The Gendered Nature of Discriminatory Experiences by Race, Class, and Sexuality: A Comparison of Intersectionality Theory and the Subordinate Male Target Hypothesis

Sex Roles

Volumn 68, Issue 11-12, 2013, Pages 646-659

  Veenstra, Gerry ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Additivity; Canada; Intersectionality; Multiplicativity; Self reported discrimination; Subordinate male target hypothesis

Indexed keywords

EID: 84877731549     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-012-0243-2     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Andersen, M. (2008). Thinking about women some more: A new century's view. Gender and Society, 22, 120-125. doi: 10. 1177/0891243207309908.
2. Ayres, I., & Siegelman, P. (1995). Race and gender discrimination in bargaining for a new car. American Economic Review, 85, 304-321.
3. Baca Zinn, M. B., & Dill, B. T. (1996). Theorizing difference from multiracial feminism. Feminist Studies, 22, 321-331. doi: 10. 2307/3178416.
4. Beal, F. M. (2008). Double jeopardy: To be black and female. Meridians: feminism, race, transnationalism, 8, 166-176. doi: 10. 2979/MER. 2008. 8. 2. 166.
5. Black, J., & Veenstra, G. (2011). A cross-cultural quantitative approach to intersectionality and health: Using intersections between gender, race, class and neighbourhood to predict self-rated health in Toronto and New York City. In O. Hankivsky (Ed.), Health inequities in Canada: Intersectional frameworks and practices (pp. 71-91). Vancouver: UBC Press.
6. Bohmer, P. (2005). Marxist theory of racism and racial inequality. In C. Conrad, J. Whitehead, P. Mason, & J. Stewart (Eds.), African Americans in the U. S. Economy (pp. 94-100). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
7. Brewer, R. M. (1993). Theorizing race, class and gender: The new scholarship of black feminist intellectuals and black women's labor. In S. M. James & A. P. A. Busia (Eds.), Theorizing black feminisms: The visionary pragmatism of black women (pp. 13-30). London: Routledge.
8. Collins, P. H. (1993). Toward a new vision: Race, class, and gender as categories of analysis and connection. Race, Sex and Class, 1, 25-45.
9. Collins, P. H. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
10. Cooper, F. R. (2005). Against bipolar black masculinity: Intersectionality, assimilation, identity performance, and hierarchy. UC Davis Law Review, 39, 853-906.
11. Espiritu, Y. L. (2000). Asian American women and men. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press.
12. Gee, G. C., Spencer, M. S., Chen, J., & Takeuchi, D. (2007). A nationwide study of discrimination and chronic health conditions among Asian Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 1275-1282. doi: 10. 2105/AJPH. 2006. 091827.
13. Ghumman, S., & Jackson, L. (2008). Between a cross and a hard place: Religious identifiers and employability. Journal of Workplace Rights, 13, 259-279. doi: 10. 2190/WR. 13. 3. d.
14. Glenn, E. N. (2002). Unequal freedom: How race and gender shaped American citizenship and labor. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
15. Hankivsky, O. (Ed.). (2011). Health inequities in Canada: Intersectional frameworks and practices. Vancouver: UBC Press.
16. Jackson, M. (2009). Disadvantaged through discrimination? The role of employers in social stratification. The British Journal of Sociology, 60, 669-692. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1468-4446. 2009. 01270. x.
17. Jackson, P. B., & Williams, D. R. (2006). The intersection of race, gender, and SES: Health paradoxes. In A. J. Schulz & L. Mullings (Eds.), Gender, race, class, and health: Intersectional approaches (pp. 131-162). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
18. Jaggar, A. M., & Rothenberg, P. S. (1993). Feminist frameworks: Alternative theoretical accounts of the relations between women and men. New York: McGraw-Hill.
19. King, D. K. (1988). Multiple jeopardy, multiple consciousness. Signs: A Journal of Women in Culture & Society, 14, 42-72. doi: 10. 1086/494491.
20. Krieger, N. (1999). Embodying inequality: A review of concepts, measures, and methods for studying health consequences of discrimination. International Journal of Health Services, 29(2), 295-352. doi: 10. 2190/M11W-VWXE-KQM9-G97Q.
21. Krieger, N., Williams, D. R., & Moss, N. E. (1997). Measuring social class in US public health research: Concepts, methodologies, and guidelines. Annual Review of Public Health, 18, 341-378. doi: 10. 1146/annurev. publhealth. 18. 1. 341.
22. Landry, B. (Ed.). (2007). Race, gender and class: Theory and methods of analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education.
23. Long, J. S. (1997). Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Sage University Papers Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
24. McCall, N. (1994). Makes me wanna holler: A young black man in America. New York: Random House.
25. Moradi, B., Mohr, J. J., Worthington, R. L., & Fassinger, R. E. (2009). Counseling psychology research on sexual (orientation) minority issues: Conceptual and methodological challenges and opportunities. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 5-22. doi: 10. 1037/a0014572.
26. Navarrete, C. D., McDonald, M. M., Molina, L. E., & Sidanius, J. (2010). Prejudice at the nexus of race and gender: An outgroup male target hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 933-945. doi: 10. 1037/a0017931.
27. Polite, V., & Davis, J. (Eds.). (1999). African American males in school and society: Practices and policies for effective education. New York: Teachers College Press.
28. Poussaint, A. (1987). Black men must organize. Black Scholar, 18(3), 12-15.
29. Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., & Levin, S. (2006). Social dominance theory and the dynamics of intergroup relations: Taking stock and looking forward. European Review of Social Psychology, 17, 271-320. doi: 10. 1080/10463280601055772.
30. Puhl, R. M., Andreyeva, T., & Brownell, K. D. (2008). Perceptions of weight discrimination: Prevalence and comparison to race and gender discrimination in America. International Journal of Obesity, 32, 992-1000. doi: 10. 1038/ijo. 2008. 22.
31. Purdie-Vaughn, V., & Eibach, R. (2008). Intersectional invisibility: The distinctive advantages and disadvantages of multiple subordinate-group identities. Sex Roles, 59, 377-391. doi: 10. 1007/s11199-008-9424-4.
32. Quinn, S. C. (1993). AIDS and the African American woman: The triple burden of race, class, and gender. Health Education & Behavior, 20, 305-320. doi: 10. 1177/109019819302000303.
33. Roberts, C. B., Vines, A. I., Kaufman, J. S., & James, S. A. (2008). Cross-sectional association between perceived discrimination and hypertension in African-American men and women: The Pitt County study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 167, 624-632. doi: 10. 1093/aje/kwm334.
34. Schulz, A. J., & Mullings, L. (Eds.). (2006). Gender, race, class, and health: Intersectional approaches. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
35. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York: Cambridge University Press.
36. StataCorp. (2009). Stata: Release 11. College Station: Stata Press.
37. Taylor, D. M., Wright, S. C., & Porter, L. E. (1994). Dimensions of perceived discrimination: The personal/group discrimination discrepancy. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice (pp. 233-256). Hillside: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
38. Veenstra, G. (2009). Racialized identity and health in Canada: Results from a nationally representative survey. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 538-542. doi: 10. 1016/j. socscimed. 2009. 06. 009.
39. Veenstra, G. (2011). Race, gender, class, and sexual orientation: Intersecting axes of inequality and self-rated health in Canada. International Journal for Equity in Health, 10, 3. doi: 10. 1186/1475-9276-10-3.
40. Veenstra, G. (2012). Expressed racial identity and hypertension in a telephone survey sample from Toronto and Vancouver, Canada: Do socioeconomic status, perceived discrimination and psychosocial stress explain the relatively high risk of hypertension for Black Canadians? International Journal for Equity in Health, 11, 58. doi: 10. 1186/1475-9276-11-58.
41. Warner, L. R. (2008). A best practices guide to intersectional approaches in psychological research. Sex Roles, 59, 454-463. doi: 10. 1007/s11199-008-9504-5.
42. Weber, L. (2007). Forward. In B. Landry (Ed.), Race, gender and class: Theory and methods of analysis (pp. xi-xiv). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education.
43. Weldon, S. L. (2006). The structure of intersectionality: A comparative politics of gender. Politics & Gender, 2, 235-248. doi: 10. 1017/S1743923X06231040.
44. Williams, D. R. (1999). Race, socioeconomic status, and health: The added effects of racism of discrimination. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 173-188. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1749-6632. 1999. tb08114. x.
45. Williams, T. (2008). Intersectionality analysis in the sentencing of Aboriginal women in Canada: What difference does it make? In D. Cooper, E. Grabham, D. Herman, & J. Krishnadas (Eds.), Intersectionality and beyond: Law, power and the politics of location (pp. 79-104). London: Routledge.
46. Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 335-351. doi: 10. 1177/135910539700200305.