Effects of smoking on heart rate at rest and during exercise, and on heart rate recovery, in young adults

Hellenic Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 54, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 168-177

  Papathanasiou, George ^a   Georgakopoulos, Dimitris ^b   Papageorgiou, Effie ^c   Zerva, Efthimia ^a   Michalis, Lampros ^d   Kalfakakou, Vasiliki ^e   Evangelou, Angelos ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WEST ATTICA   (Greece)

^b P AND A KYRIAKOU CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Greece)

^c TEI A   (Greece)

^d UNIVERSITY OF IOANNINA   (Greece)

^e UNIVERSITY OF IOANNINA   (Greece)

Author keywords

Exercise; Heart rate; Heart rate recovery; Heart rate reserve; Smoking

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; EXERCISE; EXERCISE RECOVERY; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS; HEART RATE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; SMOKING; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TREADMILL;

ADULT; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TEST; FEMALE; HEART RATE; HUMANS; MALE; SMOKING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84878170929     PISSN: 11099666     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2011. Warning about the dangers of tobacco. Geneva 2011; available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publica-tions/2011/9789240687813_eng.pdf
2. European Society of Cardiology. Position paper on the 'Tobacco Products Directive'. Sophia Antipolis Cedex-France, 2013; available at: http://www.escardio.org/about/Documents/ tobacco-products-directive- position-paper.pdf
3. Palatini P. Heart rate as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: current evidence and basic mechanisms. Drugs. 2007; 67 (Suppl 2): 3-13.
4. Perret-Guillaume C, Joly L, Benetos A. Heart rate as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2009; 52: 6-10.
5. Astrand PO, Rodahl K, Dahl HA, Stromme SB. Textbook of work physiology. Physiological basis of Exercise. Champagne, IL: Human Kinetics; 2003. pp.134-176.
6. Lauer MS. Chronotropic incompetence: ready for prime time. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 44: 431-432.
7. Morise AP. Heart rate recovery: predictor of risk today and target of therapy tomorrow? Circulation. 2004; 110: 2778-2780.
8. Jouven X, Empana JP, Schwartz PJ, Desnos M, Courbon D, Ducimetière P. Heart-rate profile during exercise as a predictor of sudden death. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 1951-1958.
9. Savonen KP, Lakka TA, Laukkanen JA, et al. Heart rate response during exercise test and cardiovascular mortality in middle-aged men. Eur Heart J. 2006; 27: 582-588.
10. Sandvik L, Erikssen J, Ellestad M, et al. Heart rate increase and maximal heart rate during exercise as predictors of cardiovascular mortality: a 16-year follow-up study of 1960 healthy men. Coron Artery Dis. 1995; 6: 667-679.
11. Myers J, Tan SY, Abella J, Aleti V, Froelicher VF. Comparison of the chronotropic response to exercise and heart rate recovery in predicting cardiovascular mortality. Eur J Cardio-vasc Prev Rehabil. 2007; 14: 215-221.
12. Cole CR, Foody JM, Blackstone EH, Lauer MS. Heart rate recovery after submaximal exercise testing as a predictor of mortality in a cardiovascularly healthy cohort. Ann Intern Med. 2000; 132: 552-555.
13. Morshedi-Meibodi A, Larson MG, Levy D, O'Donnell CJ, Vasan RS. Heart rate recovery after treadmill exercise testing and risk of cardiovascular disease events (The Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 2002; 90: 848-852.
14. Benowitz NL. Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology and implications for treatment. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2003; 46: 91-111.
15. Lauer MS, Pashkow FJ, Larson MG, Levy D. Association of cigarette smoking with chronotropic incompetence and prognosis in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1997; 96: 897-903.
16. Srivastava R, Blackstone EH, Lauer MS. Association of smoking with abnormal exercise heart rate responses and long-term prognosis in a healthy, population-based cohort. Am J Med. 2000; 109: 20-26.
17. Hering D, Somers VK, Kara T, et al. Sympathetic neural responses to smoking are age dependent. J Hypertens. 2006; 24: 691-695.
18. Antelmi I, de Paula RS, Shinzato AR, Peres CA, Mansur AJ, Grupi CJ. Influence of age, gender, body mass index, and functional capacity on heart rate variability in a cohort of subjects without heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2004; 93: 381-385.
19. Molfino A, Fiorentini A, Tubani L, Martuscelli M, Rossi Fanelli F, Laviano A. Body mass index is related to autonom-ic nervous system activity as measured by heart rate variability. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009; 63: 1263-1265.
20. Felber Dietrich D, Ackermann-Liebrich U, Schindler C, et al. Effect of physical activity on heart rate variability in normal weight, overweight and obese subjects: results from the SA-PALDIA study. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008; 104: 557-565.
21. Bønaa KH, Arnesen E. Association between heart rate and atherogenic blood lipid fractions in a population. The Trom-sø Study. Circulation. 1992; 86: 394-405.
22. Ohira T, Tanigawa T, Tabata M, et al. Effects of habitual alcohol intake on ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and its variability among Japanese men. Hypertension. 2009; 53: 13-19.
23. Vriz O, Nesbitt S, Krause L, Majahalme S, Lu H, Julius S. Smoking is associated with higher cardiovascular risk in young women than in men: the Tecumseh Blood Pressure Study. J Hypertens. 1997; 15: 127-134.
24. Papathanasiou G, Georgakopoulos D, Georgoudis G, Spyro-poulos P, Perrea D, Evangelou A. Effects of chronic smoking on exercise tolerance and on heart rate-systolic blood pressure product in young healthy adults. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007; 14: 646-652.
25. Nauman J, Nilsen TI, Wisløff U, Vatten LJ. Combined effect of resting heart rate and physical activity on ischaemic heart disease: mortality follow-up in a population study (the HUNT study, Norway). J Epidemiol Community Health. 2010; 64: 175-181.
26. Jouven X, Empana JP, Escolano S, et al. Relation of heart rate at rest and long-term (>20 years) death rate in initially healthy middle-aged men. Am J Cardiol. 2009; 103: 279-283.
27. Cooney MT, Vartiainen E, Laakitainen T, Juolevi A, Dudi-na A, Graham IM. Elevated resting heart rate is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in healthy men and women. Am Heart J. 2010; 159: 612-619.e3
28. Andrikopoulos G, Pastromas S, Kartalis A, et al. Inadequate heart rate control is associated with worse quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The RYTHMOS study. Hellenic J Cardi-ol. 2012; 53: 118-126.
29. Palatini P. Need for a revision of the normal limits of resting heart rate. Hypertension. 1999; 33: 622-625.
30. Kizilbash MA, Carnethon MR, Chan C, Jacobs DR, Sidney S, Liu K. The temporal relationship between heart rate recovery immediately after exercise and the metabolic syndrome: the CARDIA study. Eur Heart J. 2006; 27: 1592-1596.
31. Papathanasiou G, Georgoudis G, Papandreou M, et al. Reliability measures of the short International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in Greek young adults. Hellenic J Cardiol. 2009; 50: 283-294.
32. Papathanasiou G, Georgoudis G, Georgakopoulos D, Kat-souras C, Kalfakakou V, Evangelou A. Criterion-related validity of the short International Physical Activity Questionnaire against exercise capacity in young adults. Eur J Cardio-vasc Prev Rehabil. 2010; 17: 380-386.
33. Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker JT, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary article. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 40: 1531-1540.
34. Gidding SS, Xie X, Liu K, Manolio T, Flack JM, Gardin JM. Cardiac function in smokers and non smokers: The CARDIA Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 26: 211-216.
35. Al-Safi SA. Does smoking affect blood pressure and heart rate? Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2005; 4: 286-289
36. Kobayashi Y, Takeuchi T, Hosoi T, Loeppky JA. Effects of habitual smoking on cardiorespiratory responses to sub-maximal exercise. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci. 2004; 23: 163-169.
37. Lucini D, Bertocchi F, Malliani A, Pagani M. A controlled study of the autonomic changes produced by habitual cigarette smoking in healthy subjects. Cardiovasc Res. 1996; 31: 633-639.
38. Hayano J, Yamada M, Sakakibara Y, et al. Short- and long-term effects of cigarette smoking on heart rate variability. Am J Cardiol. 1990; 65: 84-88.
39. Laustiola KE, Lassila R, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M. Decreased beta-adrenergic receptor density and catecholamine response in male cigarette smokers. A study of monozygotic twin pairs discordant for smoking. Circulation. 1988; 78: 1234-1240.
40. Narkiewicz K, van de Borne PJ, Hausberg M, et al. Cigarette smoking increases sympathetic outflow in humans. Circulation. 1998; 98: 528-534.
41. Shalnova S, Shestov DB, Ekelud LG, Abernathy JR, Plavins-kaya S, Thomas RP, et al. Blood pressure response and heart rate response during exercise in men and women in the USA and Russia lipid research clinics prevalence study. Atherosclerosis. 1996; 122: 47-57.
42. Skinner JS, Gaskill SE, Rankinen T, et al. Heart rate versus %VO2max: age, sex, race, initial fitness, and training response-HERITAGE. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003; 35: 1908-1913.
43. Ekelund LG, Haskell WL, Johnson JL, Whaley FS, Criqui MH, Sheps DS. Physical fitness as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in asymptomatic North American men. The Lipid Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study. N Engl J Med. 1988; 319: 1379-1384.
44. Savonen KP, Lakka TA, Laukkanen JA, Rauramaa TH, Sa-lonen JT, Rauramaa R. Effectiveness of workload at the heart rate of 100 beats/min in predicting cardiovascular mortality in men aged 42, 48, 54, or 60 years at baseline. Am J Cardiol. 2007; 100: 563-568.
45. Sidney S, Sternfeld B, Gidding SS, et al. Cigarette smoking and submaximal exercise test duration in a biracial population of young adults: the CARDIA study. Med Sci Sports Ex-erc. 1993; 25: 911-916.
46. Bernaards CM, Twisk JW, Van Mechelen W, Snel J, Kem-per HC. A longitudinal study on smoking in relationship to fitness and heart rate response. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003; 35: 793-800.
47. Andersen LB, Haraldsdóttir J. Coronary heart disease risk factors, physical activity, and fitness in young Danes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995; 27: 158-163.
48. Cheng YJ, Macera CA, Church TS, Blair SN. Heart rate reserve as a predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002; 34: 1873-1878.
49. Asthana A, Piper ME, McBride PE, et al. Long-term effects of smoking and smoking cessation on exercise stress testing: three-year outcomes from a randomized clinical trial. Am Heart J. 2012; 163: 81-87.e1.
50. Penny WJ, Mir MA. Cardiorespiratory response to exercise before and after acute beta-adrenoreceptor blockade in non-smokers and chronic smokers. Int J Cardiol. 1986; 11: 293-304.
51. McDonough P, Moffatt RJ. Smoking-induced elevations in blood carboxyhaemoglobin levels. Effect on maximal oxygen uptake. Sports Med. 1999; 27: 275-283.
52. Shetler K, Marcus R, Froelicher VF, et al. Heart rate recovery: validation and methodologic issues. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 38: 1980-1987.
53. Zaim S, Schesser J, Hirsch LS, Rockland R. Influence of the maximum heart rate attained during exercise testing on subsequent heart rate recovery. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2010; 15: 43-48.