Agricultural intensification escalates future conservation costs

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Volumn 110, Issue 19, 2013, Pages 7601-7606

  Phelps, Jacob ^a   Carrasco, Luis Roman ^a   Webb, Edward L ^a   Koh, Lian Pin ^a,b   Pascual, Unai ^c,d,e  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^b ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^d BASQUE CENTRE FOR CLIMATE CHANGE BC3   (Spain)

^e BASQUE FOUNDATION FOR SCIENCE   (Spain)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Land use change; Payment for ecoysystem services; Slash and burn; Swidden

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURE; ARTICLE; CARBON FOOTPRINT; COST; DEFORESTATION; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

BIODIVERSITY; LAND USE CHANGE; PAYMENT FOR ECOYSYSTEM SERVICES; SLASH AND BURN; SWIDDEN;

AGRICULTURE; BIODIVERSITY; CARBON; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; CROPS, AGRICULTURAL; DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO; ECOSYSTEM; MODELS, STATISTICAL; TREES; ZEA MAYS;

EID: 84877331629     PISSN: 00278424     EISSN: 10916490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220070110     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Kshatriya M, Sills E (2010) Global Database of REDD+ and Other Forest Carbon Projects (Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia).
2. Cerbu GAA, Swall BM, Thompson DY (2011) Locating REDD: A global survey and analysis of REDD readiness and demonstration activities. Environ Sci Policy 14(2): 168-180.
3. Miles L, Kapos V (2008) Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation: Global land-use implications. Science 320(5882): 1454-1455.
4. Angelsen A, Kaimowitz D, eds (2001) Agricultural Technologies and Tropical Deforestation (CABI, Wallingford, UK).
5. Green RE, Cornell SJ, Scharlemann JPW, Balmford A (2005) Farming and the fate of wild nature. Science 307(5709): 550-555.
6. DeFries R, Rosenzweig C (2010) Toward a whole-landscape approach for sustainable land use in the tropics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(46): 19627-19632.
7. Ghazoul J, Koh LP, Butler RA (2010) A REDD light for wildlife-friendly farming. Conserv Biol 24(3): 644-645.
8. Tilman D, Balzer C, Hill J, Befort BL (2011) Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(50): 20260-20264.
9. Shively GE, Pagiola S (2004) Agricultural intensification, local labor markets, and deforestation in the Philippines. Environ Dev Econ 9(2): 241-266.
10. Lambin EF, Meyfroidt P (2011) Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(9): 3465-3472.
11. Pirard R, Belna K (2012) Agriculture and deforestation: Is REDD+ rooted in evidence? For Policy Econ 21: 62-70.
12. Ziegler A, et al. (2012) Transitions in SE Asia: Great uncertainty and implications for REDD+. Glob Change Biol 18(10): 3087-3099.
13. Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (2012) Participating Countries Readiness Proposals (World Bank, Washington, DC).
14. Indonesia UN-REDD (2010) Indonesia National Strategy for the Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Draft 1 Revised (United Nations REDD Programme, Geneva, Switzerland).
15. Van Vliet N, et al. (2012) Trends, drivers and impacts of changes in swidden cultivation in tropical forest-agriculture frontiers: A global assessment. Glob Environ Change 22(2): 418-429.
16. Ewers EM, Scharlemann JPW, Balmford A, Green RS (2009) Do increases in agricultural yield spare land for nature. Glob Change Biol 15(7): 1716-1726.
17. DeFries RS, Rudel T, Uriarte M, Hansen M (2010) Deforestation driven by urban population growth and agricultural trade in the twenty-first century. Nat Geosci 3: 178-181.
18. Rudel TK, et al. (2009) Agricultural intensification and changes in cultivated areas, 1970-2005. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(49): 20675-20680.
19. Morton DC, et al. (2006) Cropland expansion changes deforestation dynamics in the southern Brazilian Amazon. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(39): 14637-14641.
20. Angelsen A (2010) Policies for reduced deforestation and their impact on agricultural production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(46): 19639-19644.
21. Fischer J, et al. (2011) Conservation: Limits of land sparing. Science 334(6056):593.
22. Balmford A, Green R, Phalan B (2012) What conservationists need to know about farming. Proc Biol Sci 279(1739): 2714-2724.
23. Perfecto I, Vandermeer J (2010) The agroecological matrix as alternative to the landsparing/ agriculture intensification model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(13): 5786-5791.
24. Geist HJ, Lambin EF (2002) Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation. Bioscience 52(2): 143-150.
25. Boserup E (1965) The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure (Allen & Unwin, London).
26. Corbera E, Schroeder H (2010) Governing and implementing REDD. Environ Sci Policy 14(2): 89-99.
27. Corbera E, Pascual U (2012) Ecosystem services: Heed social goals. Science 335(6069): 655-656, author reply 656-657.
28. DRC Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of Environment Nature Conservation and Tourism & REDD Coordination Unit (2010) Document D'Orientation: Programme REDD+: Reduction de L'Impact de L'Agriculture de Subsistence sur la Foret (Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo).
29. Butler RA, Koh LP, Ghazoul J (2009) REDD in the red: Palm oil could undermine carbon payment schemes. Cons Lett 2(2): 67-73.
30. Venter O, et al. (2009) Harnessing carbon payments to protect biodiversity. Science 326(5958):1368.
31. 2 Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA).
32. Harris NL, et al. (2012) Baseline map of carbon emissions from deforestation in tropical regions. Science 336(6088): 1573-1576.
33. United Nations Environment Programme (2010) Université D'été REDD: Classification des Causes de Déforestation par Province (United Nations Environment Programme, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo).
34. DRC Ministry of Environment Nature Conservation and Tourism (2010) Democratic Republic of Congo Readiness Plan for REDD 2010-2012 (Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo).
35. Kasulu V (2010) The Early-Action REDD+ Programmes from the DRC (Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Tourism, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo).
36. Food and Agriculture Organization Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) (2010) Crops (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics, Rome).
37. Olasantan F, Lucas E, Ezumah H (1994) Effects of intercropping and fertilizer application on weed control and performance of cassava and maize. Field Crops Res 39(2-3): 63-69.
38. International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (ITTA) (2009) Cassava (International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Idaban, Nigeria).
39. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) Agricultural Outlook 2012-2021 (OECD Publishing & FAO, Rome).
40. Diaz D, Hamilton K, Johnson E (2011) State of the Forest Carbon Markets 2011: From Canopy to Currency (Ecosystem Marketplace & Forest Trends, Washington, DC).
41. Tol R (2008) The social cost of carbon: Trends, outliers and catastrophes. Ecol Econ 2: 2008-20025.
42. Naidoo R, Iwamura T (2007) Global-scale mapping of economic benefits from agricultural lands: Implications for conservation priorities. Biol Conserv 140(1-2): 40-49.
43. Brazil Ministry of Environment (2012) ProAmbiente (ProAmbiente, Porto Alegre, Brazil). Available at http://www.proambiente.cnpm.embrapa.br/index.php.
44. Blom B, Sunderland T, Murdiyarso D (2010) Getting REDD to work locally: Lessons learned from integrated conservation and development projects. Environ Sci Policy 13(2): 164-172.
45. Angelsen A, Kaimowitz D (1999) Rethinking the causes of deforestation: Lessons from economic models. World Bank Res Obs 14(1): 73-98.
46. Pascual U, Barbier EB (2006) Deprived land-use intensification in shifting cultivation: The population pressure hypothesis revisited. Agric Econ 34(2): 155-165.
47. Mendelsohn R (1994) Property rights and tropical deforestation. Oxf Econ Pap 46(5): 750-756.
48. Pichón FJ (1997) Colonist land-allocation decisions, land use and deforestation in the Ecuadorian Amazon frontier. Econ Dev Cult Change 45(4): 707-744.
49. Grepperud S (1997) Poverty, land degradation and climatic uncertainty. Oxf Econ Pap 49(4): 586-608.
50. Rudel TK, Horowitz B (1993) Tropical Deforestation: Small Farmers and Land Clearing in the Ecuadorian Amazon (Columbia Univ Press, New York).
51. Hazell P, Wood S (2008) Drivers of change in global agriculture. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 363(1491): 495-515.
52. López R Agricultural intensification, common property resources and the farmhousehold. Environ Resour Econ 11(3-4): 443-458.
53. Monfreda C, Ramankutty N, Foley JA (2008) Farming the planet: 2. Global Biogeochem Cy 22(1):GB1022.
54. Hoare AL (2007) The Use of Non-Timber Forest Products in the Congo Basin: Constraints and Opportunities (Rainforest Foundation, New York).
55. Fisher B, et al. (2011) Implementation and opportunity costs of reducing deforestation and forest degradation in Tanzania. Nature Clim Change 1(3): 161-164.
56. Greenpeace (2012) 'Artisanal Logging' = Industrial Logging in Disguise: Bypassing the Moratorium on the Allocation of New Industrial Logging Concessions in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Greenpeace, Washington, DC).
57. Nweke FI, Ezumah HC (1988) Cassava as Livestock Feed in Africa, eds Hahn SK, Reynolds L, Egbunike GN (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Ibadan, Nigeria).
58. U.S. Department of State (2008) DRC Human Rights Report (US Department of State, Washington, DC).
59. Torras M (2000) The total economic value of Amazonian deforestation 1978-1993. Ecol Econ 33(2): 283-297.
60. Farrow A, Nelson A (2001) Accessibility Analyst, a Simple and Flexible GIS Tool for Deriving Accessibility Models (International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia).
61. Hansen MC, et al. (2008) Humid tropical forest clearing from 2000 to 2005 quantified by using multitemporal and multiresolution remotely sensed data. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(27): 9439-9444.
62. Ruesch A, Gibbs HK (2008) New IPCC Tier-1 Global Biomass Carbon Map for the Year 2000 (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge, TN).
63. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2006) Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, Hamaya, Japan), Vol 4.
64. Feldpausch TR, Rondon MA, Fernandes ECM, Riha SJ, Wandelli E (2004) Carbon and nutrient accumulation in secondary forests regenerating on pastures in central Amazonia. Ecol Appl 14(4): 164-176.
65. Potter P, Ramankutty N, Bennett EM, Donner SD (2010) Characterizing the spatial patterns of global fertilizer application and manure production. Earth Interact 14(2): 1-22.