HIV Due to Female Sex Work: Regional and Global Estimates

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 2013, Pages

  Prüss Ustün, Annette ^a   Wolf, Jennyfer ^a   Driscoll, Tim ^b   Degenhardt, Louisa ^c,d   Neira, Maria ^a   Calleja, Jesus Maria Garcia ^a  

^a WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFRICAN CARIBBEAN; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PREVALENCE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PROSTITUTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SEXUAL INTERCOURSE; SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA; SOUTH ASIA; SOUTHEAST ASIA; UNPROTECTED SEX; VIRUS LOAD;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN; CARIBBEAN REGION; EPIDEMICS; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; LATIN AMERICA; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PREVALENCE; SEX WORKERS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84878130431     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063476     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. WHO (2011) Preventing HIV among sex workers in sub-Saharan Africa: A literature review. Geneva: WHO.
2. Vandepitte J, Lyerla R, Dallabetta G, Crabbé F, Alary M, et al. (2006) Estimates of the number of female sex workers in different regions of the world. Sex Transm Infect 82: iii18-iii25 doi:10.1136/sti.2006.020081.
3. UNAIDS (2008) 2008 Report on the global AIDS epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS. Available: http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/knowyourepidemic/epidemiologypublications/2008reportontheglobalaidsepidemic/. Accessed 2013 Mar 15.
4. UNAIDS (2011) World Aids Day Report 2011. How to get to zero: Faster. Smarter. Better.
5. Baral S, Beyrer C, Muessig K, Poteat T, Wirtz AL, et al. (2012) Burden of HIV among female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 12: 538-549 doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70066-X.
6. UNAIDS (2008) UNAIDS- FAQS- Who is being infected with HIV and what makes people vulnerable to HIV infection? Available: http://hivpreventiontoolkit.unaids.org/support_pages/faq_who_infected_hiv.aspx. Accessed 2012 Aug 16.
7. UNAIDS (2012) UNAIDS Guidance Note on HIV and Sex Work. Geneva, Switzerland.
8. Medhi GK, Mahanta J, Kermode M, Paranjape RS, Adhikary R, et al. (2012) Factors associated with history of drug use among female sex workers (FSW) in a high HIV prevalence state of India. BMC Public Health 12: 273 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-273.
9. Strathdee SA, Philbin MM, Semple SJ, Pu M, Orozovich P, et al. (2008) Correlates of Injection Drug Use among Female Sex Workers in Two Mexico-U.S. Border Cities. Drug Alcohol Depend 92: 132-140 doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.07.001.
10. Ross MW, Crisp BR, Mansson SA, Hawkes S, (2011) Occupational health and safety among commercial sex workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 38: 105-119 doi:10.5271/sjweh.3184.
11. UNAIDS (2010) Report on the global AIDS epidemic. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS. Available: http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/GlobalReport/2008/2008_Global_report.asp. Accessed 2010 Aug 19.
12. UNAIDS (2012) HIV and AIDS Data Hub for Asia-Pacific. UNGASS Indicators Country Reports. UNAIDS. Available: http://www.unaids.org. Accessed 2012 July 6.
13. UNAIDS (2012) UNGASS Country Reports. Available: http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/. Accessed 2012 Aug 31.
14. Mathers BM, Degenhardt L, Phillips B, Wiessing L, Hickman M, et al. (2008) Global epidemiology of injecting drug use and HIV among people who inject drugs: a systematic review. Lancet 372: 1733-1745 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61311-2.
15. Aceijas C, Friedman SR, Cooper HLF, Wiessing L, Stimson GV, et al. (2006) Estimates of injecting drug users at the national and local level in developing and transitional countries, and gender and age distribution. Sex Transm Infect 82: iii10-iii17 doi:10.1136/sti.2005.019471.
16. Rodríguez CM, Marques LF, Touzé G, (2002) HIV and injection drug use in Latin America. Aids 16: S34.
17. International Harm Reduction Program (IHRD), Open Society Institute (2008) Harm reduction developments 2008. Countries with injection-driven HIV epidemics. New York: IHRD. Available: http://www.soros.org/reports/harm-reduction-developments-2008. Accessed 2012 Sep 28.
18. Breen C, Breen C, Roxburgh A, Degenhardt L, (2005) Gender differences among regular injecting drug users in Sydney, Australia, 1996-2003. Drug Alcohol Rev 24: 353-358.
19. National Epidemiology Center, Department of Health (2005) Integrated HIV Behavioral and Serologic Surveillance. Manila: National Epidemiology Center.
20. McInnes CW, Druyts E, Harvard SS, Gilbert M, Tyndall MW, et al. (2009) HIV/AIDS in Vancouver, British Columbia: a growing epidemic. Harm Reduct J 6: 1-5 doi:10.1186/1477-7517-6-5.
21. Government of Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada (n.d.) Infectious Disease- HIV/AIDS- Reports and Publications- Government of Canada Report to the Secretary General of the United Nations on the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS January 2006- December 2007. Available: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/aids-sida/publication/ungass07/status-eng.php. Accessed 2011 May 9.
22. Bruckova M, Bautista CT, Graham RR, Maly M, Vandasova J, et al. (2006) HIV infection among commercial sex workers and injecting drug users in the Czech Republic. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 1017-1020.
23. EuroHIV (2006) HIV/AIDS Surveillance in Europe. Mid-Year report 2006. Paris: French Institute for Public Health Surveillance.
24. Lau JTF, Tsui HY, Zhang Y, Cheng F, Zhang L, et al. (2008) Comparing HIV-related syringe-sharing behaviors among female IDU engaging versus not engaging in commercial sex. Drug Alcohol Depend 97: 54-63 doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.024.
25. WHO (2012) Metrics: Population Attributable Fraction (PAF). Available: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/metrics_paf/en/index.html. Accessed 2012 Oct 8.
26. Rothman K, Greenland S, Lash T (2008) Modern Epidemiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
27. UNAIDS (2006) 2006 report on the global AIDS edpidemic. UNAIDS. Available: http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news60/en/index.html. Accessed 2010 Jun 30.
28. Monitoring the AIDS epidemic (MAP) (2005) Sex work and HIV/AIDS in Asia. MAP. Available: http://www.mapnetwork.org/docs/MAP_SW in Asia Final 04July200405_en.pdf. Accessed 2012 May 5.
29. Monitoring the AIDS pandemic (MAP) (2005) Drug injection and HIV/AIDS in Asia. Available: http://www.mapnetwork.org/docs/MAP_IDU%20Book%2024Jun05_en.pdf. Accessed 2010 Jun 30.
30. Needle R, Kroeger K, Belani H, Achrekar A, Parry CD, et al. (2008) Sex, drugs, and HIV: rapid assessment of HIV risk behaviors among street-based drug using sex workers in Durban, South Africa. Soc Sci Med 67: 1447-1455 doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.06.031.
31. Degenhardt L, Mathers B, Vickerman P, Rhodes T, Latkin C, et al. (2010) Prevention of HIV infection for people who inject drugs: why individual, structural, and combination approaches are needed. Lancet 376: 285-301 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60742-8.
32. Goldstein H (2010) Multilevel Statistical Models. 4th ed. Wiley. 382 p.
33. WHO (2012) WHO {pipe} Definition of region groupings. WHO. Available: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/definition_regions/en/index.html. Accessed 2012 Apr 11.
34. Alary M, Lowndes CM, (2004) The central role of clients of female sex workers in the dynamics of heterosexual HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS 18: 945-947.
35. UNAIDS (2012) UNAIDS Report on the global AIDS epidemic. UNAIDS. Available: http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2012/gr2012/20121120_UNAIDS_Global_Report_2012_en.pdf.
36. UNAIDS, World Bank (2010) New HIV Infections by mode of transmission in West Africa: A Multi-Country Analysis.
37. WHO (2011) Disease and injury regional estimates. Cause-specific mortality: regional estimates for 2008. WHO. Available: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html. Accessed 2012 Sep 18.
38. Côté AM, Sobela F, Dzokoto A, Nzambi K, Asamoah-Adu C, et al. (2004) Transactional sex is the driving force in the dynamics of HIV in Accra, Ghana. AIDS 18: 917.
39. Lowndes CM, Alary M, Meda H, Gnintoungbe CAB, Mukenge-Tshibaka L, et al. (2002) Role of core and bridging groups in the transmission dynamics of HIV and STIs in Cotonou, Benin, West Africa. Sex Transm Infect 78: i69-i77 doi:10.1136/sti.78.suppl_1.i69.
40. Ruxrungtham K, Brown T, Phanuphak P, (2004) HIV/AIDS in Asia. Lancet 364: 69-82 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16593-8.
41. Gaffey MF, Venkatesh S, Dhingra N, Khera A, Kumar R, et al. (2011) Male Use of Female Sex Work in India: A Nationally Representative Behavioural Survey. PLoS ONE 6: e22704 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022704.
42. ICF International (2012) The percent of men respondents reporting sex with a sex worker in the last 12 months. Available: http://www.statcompiler.com/. Accessed 2012 Sep 13.
43. Magnani R, Riono P, Nurhayati, Saputro E, Mustikawati D, et al. (2010) Sexual risk behaviours, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Indonesia. Sex Transm Infect 86: 393-399 doi:10.1136/sti.2009.038059.
44. Ghys PD, Jenkins C, Pisani E, (2001) HIV surveillance among female sex workers. AIDS 15: S33.
45. Laga M, Piot P, (2012) Prevention of sexual transmission of HIV: real results, science progressing, societies remaining behind. AIDS 26: 1223-1229.
46. Chen L, Jha P, Stirling B, Sgaier SK, Daid T, et al. (2007) Sexual Risk Factors for HIV Infection in Early and Advanced HIV Epidemics in Sub-Saharan Africa: Systematic Overview of 68 Epidemiological Studies. PLoS ONE 2: e1001 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001001.
47. Boily M-C, Lowndes C, Alary M, (2002) The impact of HIV epidemic phases on the effectiveness of core group interventions: insights from mathematical models. Sex Transm Infect 78: i78-i90 doi:10.1136/sti.78.suppl_1.i78.
48. Lowndes CM, Alary M, Labbé A, Gnintoungbè C, Belleau M, et al. (2007) Interventions among male clients of female sex workers in Benin, West Africa: an essential component of targeted HIV preventive interventions. Sex Transm Infect 83: 577-581 doi:10.1136/sti.2007.027441.
49. Wariki WMV, Ota E, Mori R, Koyanagi A, Hori N, et al. (2012) Behavioral interventions to reduce the transmission of HIV infection among sex workers and their clients in low- and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD005272 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005272.pub3.
50. Rojanapithayakorn W, Hanenberg R, (1996) The 100% condom program in Thailand. AIDS 10: 1-8.
51. Alary M, Mukenge-Tshibaka L, Bernier F, Geraldo N, Lowndes CM, et al. (2002) Decline in the prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases among female sex workers in Cotonou, Benin, 1993-1999. AIDS 16: 463.
52. Laga M, Alary M, Behets F, Goeman J, Piot P, et al. (1994) Condom promotion, sexually transmitted diseases treatment, and declining incidence of HIV-1 infection in female Zairian sex workers. Lancet 344: 246-248 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(94)93005-8.
53. Riedner G, Hoffmann O, Rusizoka M, Mmbando D, Maboko L, et al. (2006) Decline in sexually transmitted infection prevalence and HIV incidence in female barworkers attending prevention and care services in Mbeya Region, Tanzania. AIDS 20: 609-615.
54. Ray S, Wijgert J, Mason P, Ndowa F, Maposhere C, (2001) Constraints faced by sex workers in use of female and male condoms for safer sex in urban Zimbabwe. J Urban Health 78: 581-592 doi:10.1093/jurban/78.4.581.
55. Shahmanesh M, Patel V, Mabey D, Cowan F, (2008) Effectiveness of interventions for the prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in female sex workers in resource poor setting: a systematic review. Trop Med Int Health 13: 659-679 doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02040.x.
56. Ota E, Wariki WM, Mori R, Hori N, Shibuya K (2011) Behavioral interventions to reduce the transmission of HIV infection among sex workers and their clients in high-income countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD006045. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006045.pub3.
57. Vuylsteke B, Semde G, Sika L, Crucitti T, Ettiegne Traore V, et al. (2012) High prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among male sex workers in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire: need for services tailored to their needs. Sex Transm Infect 88: 288-293 doi:10.1136/sextrans-2011-050276.
58. Dos Ramos Farías MS, Garcia MN, Reynaga E, Romero M, Vaulet MLG, et al. (2011) First report on sexually transmitted infections among trans (male to female transvestites, transsexuals, or transgender) and male sex workers in Argentina: high HIV, HPV, HBV, and syphilis prevalence. Int J Infect Dis 15: e635-640 doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2011.05.007.
59. Zhao J, Cai W-D, Chen L, Zhao J-K, Gan Y-X, et al. (2011) A comparison of HIV infection and related risks among male sex workers in different venues in Shenzhen, China. AIDS Behav 15: 635-642 doi:10.1007/s10461-010-9786-9.
60. Toledo CA, Varangrat A, Wimolsate W, Chemnasiri T, Phanuphak P, et al. (2010) Examining HIV infection among male sex workers in Bangkok, Thailand: a comparison of participants recruited at entertainment and street venues. AIDS Educ Prev 22: 299-311 doi:10.1521/aeap.2010.22.4.299.
61. Harcourt C, Donovan B, (2005) The many faces of sex work. Sex Transm Infect 81: 201-206 doi:10.1136/sti.2004.012468.
62. Hawken M, Melis R, Ngombo D, Mandaliya K, Ng'ang'a L, et al. (2002) Part time female sex workers in a suburban community in Kenya: a vulnerable hidden population. Sex Transm Infect 78: 271-273 doi:10.1136/sti.78.4.271.
63. Pyett PM, Warr DJ, (1997) Vulnerability on the streets: female sex workers and HIV risk. AIDS care 9: 539-547 doi:10.1080/713613193.
64. Jia M, Luo H, Ma Y, Wang N, Smith K, et al. (2010) The HIV epidemic in Yunnan province, China, 1989-2007. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 53: S34 doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181c7d6ff.
65. Hesketh T, Zhang J, Qiang DJ, (2005) HIV knowledge and risk behaviour of female sex workers in Yunnan Province, China: potential as bridging groups to the general population. AIDS care 17: 958-966 doi:10.1080/09540120500100676.
66. Wang H, Chen RY, Ding G, Ma Y, Ma J, et al. (2009) Prevalence and predictors of HIV infection among female sex workers in Kaiyuan City, Yunnan Province, China. Int J Infect Dis 13: 162 doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2008.05.1229.
67. Xu J, Brown K, Ding G, Wang H, Zhang G, et al. (2011) Factors associated with HIV testing history and HIV-test result follow-up among female sex workers in two cities in Yunnan, China. Sex Transm Infect 38: 89-95 doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181f0bc5e.
68. Miller CL, Pearce ME, Moniruzzaman A, Thomas V, Christian W, et al. (2011) The Cedar Project: risk factors for transition to injection drug use among young, urban Aboriginal people. CMAJ 183: 1147-1154 doi:10.1503/cmaj.101257.
69. Groneberg DA, Molliné M, Kusma B, (2006) Sex work during the World Cup in Germany. Lancet 368: 840-841 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69324-0.
70. Chew L (1998) Prostitution and Migration: Issues and Approaches. Available: http://www.scarletalliance.org.au/library/chew98/file_view. Accessed 2012 Sep 18.
71. IOM (2011) Integrated biological and behavioural surveillance survey among migrant female sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya. Nairobi: International Organization for Migration.
72. TAMPEP International Foundation (2009) Sex work in Europe. A mapping of the prostitution scene in 25 European countries. Amsterdam, Netherlands: TAMPEP.
73. Fazito E, Cuchi P, Mahy M, Brown T, (2012) Analysis of duration of risk behaviour for key populations: a literature review. Sexually Transmitted Infections 88: i24-i32.
74. Weller SC, Davis-Beaty K (2002) Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission. In: The Cochrane Collaboration, Weller SC, editors. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Available: http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD003255/using-condoms-consistently-reduces-sexual-transmission-of-hiv-infection. Accessed 2012 Aug 23.
75. Burgos JL, Gaebler JA, Strathdee SA, Lozada R, Staines H, et al. (2010) Cost-effectiveness of an intervention to reduce HIV/STI incidence and promote condom use among female sex workers in the Mexico-US border region. PLoS ONE 5: e11413 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011413.
76. Fung IC-H, Guinness L, Vickerman P, Watts C, Vannela G, et al. (2007) Modelling the impact and cost-effectiveness of the HIV intervention programme amongst commercial sex workers in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. BMC Public Health 7: 195 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-195.
77. Prinja S, Bahuguna P, Rudra S, Gupta I, Kaur M, et al. (2011) Cost effectiveness of targeted HIV prevention interventions for female sex workers in India. Sex Transm Infect 87: 354-361 doi:10.1136/sti.2010.047829.