Clinical and pharmacological aspects of immunoprophylaxis for respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants

Current Drug Metabolism

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 216-225

  Lanari, Marcello ^a   Silvestri, Michela ^b   Rossi, Giovanni A ^b  

^a Imola Hospital   (Italy)

^b G GASLINI INSTITUTE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Hospitalization; Immunoprophylaxis; Infants; Lower respiratory tract infection; Monoclonal antibody; Pharmacology; Prematurity; Respiratory syncytial virus

Indexed keywords

FELVIZUMAB; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; MOTAVIZUMAB; PALIVIZUMAB; PLACEBO; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS VACCINE;

ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; ANTIBODY RESPONSE; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CLIMATE CHANGE; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; HIGH RISK INFANT; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYGIENE; IMMUNOGENICITY; IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS; INFECTION RISK; PREMATURITY; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS VIRULENCE;

EID: 84877977110     PISSN: 13892002     EISSN: 18755453     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1389200211314020010     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Chanock, R.; Roizman, B.; Myers, R. Recovery from infants with respiratory illness of a virus related to chimpanzee coryza agent. Part I: Isolation; properties and characterization. Am. J. Hyg., 1957, 66(3), 281-290.
2. Martinello, R.A.; Chen, M.D.; Weibel C.; Kahn, J.S. Correlation between respiratory syncytial virus genotype and severity of illness. J. Infect. Dis., 2002, 186(6), 839-842. (Pubitemid 35013438)
3. Gilca, R.; Serres, G.D.; Tremblay, M.; Vachon, M.L.; Leblanc, E.; Bergeron, M.G.; Bergeron, M.G. ; Dery, P. ; Boivin. G. Distribution and clinical impact of human respiratory syncytial virus genotypes in hospitalized children over 2 winter seasons. J. Infect. Dis., 2006, 293(1), 54-58. (Pubitemid 43032499)
4. Johnson, T.R.; Varga, S.M.; Braciale, T.J.; Graham, B.S. Vbeta14(+ ) T cells mediate the vaccine-enhanced disease induced by immunization with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) G glycoprotein but not with formalin-inactivated RSV. J. Virol., 2004, 78(16), 8753-8760. (Pubitemid 39025140)
5. From the American Academy of Pediatrics: Policy statements-Modified recommendations for use of palivizumab for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Committee on Infectious Diseases. Pediatrics., 2009, 124(6), 1694-1701.
6. Medici, M.C.; Arcangeletti, M.C.; Rossi, G.A.; Lanari, M.; Merolla, R.; Paparatti, U.D.; Chezzi, C.; Osservatorio VRS Study Group. Four year incidence of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants and young children referred to emergency departments for lower respiratory tract diseases in Italy: The "Osservatorio VRS" Study (2000-2004). New Microbiol., 2006, 29(1), 35-43.
7. Falsey, A.R.; Hennessey, P.A.; Formica, M.A.; Cox, C.; Walsh, E.E. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly and high-risk adults. N. Engl. J. Med., 2005, 352(17), 1749-1759. (Pubitemid 40570923)
8. Shay, D.K.; Holman, R.C.; Newman, R.D.; Liu, L.L.; Stout, J.W.; Anderson, L.J. Bronchiolitis associated hospitalizations among US children; 1980-1996. JAMA, 1999, 282 (15), 1440-1446. (Pubitemid 29493797)
9. Boyce, T.G.; Mellen, B.G.; Mitchel, E.F.; Wright, P.F.; Griffin, M.R. Rates of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection among children in medicaid. J. Pediatr., 2000, 137(6), 865-870.
10. Leader, S.; Kohlhase, K. Recent trends in severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) among US infants; 1997 to 2000. J. Pediatr., 2003, 143(5 Suppl), S127-S132. (Pubitemid 37456910)
11. Simoes EA. Respiratory syncytial virus infection. Lancet, 1999, 354(9181), 847-852. (Pubitemid 29415599)
12. Thompson, W.W.; Shay, D.K.; Weintraub, E.; Brammer, L.; Cox, N.; Anderson, L.J.; Fukuda, K. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the united states. JAMA, 2003, 289(2), 179-186. (Pubitemid 36068705)
13. Nair, H.; Nokes, D.J.; Gessner, B.D.; Dherani, M.; Madhi, S.A.; Singletoni, R.J.; O'Brien, K.L.; Roca, A.; Wright, P.F.; Bruce, N.; Chandran, A.; Theodoratou, E.; Sutanto, A.; Sedyaningsih, E.R.; Ngama, M.; Munywoki, P.K.; Kartasasmita, C.; Simões, E.A.F.; Rudan, I.; Weber, M.W.; Campbell, H. Global burden of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet., 2010, 375(9725), 1545-1555.
14. Hall, C.B.; Weinberg, G.A.; Iwane, M.K.; Blumkin, A.K.; Edwards, K.M.; Staat, M.A.; Auinger, P.; Griffin, M.R.; Poehling, K.A.; Erdman, D.; Grijalva, C.G.; Zhu, Y.; Szilagyi, P. The burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children. N. Engl. J. Med., 2009, 360(6), 588-598.
15. Paramore, L.C.; Ciuryla, V.; Ciesla, G.; Liu, L. Economic impact of respiratory syncytial virus-related illness in the US: an analysis of national databases. Pharmacoeconomics., 2004, 22(5), 275-284. (Pubitemid 38553698)
16. Perez-Yarza, E.G.; Moreno, A.; Lazaro, P.; Mejias, A.; Ramilo, O. The association between respiratory syncytial virus infection and the development of childhood asthma: a systematic review of the literature. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 2007, 26(8), 733-739. (Pubitemid 47424645)
17. Sigurs, N.; Aljassim, F.; Kjellman, B.; Robinson, P.D.; Sigurbergsson, F.; Bjarnason, R. Asthma and allergy patterns over 18 years after severe RSV bronchiolitis in the first year of life. Thorax, 2010, 65(12), 1045-1052.
18. Bont, L.; Ramilo, O.The relationship between RSV bronchiolitis and recurrent wheeze: The chicken and the egg. Early Hum. Dev., 2011, 87(Suppl 1), S51-S54.
19. Wang, E.E.; Law, B.J.; Stephens, D. Pediatric Investigators Collaborative Network on Infections in Canada (PICNIC) prospective study of risk factors and outcomes in patients hospitalized with respiratory syncytial viral lower respiratory tract infection. J. Pediatr., 1995,126(2), 212-219.
20. Aujard, Y.; Fauroux, B. Risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants. Respir. Med., 2002, 96(Suppl B), S9-S14 (Pubitemid 39665385)
21. Handforth, J.; Friedland, J.S.; Sharland, M. Basic epidemiology and immunopathology of RSV in children. Paediatr. Respir. Rev., 2000, 1(3), 210-214.
22. Horn, S.D.; Smout, R.J. Effect of prematurity on respiratory syncytial virus hospital resource use and outcomes. J. Pediatr., 2003, 143(5 Suppl), S133-S141. (Pubitemid 37456911)
23. Sampalis, J.S. Morbidity and mortality after RSV-associated hospitalizations among premature Canadian infants. J. Pediatr., 2003,143(5 Suppl), S150-S156. (Pubitemid 37456913)
24. Simoes, E.A. Environmental and demographic risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract disease. J. Pediatr., 2003,143(5 Suppl), S118-S126. (Pubitemid 37456909)
25. Welliver, R.C. Review of epidemiology and clinical risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. J. Pediatr., 2003, 143(5 Suppl), S112-S117. (Pubitemid 37456908)
26. Willson, D.F.; Landrigan, C.P.; Horn, S.D.; Smout, R.J. Complications in infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis or respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia. J. Pediatr., 2003,143(5 Suppl), S142-S149. (Pubitemid 37456912)
27. Broughton, L.S.; Bhat, R.; Roberts, A.; Zuckerman, M.; Rafferty, G.; Greenough, A. Diminished lung function; RSV infection and respiratory morbidity in prematurely born infants. Arch. Dis. Child., 2006, 91(1), 26-30. (Pubitemid 43059167)
28. Yeung, C.Y.; Hobbs, J.R. Serum-gamma-G-globulin levels in normal premature,post-mature, and "small-for-dates" newborn babies. Lancet., 1968, 1(7553), 1167-1170.
29. Okoko, J.B.; Wesumperuma, H.L.; Hart, C.A. The influence of prematurity and low birthweight on transplacental antibody transfer in a rural West African population. Trop Med Int Health., 2001, 6(7), 529-534. (Pubitemid 32664635)
30. Bont, L.; Kimpen, J.L. Immunological mechanisms of severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Intensive Care Med., 2002, 28(5), 616-621. (Pubitemid 34594594)
31. Hodson, W.A. Normal and abnormal development of the lung. In: Fetal and neonatal physiology; Polin, A.; Fox, W.W., Eds.; Saunders: Philadelphia, 1998, pp. 1033-1046.
32. Langley, J.M.; LeBlanc, J.C.; Wang, E.E.; Law, B.J.; MacDonald, N.E.; Mitchell, I.; Stephens, D.; McDonald, J.; Boucher, F.D.; Dobson, S. Nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infection in Canadian pediatric hospitals: a Pediatric Investigators Collaborative Network on Infections in Canada study. Pediatrics, 1997, 100(6), 943-946. (Pubitemid 27516477)
33. Weigl, J.A.; Puppe, W.; Schmitt, H.J. Incidence of respiratory syncytial virus-positive hospitalizations in Germany. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2001, 20, 452-459. (Pubitemid 34212105)
34. Liese, J.G.; Grill, E.; Fischer, B.; Roeckl-Wiedmann, I.; Carr, D.; Belohradsky, B.H.; Munich RSV Study Group. Incidence and risk factors of respiratory syncytial virus-related hospitalizations in premature infants in Germany. Eur. J. Pediatr., 2003, 162(4), 230-236. (Pubitemid 36437755)
35. Carbonell-Estrany. X.; Figueras-Aloy, J.; Law, B.; Group IRIS; Group PICNIC. Identifying risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus among infants born after 33 through 35 completed weeks of gestation: different methodologies yield consistent findings. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 2004, 23(11 Suppl), S193-S201. (Pubitemid 44146413)
36. Baraldi, E.; Filippone, M. Chronic lung disease after premature birth. N. Engl. J. Med., 2007, 357(19), 1946-1955 (Pubitemid 350074689)
37. Tarran, R.; Button, B.; Picher, M.; Paradiso, A.M.; Ribeiro, C.M.; Lazarowski, E.R.; Zhang, L., Collins, P.L., Pickles, R.J., Fredberg, J.J., Boucher, R.C. Normal and cystic fibrosis airway surface liquid homeostasis. The effects of phasic shear stress and viral infections. J. Biol. Chemistry, 2005, 280(42), 35751-35759. (Pubitemid 41532768)
38. Meert, K.; Heidemann, S.; Lieh-Lai, M.; Sarnaik A.P. Clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus infections in healthy versus previously compromised host. Pediatr. Pulmonol., 1989, 7(3), 167-170.
39. Buckingham, S.C.; Quasney, M.W.; Bush, A.J.; DeVincenzo, J.P. Respiratory syncytial virus infections in the pediatric intensive care unit: clinical characteristics and risk factors for adverse outcomes. Pediatr. Crit. Care Med., 2001, 2(4), 318-323.
40. Altman, C.A.; Englund, J.A.; Demmler, G.; Drescher, K.L.; Alexander, M.A.; Watrin, C.; Feltes, T.F. Respiratory syncytial virus in patients with congenital heart disease: a contemporary look at epidemiology and success of preoperative screening. Pediatr. Cardiol., 2000, 21(5), 433-438.
41. Prais, D.; Schonfeld, T.; Amir, J.; Israeli Respiratory Syncytial Virus Monitoring Group. Admission to the intensive care unit for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: a national survey before palivizumab use. Pediatrics, 2003, 112(3 Pt 1), 548-552. (Pubitemid 37082105)
42. Khongphatthanayothin, A.; Wong, P.C.; Samara, Y.; Newth, C.J.; Wells, W.J.; Starnes, V.A.; Chang, A.C. Impact of respiratory syncytial virus infection on surgery for congenital heart disease: postoperative course and outcome. Crit. Care Med., 1999, 27(9), 1974-1981. (Pubitemid 29455133)
43. Lanari, M.; Giovannini, M.; Giuffre, L.; Marini, A.; Rondini, G.; Rossi, G.A.; Merolla, R.; Zuccotti, G.V.; Salvioli, G.P.; Investigators R.A.DA.R. Study Group. Prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus infection in Italian infants hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infections; and association between respiratory syncytial virus infection risk factors and disease severity. Pediatr. Pulmonol., 2002, 33(6), 458-465. (Pubitemid 34547867)
44. Lanari, M.; Rossi, G.A.; Merolla, R.; di Luzio Paparatti, U. High risk of nosocomial-acquired RSV infection in children with congenital heart disease. J. Pediatr., 2004, 145(1), 140
45. Lujan-Zilbermann, J.; Benairri, E.; Tong, X.; Srivastava, D.K.; Patrick, C.C.; DeVincenzo, J.P. Respiratory viruses in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2001, 33(7), 962-968. (Pubitemid 32907096)
46. Madhi, S.A.; Ventre, M.; Madhi, A.; Petersen, M.K.; Klugman, K.P. Differing manifestations of RSV-associated severe lower respiratory tract infections in HIV type 1-infected and uninfected children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 2001, 20(2), 164-170. (Pubitemid 32151939)
47. Bloemers, B.L.; Broers, C.J.; Bont, L.; Weijerman, M.E.; Gemke, R.J.; Van Furth, A.M. Increased risk of respiratory tract infections in children with Down syndrome: The consequence of an altered immune system. Microbes Infect., 2010, 12(11), 799-808.
48. Armstrong, D.; Grimwood, K.; Carlin, J.B.; Carzino, R.; Hull, J.; Olinsky, A.; Phelan, P.D. Severe viral respiratory infections in infants with cystic fibrosis. Ped. Pulmonol., 1998, 26(6), 371-379. (Pubitemid 29024978)
49. Zachariah, P.; Ruttenber, M.; Simões, E.A. Hospitalizations due to respiratory syncytial virus in children with congenital malformations. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 2011, 30(5), 442-445.
50. Panitch, H.B. Viral respiratory infections in children with technology dependence and neuromuscular disorders. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 2004, 23(11 Suppl), S222-S227. (Pubitemid 44146417)
51. Wilkesmann, A.; Ammann, R.A.; Schildgen, O. Eis-Hübinger, A.M.; Müller, A.; Seidenberg, J.; Stephan, V.; Rieger, C.; Herting, E.; Wygold, T.; Hornschuh, F.; Groothuis, JR.; Simon, A.; DSM RSV Ped Study Group. Hospitalized children with respiratory syncytial virus infection and neuromuscular impairment face an increased risk of a complicated course. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 2007, 26(6), 485-491. (Pubitemid 46847308)
52. Resch, B.; Manzoni, P.; Lanari, M. Severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in infants with neuromuscular diseases and immune deficiency syndromes. Paediatr. Respir. Rev., 2009, 10(3), 148-153.
53. Shay, D.K.; Holman, R.C.; Roosevelt, G.E.; Clarke, M.J.; Anderson, L.J. Bronchiolitis-associated mortality and estimates of respiratory syncytial virus-associated deaths among US children; 1979-1997. J. Infect. Dis., 2001, 183(1), 16-22. (Pubitemid 32043037)
54. Houben, M.L.; Bont, L.; Wilbrink, B.; Belderbos, M.E.; Kimpen, J.L.; Visser, G.H.; Rovers, M.M. Clinical prediction rule for RSV bronchiolitis in healthy newborns: prognostic birth cohort study. Pediatrics., 2011, 127(1), 35-41.
55. Figueras-Aloy, J.; Carbonell-Estrany, X.; Quero, J.; Group IS. Case-control study of the risk factors linked to respiratory syncytial virus infection requiring hospitalisation in premature infants born at a gestational age of 33-35 weeks in Spain. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 2004, 23(9), 815-820. (Pubitemid 40221022)
56. Simoes, E.A.; Carbonell-Estrany, X.; Fullarton, J.R.; Liese, J.G.; Figueras-Aloy, J.; Doering, G.; Guzman, J.; European RSV Risk Factor Study Group. A predictive model for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) hospitalization of premature infants born at 33-35 weeks of gestational age; based on data from the Spanish FLIP study. Respir. Res., 2008, 9, 78.
57. Simões, E.A.; Carbonell-Estrany, X.; Fullarton, J.R.; Rossi, G.A.; Barberi, I.; Lanari, M.; European RSV Risk Factor Study Group. European risk factors' model to predict hospitalization of premature infants born 33-35 weeks' gestational age with respiratory syncytial virus: validation with Italian data. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med., 2011, 24(1), 152-157.
58. Lanari, M.; Adorni, F.; Silvestri, M.; Coscia, A.; Musicco, M.; Italian Study Group on Risk Factors for RSV-related Hospitalization. The multicenter Italian birth cohort study on incidence and determinants of lower respiratory tract infection hospitalization in infants at 33 weeks GA or more: Preliminary results. Early Human Dev., 2011, 87(Suppl 1), S43-S46
59. Prince, G.A.; Horswood, R.L.; Chanock, R.M. Quantitative aspects of passive immunity to respiratory syncytial virus infection in infant cotton rats. J. Virol., 1985, 55(3), 517-520. (Pubitemid 16249655)
60. Groothuis, J.R.; Levin, M.J.; Rodriguez, W.; Hall, C.B.; Long, C.E.; Kim, H.W.; Lauer, B.A.; Hemming. V,G,.Use of intravenous gamma globulin to passively immunize high-risk children against respiratory syncytial virus: safety and pharmacokinetics. The RSVIG Study Group. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 1991, 35(7), 1469-1473.
61. Meissner, H.C.; Fulton, D.R.; Groothuis, J.R.; Geggel, R.L.; Marx, G.R.; Hemming. V.G.; Hougen, T.; Snydman, D.R. Controlled trial to evaluate protection of high-risk infants against respiratory syncytial virus disease by using standard intravenous immune globulin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 1993, 37(8), 1655-1658. (Pubitemid 23226378)
62. Groothuis, J.R.; Simoes, E.A. Immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy: role in the prevention and treatment of repiratory syncytial virus. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents., 1993, 2(2), 97-103.
63. No authors. Reduction of respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization among prematureinfants and infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia using respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin prophylaxis. The PREVENT Study Group. Pediatrics., 1997, 99(1), 93-99.
64. Groothuis, J.R.; Nishida, H. Prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections in high-risk infants by monoclonal antibody (palivizumab). Pediatr, Int., 2002, 44(3), 235-241. (Pubitemid 34827718)
65. Simoes, E.A.; Sondheimer, H.M.; Top, F.H. Jr,; Meissner, H.C.; Welliver, R.C.; Kramer, A.A; Groothuis, JR. Respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin for prophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants and children with congenital heart disease. The Cardiac Study Group. J. Pediatr., 1998, 133(4), 492-429.
66. Oravax. Oravax Company Press Release; 19 March 1997.
67. Garcia-Barreno, B.; Palomo, C.; Penas, C.; Delgado, T.; Perez-Brena, P.; Melero, J.A. Marked differences in the antigenic structure of human respiratory syncytial virus F and G glycoproteins. J. Virol., 1989, 63(2), 925-932. (Pubitemid 19057262)
68. Meissner, H.C.; Groothuis, JR.; Rodriguez, W.J. Welliver, R.C.; Hogg, G.; Gray, P.H.; Loh, R.; Simoes, E.A.; Sly, P.; Miller, A.K.; Nichols, A.I.; Jorkasky, D.K.; Everitt, D.E.; Thompson, K.A. Safety and pharmacokinetics of an intramuscular monoclonal antibody to RSV (SB 209763) in infants and young children at risk for severe RSV disease. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 1999, 43(5), 1183-1188. (Pubitemid 29214744)
69. Beeler; J.A.; Van Wyke Coelingh, K. Neutralization epitopes of the F glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus: effect of mutation upon fusion function. J. Virol., 1989, 63(7), 2941-2950. (Pubitemid 19156013)
70. Arbiza, J.; Taylor, G.; Lopez, J. A.; Furze, J.; Wyld, S.; Whyte, P.; Stott, E.J.; Wertz, G.; Sullender, W.; Trudel, M.; Melero, J.A. Characterization of two antigenic sites recognized by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies directed against the fusion glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus. J. Gen. Virol., 1992, 73(Pt 9), 2225-2234.
71. Press, E.; Hogg, N. The amino acid sequences of the fd fragments of two human gamma-1 heavy chains. Biochem. J., 1970, 117(4), 641-660.
72. Takahashi, N.; Noma, T.; Honjo, T. Rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (VH) pseudogene that deletes the second complementarity- determining region. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 1984, 81(16), 5194-5198. (Pubitemid 14011289)
73. Bentley D.L.; Rabbits T.H. Human immunoglobulin variable region genes-DNA sequences of two VK genes and a pseudogene. Nature, 1980, 288(5792), 730-733. (Pubitemid 11168537)
74. Young, J. Development of a potent respiratory syncytial virus specific monoclonal antibody for the prevention of serious lower respiratory tract disease in infants. Respir. Med., 2002, 96(Suppl B), S31-S35. (Pubitemid 39665388)
75. Huang, K.; Incognito, L.; Cheng, X.; Ulbrandt, N.D.; Wu, H. Respiratory syncytial virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies motavizumab and palivizumab inhibit fusion. J. Virol., 2010, 84(16), 8132-8140.
76. Johnson, S.; Oliver, C.; Prince, G.A.; Hemming, V.G.; Pfarr, D.S.; Wang, S.C.; Dormitzer, M.; O'Grady, J.; Koenig, S.; Tamura, J.K.; Woods, R.; Bansal, G.; Couchenour, D.; Tsao, E.; Hall, W.C.; Young, J.F. Development of a humanized monoclonal antibody (MED-493) with potent in vitro and in vivo activity against respiratory syncytial virus. J. Infect. Dis., 1997, 176(5), 1215-1224. (Pubitemid 27460986)
77. Kapikian, A.Z.; Mitchell, R.H.; Chanock, R.M.; Shvedoff, R.A.; Stewart, C.E. An epidemiologic study of altered clinical reactivity to respiratory syncytial (RS) virus infection in children previously vaccinated with an inactivated RS virus vaccine. Am. J. Epidemiol., 1969, 89(4), 405-421.
78. DeVincenzo, J.P.; Hall, C.B.; Kimberlin, D.W.; Sánchez, P.J.; Rodriguez, W.J.; Jantausch, B.A.; Corey, L.; Kahn, J.S.; Englund, J.A.; Suzich, J.A.; Palmer-Hill, F.J.; Branco, L.; Johnson, S.; Patel, N.K.; Piazza, F.M. Surveillance of clinical isolates of respiratory syncytial virus for palivizumab (Synagis)-resistant mutants. J. Infect. Dis., 2004, 190(5), 975-978. (Pubitemid 39120976)
79. Zhu, Q.; McAuliffe, J.M.; Patel, N.K.; Palmer-Hill, F.J.; Yang, C.F.; Liang, B.; Su, L.; Zhu, W.; Wachter, L.; Wilson, S.; MacGill, R.S.; Krishnan, S.; McCarthy, M.P.; Losonsky, G.A.; Suzich, J.A. Analysis of respiratory syncytial virus preclinical and clinical variants resistant to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies palivizumab and/or motavizumab. J. Infect. Dis., 2011, 203(5), 674-682.
80. No authors listed. Palivizumab; a humanized respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody; reduces hospitalization from respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants. Pediatrics., 1998, 102(3 Pt 1), 531-537.
81. Saez-Llorens, X.; Castano, E.; Null, D.; Steichen, J.; Sánchez, P.J.; Ramilo, O.; Top, F.H. Jr.; Connor, E. Safety and pharmacokinetics of an intramuscular humanized monoclonal antibody to respiratory syncytial virus in premature infants and infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The MEDI-493 Study Group. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 1998, 17(9), 787-791. (Pubitemid 28475545)
82. Wu, S.Y.; Bonaparte, J.; Pyati, S. Palivizumab use in very premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatrics., 2004, 114(5), e554-e556. (Pubitemid 41647661)
83. Subramanian, K.N.; Weisman, L.E.; Rhodes, T.; Ariagno, R.; Sánchez, P.J.; Steichen, J.; Givner, L.B.; Jennings, T.L.; Top, F.H. Jr.; Carlin, D.; Connor, E. Safety, tolerance and pharmacokinetics of a humanized monoclonal antibody to respiratory syncytial virus in premature infants and infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. MEDI-493 Study Group. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 1998, 17(2), 110-115. (Pubitemid 28096007)
84. Malley, R.; DeVincenzo, J.; Ramilo, O.; Dennehy, P.H.; Meissner, H.C.; Gruber, W.C.; Sanchez, P.J.; Jafri, H.; Balsley, J.; Carlin, D.; Buckingham, S.; Vernacchio, L.; Ambrosino, D.M. Reduction of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in tracheal aspirates in intubated infants by use of humanized monoclonal antibody to RSV F protein. J. Infect. Dis., 1998, 178(6), 1555-1561. (Pubitemid 28558122)
85. Siber, G.R.; Leombruno, D.; Leszczynski, J.; McIver, J. ; Bodkin, D.; Gonin, R. ; Thompson, C.M.; Walsh, E.E.; Piedra, P.A.; Hemming, V.G.; et al. Comparison of antibody concentrations and protective activity of respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin and conventional immune globulin. J. Infect. Dis., 1994, 169(6), 1368-1373. (Pubitemid 24164608)
86. Null, D.; Pollara, B.; Dennehy, P.H.; Steichen, J.; Sanchez, P.J.; Givner, L.B.; Carlin, D.; Landry, B.; Top, F.H. Jr.; Connor, E. Safety and immunogenicity of palivizumab (Synagis) administered for two seasons. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 2005, 24(11), 1021-1023. (Pubitemid 41689617)
87. Feltes, T.F.; Cabalka, A.K.; Meissner, H.C.; Piazza, F.M.; Carlin, D.A.; Top, F.H. Jr.; Connor, E.M.; Sondheimer, H.M.; Cardiac Synagis Study Group. Palivizumab prophylaxis reduces hospitalization due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. J. Pediatr., 2003, 143(4), 532-540. (Pubitemid 37352516)
88. Abbott Laboratories. Data on file. Abbott Laboratories; International Division; Abbott Park; IL; 2000.
89. Committee on Infectious Disease. Policy statement-modified recommendations for use of palivizumab for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Pediatrics., 2009, 124(6), 1694-1701.
90. Sampalis, J.S.; Sampalis, J.S. Morbidity and mortality after RSVassociated hospitalizations among premature Canadian infants. J. Pediatr., 2003, 143(5 Suppl.), S150-S156. (Pubitemid 37456913)
91. Nuijten, M.J; Wittenberg, W.; Lebmeier, M. Cost effectiveness of palivizumab for respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in high-risk children: a UK analysis. Pharmacoeconomics, 2007, 25(1), 55-71. (Pubitemid 46072368)
92. Duppenthaler, A.; Ammann, R.A.; Gorgievski-Hrisoho, M.; Pfammatter, J.; Aebi, C. Low incidence of respiratory syncytial virus hospitalisations in haemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. Arch. Dis. Child., 2004, 89(10), 961-965.
93. Sáez-Llorens, X.; Moreno, M.T.; Ramilo, O.; Sánchez, P.J.; Top, F.H. Jr.; Connor, E.M.; MEDI-493 Study Group. Safety and pharmacokinetics of palivizumab therapy in children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J., 2004, 23(8), 707-712. (Pubitemid 39063284)
94. Simões, E.A.; Carbonell-Estrany, X.; Rieger, C.H.; Mitchell, I.; Fredrick, L.; Groothuis, JR.; Palivizumab Long-Term Respiratory Outcomes Study Group. The effect of respiratory syncytial virus on subsequent recurrent wheezing in atopic and nonatopic children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2010, 126(2),.256-262.
95. Mejías, A.; Chávez-Bueno, S.; Ríos, A.M.; Aten, M.F.; Raynor, B.; Peromingo, E.; Soni, P.; Olsen, K.D.; Kiener, P.A.; Gómez, A.M.; Jafri, H.S.; Ramilo, O. Comparative effects of two neutralizing anti-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) monoclonal antibodies in the RSV murine model: Time versus potency. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2005, 49(11), 4700-4707. (Pubitemid 41552602)
96. Wu, H.; Pfarr, D.S.; Tang, Y.; An, L.L.; Patel, N.K.; Watkins, J.D.; Huse, W.D.; Kiener, P.A.; Young, J.F. Ultra-potent antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus: effects of binding kinetics and binding valence on viral neutralization. J. Mol. Biol., 2005, 350(1), 126-144. (Pubitemid 40804737)
97. Wu, H.; Pfarr, D.S.; Johnson, S.; Brewah, Y.A.; Woods, R.M.; Patel, N.K.; White, W.I.; Young, J.F.; Kiener, P.A. Development of motavizumab; an ultra-potent antibody for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in the upper and lower respiratory tract. J. Mol. Biol., 2007, 368(3), 652-665. (Pubitemid 46527610)
98. Fernández, P.; Trenholme, A.; Abarca, K.; Griffin, M.P.; Hultquist, M.; Harris, B.; Losonsky, G.A.; Motavizumab Study Group. A phase 2; randomized; double-blind safety and pharmacokinetic assessment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prophylaxis with motavizumab and palivizumab administered in the same season. BMC Pediatr., 2010, 10, 38.
99. Simoes, E.A.; Carbonell-Estrany, X.; Losonsky, G.; Hultquist, M.; Harris, B.; Connor, E. Phase III trial of motavizumab; an enhanced potency respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-specific monoclonal antibody for the prevention of serious RSV disease in high risk infants. Acta Paediatrica, 2007, 96(s456), 232-233.
100. Abarca, K.; Jung, E.; Fernández, P.; Zhao, L.; Harris, B,; Connor, E.M.; Losonsky, G.A.; Motavizumab Study Group. Safety; tolerability; pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity of motavizumab; a humanized; enhanced-potency monoclonal antibody for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in at-risk children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 2009, 28(4), 267-272.
101. Chang, J. Current progress on development of respiratory syncytial virus vaccine. BMB Rep., 2011, 44(4), 232-237.