The UK national health service: Delivering equitable treatment across the spectrum of coronary disease

Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 208-216

  Hawkins, Nathaniel M ^a   Scholes, Shaun ^b   Bajekal, Madhavi ^b   Love, Hande ^c   O'Flaherty, Martin ^d   Raine, Rosalind ^b   Capewell, Simon ^b  

^a LIVERPOOL HEART AND CHEST HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c Legal and General Plc   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Coronary heart disease; Myocardial infarction; Social class; Socioeconomic factors

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; AGE; AGED; ARTICLE; CARDIAC PATIENT; CHRONIC DISEASE; COHORT ANALYSIS; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SECONDARY HEALTH CARE; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIOECONOMICS; STABLE ANGINA PECTORIS; STANDARDIZATION; UNITED KINGDOM;

ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; AGE FACTORS; AGED; ANGINA PECTORIS; ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS; CORONARY DISEASE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; FEMALE; GREAT BRITAIN; HEALTH CARE SURVEYS; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; OUTCOME AND PROCESS ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; SECONDARY CARE; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SEX FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; STATE MEDICINE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84877964385     PISSN: 19417713     EISSN: 19417705     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.000058     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Batty GD, Leon DA. Socio-economic position and coronary heart disease risk factors in children and young people. Evidence from UK epidemiological studies. Eur J Public Health. 2002;12:263-272.
2. Bernheim SM, Spertus JA, Reid KJ, Bradley EH, Desai RA, Peterson ED, Rathore SS, Normand SL, Jones PG, Rahimi A, Krumholz HM. Socioeconomic disparities in outcomes after acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2007;153:313-319.
3. Rathore SS, Berger AK, Weinfurt KP, Feinleib M, Oetgen WJ, Gersh BJ, Schulman KA. Race, sex, poverty, and the medical treatment of acute myocardial infarction in the elderly. Circulation. 2000;102:642-648.
4. Rao SV, Kaul P, Newby LK, Lincoff AM, Hochman J, Harrington RA, Mark DB, Peterson ED. Poverty, process of care, and outcome in acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1948-1954.
5. Barakat K, Stevenson S, Wilkinson P, Suliman A, Ranjadayalan K, Timmis AD. Socioeconomic differentials in recurrent ischaemia and mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Heart. 2001;85:390-394.
6. Britton A, Shipley M, Marmot M, Hemingway H. Does access to cardiac investigation and treatment contribute to social and ethnic differences in coronary heart disease? Whitehall II prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2004;329:318.
7. Reid FD, Cook DG, Whincup PH. Use of statins in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: is treatment equitable? Heart. 2002;88:15-19.
8. Simpson CR, Hannaford PC, Williams D. Evidence for inequalities in the management of coronary heart disease in Scotland. Heart. 2005;91:630-634.
9. Murphy NF, Simpson CR, MacIntyre K, McAlister FA, Chalmers J, Mc-Murray JJ. Prevalence, incidence, primary care burden and medical treatment of angina in Scotland: age, sex and socioeconomic disparities: a population-based study. Heart. 2006;92:1047-1054.
10. Noble M, McLennan D, Wilkinson K, Whitworth A, Exley S, Barnes H, Dibben C. Department of Communities and Local Government. In: The English Indices of Deprivation. Crown Copyright. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ 20120919132719/www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/733520.pdf.
11. Morgan O, Baker A. Measuring deprivation in England and Wales using 2001 Carstairs scores. Health Stat Q. 2006:28-33
12. Rickards A, Cunningham D. From quantity to quality: The Central Cardiac Audit Database Project. Heart. 1999;82(suppl 2):II18-II22
13. Birkhead JS, Walker L, Pearson M, Weston C, Cunningham AD, Rickards AF; National Audit of Myocardial Infarction Project Steering Group. Improving care for patients with acute coronary syndromes: initial results from the National Audit of Myocardial Infarction Project (MINAP). Heart. 2004;90:1004-1009.
14. Walley T, Mantgani A. The UK General Practice Research Database. Lancet. 1997;350:1097-1099.
15. Jick H, Jick SS, Derby LE. Validation of information recorded on general practitioner based computerised data resource in the United Kingdom. BMJ. 1991;302:766-768.
16. Hollowell J. The general practice research database: quality of morbidity data. Popul Trends. 1997;4:36-40.
17. Soedamah-Muthu SS, Fuller JH, Mulnier HE, Raleigh VS, Lawrenson RA, Colhoun HM. High risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes in the U.K.: a cohort study using the general practice research database. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:798-804.
18. Boyle P, Parkin DM. Cancer registration: Principles and methods. Statistical methods for registries. IARC Scientific Publications. 1991:126-158
19. Department of Health. National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease. Modern Standards and Service Models. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/ Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH-4094275.
20. Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, Pyörälä K, Keil U; EUROASPIRE Study Group. EUROASPIRE III: a survey on the lifestyle, risk factors and use of cardioprotective drug therapies in coronary patients from 22 European countries. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2009;16:121-137.
21. Ozasa N, Kimura T, Morimoto T, Hou H, Tamura T, Shizuta S, Nakagawa Y, Furukawa Y, Hayashi Y, Nakao K, Matsuzaki M, Nobuyoshi M, Mitsudo K; j-Cypher Registry Investigators. Lack of effect of oral beta-blocker therapy at discharge on long-term clinical outcomes of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106:1225-1233.
22. Van de Werf F, Bax J, Betriu A, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Crea F, Falk V, Filippatos G, Fox K, Huber K, Kastrati A, Rosengren A, Steg PG, Tubaro M, Verheugt F, Weidinger F, Weis M. Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with persistent st-segment elevation: the task force on the management of st-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction of the european society of cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:2909-2945.
23. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, Hochman JS, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lamas GA, Mullany CJ, Ornato JP, Pearle DL, Sloan MA, Smith SC Jr. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction-executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (writing committee to revise the 1999 guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:671-719.
24. Programme EHS. Lifestyle and risk factor management and use of drug therapies in coronary patients from 15 countries; principal results from EUROASPIRE II. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:554-572.
25. DeWilde S, Carey IM, Richards N, Whincup PH, Cook DG. Trends in secondary prevention of ischaemic heart disease in the UK 1994 2005: use of individual and combination treatment. Heart. 2008;94:83-88.
26. Capewell S, O'Flaherty M. Maximising secondary prevention therapies in patients with coronary heart disease. Heart. 2008;94:8-9.
27. Capewell S, Unal B, Critchley JA, McMurray JJ. Over 20,000 avoidable coronary deaths in England and Wales in 2000: the failure to give effective treatments to many eligible patients. Heart. 2006;92:521-523.
28. Capewell S, Murphy NF, MacIntyre K, Frame S, Stewart S, Chalmers JW, Boyd J, Finlayson A, Redpath A, McMurray JJ. Short-term and long-term outcomes in 133,429 emergency patients admitted with angina or myocardial infarction in Scotland, 1990-2000: population-based cohort study. Heart. 2006;92:1563-1570.
29. Cesana G, Ferrario M, Gigante S, Sega R, Toso C, Achilli F. Socio-occupational differences in acute myocardial infarction case-fatality and coronary care in a northern Italian population. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30(suppl 1):S53-S58.
30. Lang T, Ducimetière P, Arveiler D, Amouyel P, Ferrières J, Ruidavets JB, Montaye M, Haas B, Bingham A. Is hospital care involved in inequalities in coronary heart disease mortality? Results from the French WHOMONICA Project in men aged 30-64. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998;52:665-671.
31. Mayer O Jr, Simon J, Heidrich J, Cokkinos DV, De Bacquer D; EUROASPIRE II Study Group. Educational level and risk profile of cardiac patients in the EUROASPIRE II substudy. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58:47-52.
32. Thomsen RW, Johnsen SP, Olesen AV, Mortensen JT, Bøggild H, Olsen J, Sørensen HT. Socioeconomic gradient in use of statins among Danish patients: population-based cross-sectional study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;60:534-542.
33. Munoz MA, Rohlfs I, Masuet S, Rebato C, Cabañero M, Marrugat J; ICAR Study Group. Analysis of inequalities in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in a universal coverage health care system. Eur J Public Health. 2006;16:361-367.
34. Rathore SS, Mehta RH, Wang Y, Radford MJ, Krumholz HM. Effects of age on the quality of care provided to older patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Med. 2003;114:307-315.
35. Nguyen HL, Goldberg RJ, Gore JM, Fox KA, Eagle KA, Gurfinkel EP, Spencer FA, Reed G, Quill A, Anderson FA Jr. Age and sex differences, and changing trends, in the use of evidence-based therapies in acute coronary syndromes: perspectives from a multinational registry. Coron Artery Dis. 2010;21:336-344.
36. DeWilde S, Carey IM, Bremner SA, Richards N, Hilton SR, Cook DG. Evolution of statin prescribing 1994-2001: a case of agism but not of sexism? Heart. 2003;89:417-421.
37. Raine R, Wong W, Ambler G, Hardoon S, Petersen I, Morris R, Bartley M, Blane D. Sociodemographic variations in the contribution of secondary drug prevention to stroke survival at middle and older ages: cohort study. BMJ. 2009;338:b1279.
38. Vaccarino V, Rathore SS, Wenger NK, Frederick PD, Abramson JL, Barron HV, Manhapra A, Mallik S, Krumholz HM; National Registry of Myocardial Infarction Investigators. Sex and racial differences in the management of acute myocardial infarction, 1994 through 2002. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:671-682.
39. Dallongevillle J, De Bacquer D, Heidrich J, De Backer G, Prugger C, Kotseva K, Montaye M, Amouyel P; EUROASPIRE Study Group. Gender differences in the implementation of cardiovascular prevention measures after an acute coronary event. Heart. 2010;96:1744-1749.
40. Hippisley-Cox J, Pringle M, Crown N, Meal A, Wynn A. Sex inequalities in ischaemic heart disease in general practice: cross sectional survey. BMJ. 2001;322:832.
41. Crilly M, Bundred P, Hu X, Leckey L, Johnstone F. Gender differences in the clinical management of patients with angina pectoris: a cross-sectional survey in primary care. BMC Health Serv Res. 2007;7:142.
42. Daly C, Clemens F, Lopez Sendon JL, Tavazzi L, Boersma E, Danchin N, Delahaye F, Gitt A, Julian D, Mulcahy D, Ruzyllo W, Thygesen K, Verheugt F, Fox KM; Euro Heart Survey Investigators. Gender differences in the management and clinical outcome of stable angina. Circulation. 2006;113:490-498.
43. Schulman KA, Berlin JA, Harless W, Kerner JF, Sistrunk S, Gersh BJ, Dubé R, Taleghani CK, Burke JE, Williams S, Eisenberg JM, Escarce JJ. The effect of race and sex on physicians' recommendations for cardiac catheterization. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:618-626.
44. Philpott S, Boynton PM, Feder G, Hemingway H. Gender differences in descriptions of angina symptoms and health problems immediately prior to angiography: the ACRE study: Appropriateness of Coronary Revascularisation study. Soc Sci Med. 2001;52:1565-1575.
45. Mosca L, Linfante AH, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, Hayes SN, Walsh BW, Fabunmi RP, Kwan J, Mills T, Simpson SL. National study of physician awareness and adherence to cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines. Circulation. 2005;111:499-510.
46. Healy B. The Yentl syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:274-276.
47. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Chest Pain of Recent Onset: Assessment and Diagnosis of Recent Onset Chest Pain or Discomfort of Suspected Cardiac Origin. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG95.
48. Hegewald MJ, Crapo RO. Socioeconomic status and lung function. Chest. 2007;132:1608-1614.
49. Smith GD, Hart C, Watt G, Hole D, Hawthorne V. Individual social class, area-based deprivation, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and mortality: the Renfrew and Paisley Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998;52:399-405.
50. Leyland AH. Socioeconomic gradients in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in Scotland: the roles of composition and context. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59:799-803.