valtellino (SO)   (Italy)

Author keywords

Aging time effect; Arsenic trioxide; Conductivity; Extremely diluted solutions; Wheat germination

Indexed keywords

EID: 84878249733     PISSN: 21553769     EISSN: 21553777     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/21553769.2011.638986     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Bakker HJ, Kropman MF, Omta AW. 2005. Effect of ions on the structure and dynamics of liquid water. J Phys Condens Matter. 17:3215-3224.
2. Ball P. 2008.Water -an enduring mystery. Nature. 452:291-292.
3. Baumgartner S, Heusser P, Thurneysen A. 1998. Methodological standards and problems in preclinical homeopathic potency research. Forsch Komplementarmed. 5:27-32.
4. Baumgartner S, Shah D, Schaller J, Kämpfer U, Thurneysen A, Heusser P. 2008. Reproducibility of dwarf pea shoot growth stimulation by homeopathic potencies of gibberellic acid. Complement Ther Med. 16:183-191.
5. Bellavite P, Ortolani R, Conforti, A. 2006. Immunology and homeopathy: 3. Experimental studies on animal models. eCAM 3:171-186.
6. Bellavite P, Ortolani R, Pontarollo F, Pitari G, Conforti A. 2007. Immunology and homeopathy: 5. The Rationale of the 'Simile'. eCAM 4:149-163.
7. Belon P, Cumps J, Ennis M, Mannaioni PF, Roberfroid M, Sainte- Laudy J, Wiegant FAC. 2004. Histamine dilutions modulate basophil activation. Inflamm Res 53:181-188.
8. Belon P, Elia V, Elia L, Montanino M, Napoli E, Niccoli M. 2008. Conductometric and calorimetric studies of the serially diluted and agitated solutions. On the combined anomalous effect of time and volume parameters. J Therm Anal Calorim 93:459-469.
9. Betti L, Biondi S, Brizzi M, Calzoni GL, Lazzarato L, Nani D, Peruzzi M, Scaramagli S, Speranza A, Torrigiani P, Trebbi G. 2000. Modelli sperimentali di studio degli effetti biologici delle diluizioni omeopatiche. In: Proceedings "Il medicinale omeopatico -Tra tradizione e realtà farmacoterapica"; Sep 27; Milan: Rapporti GSISR p. 24-48.
10. Betti L, Brizzi M, Nani D, Peruzzi M. 1994. A pilot statistical study with homeopathic potencies of Arsenicum album in wheat germination as a simple model. Br Homeopath J. 83:195-201.
11. Betti L, Brizzi M, Nani D, Peruzzi M. 1997. Effect of high dilutions of Arsenicum album on wheat seedlings from seed poisoned with the same substance. Br Homeopath J. 86:86-89.
12. Betti L, Trebbi G, Majewsky V, Scherr C, Shah-Rossi D, Jäger T, Baumgartner S. 2009. Use of homeopathic preparations in phitopathological models and in field trials: a critical review. Homeopathy. 98:244-266.
13. Betti L, Trebbi G, Nani D, Majewsky V, Scherr C, Jäger T, Baumgartner S. 2008. Models with plants, microorganisms and viruses for basic research in homeopathy. In: Bonamin LV, editor. Signals and images. Contributions and contradictions about high dilution research. London: Springer. p. 97-111
14. Betti L, Trebbi G, Zurla M, Nani D, Peruzzi M, Brizzi M. 2010. A review of three simple plant models and corresponding statistical tools for basic research in homeopathy. ScientificWorldJournal. 10:2330-2347.
15. Brizzi M, Elia V, Trebbi G, Nani D, Peruzzi M, Betti, L. 2011. The efficacy of ultramolecular aqueous dilutions on a wheat germination model as a function of heat and aging-time. eCAM. 2011: Article ID 696298, 11 p. doi:10.1093/ecam/nep217.
16. Brizzi M, Lazzarato L, Nani D, Borghini F, Peruzzi M, Betti L. 2005. A biostatistical insight into the As2O3 high dilution effects on the rate and variability of wheat seedling growth. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd. 12:277-283.
17. Brizzi M, Nani, D, Peruzzi M, Betti, L. 2000. Statistical analysis of the effect of high dilutions of arsenic in a large dataset from a wheat germination model. Br Homeopath J. 89:63-67.
18. Cacace CM, Elia L, Elia V, Napoli E, Niccoli M. 2009. Conductometric and pHmetric titrations of extremely diluted solutions using HCl solutions as titrant. A molecular model. J Mol Liq 146:122-126.
19. Chaplin M. 2011. Water structure and science [cited 2011 Dec 13]. Available from: http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water
20. Chikramane PS, Suresh AK, Bellare JR, Kane SG. 2010. Extreme homeopathic dilutions retain starting materials: a nanoparticulate perspective. Homeopathy. 99:231-242.
21. Conover WJ. 1980. Practical nonparametric statistics. 2nd ed. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons.
22. Czerlinski G, Ypma T. 2010. Domains of water molecules provide mechanisms of potentization in homeopathy. Water. 2:1-14.
23. De Grotthuss CJT. 1806. The Grotthuss mechanism. Ann Chim LVIII. 58:54-74.
24. Del Giudice E, Elia V, Napoli E, Tedeschi A. 2009. The role of water in the living organism. Neural Biology. 19:355-360.
25. Elia V, Elia L, Cacace P, Napoli E, Niccoli M, Savarese F. 2006. Extremely diluted solutions as multi-variable systems: a study of calorimetric and conductometric behaviour as a function of the parameter time. J Therm Anal Calorim. 84:317-323.
26. Elia V, Elia L, Marchettini N, Napoli E, Niccoli M, Tiezzi E. 2008. Physico-chemical properties of aqueous extremely diluted solutions in relation to aging. J Therm Anal Calorim. 93:1003-1011.
27. Elia V, Elia L, Montanino M, Napoli E, Niccoli M, Nonatelli L. 2007. Conductometric studies of the serially diluted and agitated solutions on an anomalous effect that depends on the dilution process. J Mol Liq. 135:158-165.
28. Elia V, Marchese M, Montanino M, Napoli E, Niccoli M, Nonatelli L, Ramaglia A. 2005. Hydrohysteretic phenomena of extremely diluted solution induced by mechanical treatments: a calorimetric and conductometric study at 25°C. J Solution Chem. 34:947-960.
29. Elia V, Napoli E. 2010. Dissipative structures in extremely diluted solutions of homeopathic medicines. A molecular model based on physico-chemical and gravimetric evidences. Int J Des Nat. 5:39-48.
30. Elia V, Napoli E, Germano R. 2007. The "memory of water": an almost deciphered enigma. Dissipative structures in extremely dilute aqueous solutions. Homeopathy. 96:163-169.
31. Elia V, Napoli E, Niccoli M. 2009. A molecular model of interaction between extremely diluted solutions and NaOH solutions used as titrant. Conductometric and pHmetric titrations. J Mol Liq. 149:45-50.
32. Elia V, Napoli E, Niccoli M, Nonatelli L, Ramaglia A, Ventimiglia E. 2004. New physico-chemical properties of extremely diluted aqueous solutions. A calorimetric and conductivity study at 25 °C. J Therm Anal Calorim. 78:331-342.
33. Elia V, Napoli E, Niccoli M. 2010. Thermodynamic parameters for the binding process of the OH- ion with the dissipative structures. Calorimetric and conductometric titrations. J Therm Anal Calorim. 102:1111-1118.
34. Elia V, Napoli E, Niccoli M, Marchettini N, Tiezzi E. 2008. New physico-chemical properties of aqueous extremely diluted solutions. A conductivity study in relation to ageing. J Solution Chem. 37:85-96.
35. Endler PC, Matzer W, Reich C, Reischl T, Hartmann AM, Thieves K, Pfleger A, Hoföcker J, Lothaller H, Scherer-Pongratz W. 2011. Seasonal variation of the effect of extremely diluted agitated gibberellic acid (10e-30) on wheat stalk growth: a multiresearcher study. ScientificWorldJournal. 11:1667-1678.
36. Errington JR, Debenedetti PG. 2001. Relationship between structural order and the anomalies of liquid water. Nature. 409:318-321.
37. Frenkel M, Mishra BM, Sen S, Yang P, Pawlus A, Vence L, Leblanc A, Cohen L, Banerji P, Banerji P. 2010. Cytotoxic effects of ultra-diluted remedies on breast cancer cells. Int J Oncology. 36:395-403.
38. Gileadi E, Kirowa-Eisner E. 2006. Electrolytic conductivity -the hopping mechanism of the proton and beyond. Electrochim Acta. 51:6003-6011.
39. Holandino C, Leal FD, de Oliveira Barcellos B, Campos MA, Oliveira R, da Veiga VF, Garcia S, Zacharias CR. 2008. Mechanical versus handmade succussions: a physical chemistry comparison. In: Bonamin, LV, editor. Signals and images. Contributions and contradictions about high dilution research. London: Springer. p. 37-48.
40. Jäger T, Scherr C, Shah D, Majewsky V, Betti L, Trebbi G, Bonamin L, Simões-Wüst AP, Wolf U, Simon M, Heusser P, Baumgartner S. 2011. Use of homeopathic preparations in experimental studies with abiotically stressed plants. Homeopathy. 100:275-281.
41. Jäger T, Scherr C, Simon M, Heusser P, Baumgartner S. 2010. Effects of homeopathic Arsenicum album, nosode and gibberellic acid preparations on the growth rate of arsenicimpaired duckweed (Lemna gibba L.). Scientific World Journal. 10:2112-2129.
42. Kondepudi D, Prigogine I. 1998. Modern thermodynamics. From heat engines to dissipative structures. Chichester (UK): Wiley.
43. Light TS, Licht SL. 1987. Conductivity and resistivity of water from the melting to critical point. Anal Chem. 59:2327-2330.
44. Lo YS, Geng X, Gann D. 2009. Evidence for the existence of stable-water-clusters at room temperature and normal pressure. Phys Lett A. 373:3872-3876.
45. Lobyshev VI, Solovey AB, Bulienkov NA. 2003. Computer construction of modular structures of water. J Mol Liq. 106:277-297.
46. Magnani P, Conforti A, Zanolin E, Marzotto M, Bellavite P. 2010. Dose-effect study of Gelsemium sempervirens in high dilutions on anxiety-related responses in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 210:533-545.
47. Majewsky V, Arlt S, Shah-Rossi D, Scherr C, Jäger T, Betti L, Trebbi G, Bonamin L, Klocke P, Baumgartner S. 2009. Use of homeopathic preparations in experimental studies with healthy plants. Homeopathy. 98:228-243.
48. Marchettini N, Del Giudice E, Voeikov V, Tiezzi E. 2010.Water: A medium where dissipative structures are produced by a coherent dynamics. J Theo Bio. 265:511-516.
49. Marschollek B, Nelle M, Wolf M, Baumgartner S, Heusser P, Wolf, U. 2010. Effects of exposure to physical factors on homeopathic preparations as determined by ultraviolet light spectroscopy. ScientificWorldJournal. 10:49-61.
50. Miranda AR. 2008. Water and high dilutions phenomenology: physical characterization. In: Bonamin LV, editor. Signals and images. Contributions and contradictions about high dilution research. London: Springer. p. 49-63.
51. Montagnier L, Aissa J, Del Giudice E, Lavallée C, Tedeschi A, Vitiello G. 2011. DNA waves and water. J Phys: Conf Ser 306, 012007. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/306/1/012007.
52. Montagnier L, Aissa J, Ferris S, Montagnier JL, Lavallée C. 2009. Electromagnetic signals are produced by aqueous nanostructures derived from bacterial DNA sequences. Interdiscip Sci Comput Life Sci. 1:81-90.
53. Nickolaenko AP, Hayakawa M. 2002. Resonances in the earthionosphere cavity. Dordrecht, Boston and London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
54. Nicolis G. 1989. Physics of far-equilibrium systems and selforganization. In: Davies P, editor. The new physics. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 316-333.
55. Prigogine I. 1977. Time, structure and fluctuations. Nobel lecture, 8 December 1977.
56. Rao ML, Roy R, Bell IR, Hoover R. 2007. The defining role of structure (including epitaxy) in the plausibility of homeopathy. Homeopathy. 96:175-182.
57. Rey L. 2003. Thermoluminescence of ultra-high dilutions of lithium chloride and sodium chloride. Physica A. 323:67-74.
58. Rey L. 2007. Can low-temperature thermoluminescence cast light on the nature of ultra-high dilutions? Homeopathy. 96: 170-174.
59. Robinson GW, Cho CH, Gellene GI. 2000. Refractive index mysteries of water. J Phys Chem B. 104:7179-7182.
60. Roy R, Tiller WA, Bell I, Hoover MR. 2005. The structure of liquid water; novel insights from material research; potential relevance to homeopathy. Mater Res Innovations. 9: 93-124.
61. Sachs L. 1984. Applied statistics.Ahandbook of techniques. New York: Springer Verlag.
62. Samal S, Geckeler KE. 2001. Unexpected solute aggregation in water on dilution. Chem Commun. 21:2224-2225.
63. Shah-Rossi D, Heusser P, Baumgartner S. 2009. Homeopathic treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana plants infected with Pseudomonas syringae. ScientificWorldJournal. 9: 320-330.
64. Stephens MA. 1974. EDF statistics for goodness-of-fit and some comparisons. J Am Stat Assoc. 69:730-737.
65. Stock-Schröer B, Albrecht H, Betti L, Endler PC, Linde K, Lüdtke R, Musial F, van Wijk R, Witt C, Baumgartner S. 2009. Reporting experiments in homeopathic basic research (REHBaR) -A detailed guideline for authors. Homeopathy. 98:287-298.
66. Teixeira J, Luzar A, Longeville S. 2006. Dynamic of hydrogen bonds: how to probe their role in unusual properties of liquid water. J Phys Condens Matter. 18:S2353-S2362.
67. Welles SU, Endler PC, Scherer-Pongratz W, Suanjak-Traidl E, Weber S, Spranger H, Frass M, Lothaller H. 2007. Does pre-treatment with thyroxin (10-8 M) enhances a "curative" effect of homeopathically prepared thyroxin (10-30) on highland frogs? Results of a multi researcher study. Forsch Komplementmed. 14:353-357.
68. Witt CM, Bluth M, Albrecht H, Weisshuhn TE, Baumgartner S, Willich SN. 2007. The in vitro evidence for an effect of high homeopathic potencies -a systematic review of the literature. Complement Ther Med. 15:128-138.
69. Wyss E, Tamm L, Siebenwirth J, Baumgartner S. 2010. Homeopathic preparations to control the rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea Pass.). ScientificWorldJournal. 10: 38-48.