Concurrent occurrence of human and equine West Nile virus infections in Central Anatolia, Turkey: The first evidence for circulation of lineage 1 viruses

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

Volumn 17, Issue 7, 2013, Pages

  Ozkul, Aykut ^a   Ergunay, Koray ^b   Koysuren, Aydan ^b   Alkan, Feray ^a   Arsava, Ethem M ^b   Tezcan, Seda ^c   Emekdas, Gurol ^c   Hacioglu, Sabri ^a   Turan, Mahur ^a   Us, Durdal ^b  

^a ANKARA UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^c MERSIN UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Central Anatolia; Encephalitis; Molecular epidemiology; Turkey; West Nile virus; WNV

Indexed keywords

VIRUS ANTIBODY; VIRUS RNA;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CASE REPORT; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CONCURRENT INFECTION; FEMALE; HORSE; HUMAN; IMMUNOASSAY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PHYLOGENY; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; TURKEY (REPUBLIC); VIRUS NEUTRALIZATION; VIRUS PLAQUE; VIRUS STRAIN; WEST NILE FEVER;

ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, VIRAL; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; FEMALE; HORSE DISEASES; HORSES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHYLOGENY; REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RNA, VIRAL; TURKEY; WEST NILE FEVER; WEST NILE VIRUS;

EID: 84877661813     PISSN: 12019712     EISSN: 18783511     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.02.005     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Burke D., Monath T. Flaviviruses. Fields virology 2001, 1043-1126. Lippincott William & Wilkins, Philadelphia. D.M. Knipe, P.M. Howley (Eds.).
2. Blitvich B.J. Transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology of West Nile virus. Anim Health Res Rev 2008, 9:71-86.
3. Hayes E.B., Gubler D.J. West Nile virus: epidemiology and clinical features of an emerging epidemic in the United States. Annu Rev Med 2006, 57:181-194.
4. Ward M.P., Levy M., Thacker H.L., Ash M., Norman S.K., Moore G.E., et al. Investigation of an outbreak of encephalomyelitis caused by West Nile virus in 136 horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004, 225:84-89.
5. Venter M., Human S., Zaayman D., Gerdes G.H., Williams J., Steyl J., et al. Lineage 2 West Nile virus as cause of fatal neurologic disease in horses, South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 2009, 15:877-884.
6. Zeller H.G., Schuffenecker I. West Nile virus: an overview of its spread in Europe and the Mediterranean basin in contrast to its spread in the Americas. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004, 23:147-156.
7. Ergunay K., Whitehouse C.A., Ozkul A. Current status of human arboviral diseases in Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011, 11:731-741.
8. Kalaycioglu H., Korukluoglu G., Ozkul A., Oncul O., Tosun S., Karabay O., et al. Emergence of West Nile virus infections in humans in Turkey, 2010 to 2011. Euro Surveill 2012, 17. pii: 20182.
9. Ergunay K., Saygan M.B., Aydogan S., Menemenlioglu D., Turan H.M., Ozkul A., et al. West Nile virus seroprevalence in blood donors from Central Anatolia, Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010, 10:771-775.
10. Johnson D.J., Ostlund E.N., Pedersen D.D., Schmitt B.J. Detection of North American West Nile virus in animal tissue by a reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction assay. Emerg Infect Dis 2001, 7:739-741.
11. Sanchez-Seco M.P., Echevarria J.M., Hernandez L., Estevez D., Navarro-Mari J.M., Tenorio A. Detection and identification of Toscana and other phleboviruses by RT-nested-PCR assays with degenerated primers. J Med Virol 2003, 71:140-149.
12. Bunning M.L., Bowen R.A., Cropp C.B., Sullivan K.G., Davis B.S., Komar N., et al. Experimental infection of horses with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2002, 8:380-386.
13. Sensoy S, Ulupinar U. İklim siniflandirmalari, 2008, DMİ web sitesi (in Turkish). Available at: (accessed January 17, 2012). http://www.dmi.gov.tr/iklim/iklim.aspx.
14. Calistri P., Giovannini A., Hubalek Z., Ionescu A., Monaco F., Savini G., et al. Epidemiology of West Nile in Europe and in the Mediterranean basin. Open Virol J 2010, 4:29-37.
15. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Review of the epidemiological situation of West Nile virus infection in the European Union. 2011. ECDC;. Available at: (accessed January 16, 2012). http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/110920_TER_Rapid%20risk%20assessment_WNF.pdf.
16. Ergunay K., Aydogan S., Menemenlioglu D., Sener B., Lederer S., Steinhagen K., et al. Investigation of West Nile virus in central nervous system infections of unknown etiology in Ankara, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 2010, 44:255-262.
17. Ayturan S., Aydogan S., Ergunay K., Ozcebe O., Us D. Investigation of West Nile virus seroprevalence in Hacettepe University Hospital blood donors and confirmation of the positive results by plaque reduction neutralization test. Mikrobiyol Bul 2011, 45:113-124.
18. Ozkul A., Yildirim Y., Pinar D., Akcali A., Yilmaz V., Colak D. Serological evidence of West Nile virus (WNV) in mammalian species in Turkey. Epidemiol Infect 2005, 29:1-4.
19. Ocal M., Onder H., Arsava E.M., Alp S., Ozkul A., Ergunay K. A case of central nervous system infection due to west nile virus lineage 1 in Ankara province, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 2013, 47:164-172.
20. Ergunay K., Ozkul A. Confirmation of West Nile virus seroreactivity in central nervous system infections of unknown etiology from Ankara province, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 2011, 45:381-383.
21. Ergunay K., Sayiner A., Litzba N., Lederer S., Charrel R., Kreher P., et al. Multicentre evaluation of central nervous system infections due to Flavi and Phleboviruses in Turkey. J Infect 2012, 65:343-349.
22. Yeşilkaya A., Kurt Azap O., Arslan H., Yaǧci Çaǧlayik D., Uyar Y., Korukluoǧlu G., et al. A fatal case of West Nile virus encephalitis. Mikrobiyol Bul 2012, 46:488-492.
23. Davis L.E., DeBiasi R., Goade D.E., Haaland K.Y., Harrington J.A., Harnar J.B., et al. West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease. Ann Neurol 2006, 60:286-300.
24. Sejvar J., Haddad M., Tierney B., Campbell G.L., Marfin A.A., Van Gerpen J.A., et al. Neurologic manifestations and outcome of West Nile virus infection. JAMA 2003, 290:511-515.
25. DeBiasi R.L., Tyler K.L. West Nile virus meningoencephalitis. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2006, 5:264-275.
26. Ostlund E.N., Crom R.L., Pedersen D.D., Johnson D.J., Williams W.O., Schmitt B.J. Equine West Nile encephalitis, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2001, 7:665-669.
27. Kutasi O., Bakonyi T., Lecollinet S., Biksi I., Ferenczi E., Bahuon C., et al. Equine encephalomyelitis outbreak caused by a genetic lineage 2 West Nile virus in Hungary. J Vet Intern Med 2011, 25:586-591.
28. Andreadis T.G., Armstrong P.M., Bajwa W.I. Studies on hibernating populations of Culex pipiens from a West Nile virus endemic focus in New York City: parity rates and isolation of West Nile virus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2010, 26:257-264.
29. Nasci R.S., Savage H.M., White D.J., Miller J.R., Cropp B.C., Godsey M.S., et al. West Nile virus in overwintering Culex mosquitoes, New York City, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2001, 7:742-744.
30. Clements A.N. The sources of energy for flight in mosquitoes. J Exp Biol 1955, 32:547-554.
31. Bailey C.L., Eldridge B.F., Hayes D.E., Watts D.M., Tammariello R.F., Dalrymple J.M. Isolation of St. Louis encephalitis virus from overwintering Culex pipiens mosquitoes. Science 1978, 199:1346-1349.
32. Bakonyi T., Ivanics E., Erdelyi K., Ursu K., Ferenczi E., Weissenbock H., et al. Lineage 1 and 2 strains of encephalitic West Nile virus, central Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2006, 12:618-623.
33. Papa A., Danis K., Baka A., Bakas A., Dougas G., Lytras T., et al. Ongoing outbreak of West Nile virus infections in humans in Greece, July-August 2010. Euro Surveill 2010, 15. pii: 19644.
34. Papa A. West Nile virus infections in Greece: an update. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012, 10:743-750.
35. Papa A., Xanthopoulou K., Gewehr S., Mourelatos S. Detection of West Nile virus lineage 2 in mosquitoes during human outbreak in Greece. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011, 17:1176-1180.