Camouflage and visual perception

Animal Camouflage: Mechanisms and Function

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 118-144

  Troscianko, Tom ^a   Benton, Christopher P ^a   Lovell, George ^b   Tolhurst, David J ^c   Pizlo, Zygmunt ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^d PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84877281295     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511852053.008     Document Type: Chapter

References (114)

1. Adelson, E. H. & Movshon, J. T. 1982. Phenomenal coherence of moving visual patterns. Nature, 300, 523–525.
2. Anderson, A. J. & McOwan, P. W. 2003a. Humans deceived by predatory stealth strategy camouflaging motion. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 270, S18–S20.
3. Anderson, A. J. & McOwan, P. W. 2003b. Model of a predatory stealth behaviour camouflaging motion. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 270, 489–495.
4. Autrum, H., Jung, R., Loewenstein, W. R., Mackay, D. M. & Teuber, H. L. 1973. Handbook of Sensory Physiology, vol. VII/5. New York: Springer.
5. Barlow, H. B., Hill, R. M. & Levick, W. R. 1964. Retinal ganglion cells responding selectively to direction + speed of image motion in rabbit. Journal of Physiology, 173, 377–407.
6. Barnard, K., Finlayson, G. & Funt, B. 1997. Colour constancy for scenes with varying illumination, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 65, 311–321.
7. Basri, R. & Ullman, S. 1993. The alignment of objects with smooth surfaces. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 57, 331–345.
8. Behrens, R. R. 1999. The role of artists in ship camouflage during World War I. Leonardo, 32, 53–59.
9. Biederman, I. 1987. Recognition-by-components: a theory of human image understanding. Psychological Review, 94, 115–147.
10. Blake, R. & Shiffrar, M. 2007. Perception of human motion. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 47–73.
11. Blakemore, C. & Tobin, E. 1972. Lateral inhibition between orientation detectors in cat’s visual cortex. Experimental Brain Research, 15, 439–440.
12. Bonds, A. B. 1989. Role of inhibition in the specification of orientation selectivity of cells in the cat striate cortex. Visual Neuroscience, 2, 41–55.
13. Born, R. T. & Bradley, D. C. 2005. Structure and function of visual area MT. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 28, 157–189.
14. Bowmaker, J. K. & Hunt, D. M. 2006. Evolution of vertebrate visual pigments. Current Biology, 16, R484–R489.
15. Canny, J. 1986. A computational approach to edge detection. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 8, 679–698.
16. Carandini, M., Demb, J. B., Mante, V. et al.2005. Do we know what the early visual system does? Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 10577–10597.
17. Cavanaugh, J. R., Bair, W. & Movshon, J. A. 2002a. Nature and interaction of signals from the receptive field center and surround in macaque V1 neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 88, 2530–2546.
18. Cavanaugh, J. R., Bair, W. & Movshon, J. A. 2002b. Selectivity and spatial distribution of signals from the receptive field surround in macaque V1 neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 88, 2547–2556.
19. Cott, H. B. 1940. Adaptive Coloration in Animals. London: Methuen.
20. Cuthill, I. C., Stevens, M., Sheppard, J. et al. 2005. Disruptive coloration and background pattern matching. Nature, 434, 72–74.
21. Dawkins, M. 1971. Perceptual changes in chicks: another look at the ‘search image’ concept. Animal Behaviour, 19, 566–574.
22. Dayan, E., Casile, A., Levit-Binnun, N. et al. 2007. Neural representations of kinematic laws of motion: Evidence for action-perception coupling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 104, 20582–20587.
23. Dimitrova, M., Stobbe, N., Schaefer, H. M. & Merilaita, S. 2009. Concealed by conspicuousness: distractive markings and backgrounds. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 276: 1905–1910.
24. Dittrich, W. H., Troscianko, T., Lea, S. E. G. & Morgan, D. 1996. Perception of emotion from dynamic point-light displays represented in dance. Perception, 25, 727–738.
25. Dukas, R. & Kamil, A. C. 2001. Limited attention: the constraint underlying search image. Behavioral Ecology, 12, 192–199.
26. Duncan, J. & Humphreys, G. W. 1989. Visual search and stimulus similarity. Psychological Review, 96, 433–458.
27. Duncan, J. & Humphreys, G. 1992. Beyond the search surface: visual search and attentional engagement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 578–588.
28. Enns, J. T. & Rensink, R. A. 1990a. Influence of scene-based properties on visual search. Science, 247, 721–723.
29. Enns, J. T. & Rensink, R. A. 1990b. Sensitivity to 3-dimensional orientation in visual search. Psychological Science, 1, 323–326.
30. Field, D. J. & Tolhurst, D. J. 1986. The structure and symmetry of simple cell receptive-field profiles in the cat’s visual cortex. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 228, 379–400.
31. Finkelstein, D. & Grüsser, O. J. 1965. Frog retina: detection of movement. Science, 150, 1050–1051.
32. Finlayson, G. D. & Funt, B. V. 1994. Color constancy using shadows. Perception, 23, 89–90.
33. Ghose, K., Horiuchi, T. K., Krishnaprasad, P. S. & Moss, C. F. 2006. Echolocating bats use a nearly time-optimal strategy to intercept prey. PLoS Biology, 4, 865–873.
34. Gilbert, C. D. 1977. Laminar differences in receptive field properties of cells in cat primary visual cortex. Journal of Physiology, 268, 391–421.
35. Glendinning, P. 2004. The mathematics of motion camouflage. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 271, 477–481.
36. Grosof, D. H., Shapley, R. M. & Hawken, M. J. 1993. Macaque VI neurons can signal ‘illusory’ contours. Nature, 365, 550–552
37. Grossberg, S., Mingolla, E. & Ross, W. D. 1997. Visual brain and visual perception: how does the cortex do perceptual grouping? Trends in Neuroscience, 20, 106–111.
38. Harmon, L. D. & Julesz, B. 1973. Masking in visual recognition: effects of two-dimensional filtered noise. Science, 180, 1194–1197.
39. Heeger, D. J. 1992. Normalization of cell responses in cat striate cortex. Visual Neuroscience, 9, 181–197.
40. Hiris, E. 2007. Detection of biological and nonbiological motion. Journal of Vision, 7, 1–16.
41. Hubel, D. H. & Wiesel, T. N. 1959. Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat’s striate cortex. Journal of Physiology, 148, 574–591.
42. Hubel, D. H. & Wiesel, T. N. 1962. Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat’s visual cortex. Journal of Physiology, 160, 106–154.
43. Hubel, D. H. & Wiesel, T. N. 1965. Receptive fields and functional architecture in two nonstriate areas (18 and 19) of the cat. Journal of Neurophysiology, 28, 229–289.
44. Ivanenko, Y. P., Grasso, R., Macellari, V. & Lacquaniti, F. 2002. Two-thirds power law in human locomotion: role of ground contact forces. Neuroreport, 13, 1171–1174.
45. Johansson, G. 1973.Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis. Perception and Psychophysics, 14, 201–211.
46. Jones, J. P. & Palmer, L. A. 1987. An evaluation of the two-dimensional Gabor filter model of simple receptive fields in cat striate cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 58, 1233–1258.
47. Julesz, B. 1971. Foundations of Cyclopean Perception. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
48. Justh, E. W. & Krishnaprasad, P. S. 2006. Steering laws for motion camouflage. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A, 462, 3629–3643.
49. Kelman, E. J., Baddeley, R. J., Shohet, A. J. & Osorio, D. 2007. Perception of visual texture and the expression of disruptive camouflage by the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 274, 1369–1375.
50. Krebs, J. R. 1973. Behavioural aspects of predation. In Perspectives in Ethology, eds. Bateson, P. P. G. & Klopfer, P. H. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 73–111.
51. Lamme, V. A. 1995. The neurophysiology of figure−ground segregation in primary visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 1605–1615.
52. Lamme, V. A. F. 2003. Why visual attention and awareness are different. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 12–18.
53. Land, M. F. & Nilsson, D.-E. 2001. Animal Eyes. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
54. Lauritzen, J. S. & Tolhurst, D. J. 2005. Contrast constancy in natural scenes in shadow or direct light – a proposed role for contrast-normalisation (non-specific suppression) in visual cortex. Network, Computation in Neural Systems, 16, 151–173.
55. Lawrence, E. S., & Allen, J. A. 1983. On the term ‘search image’. Oikos, 40, 313–314.
56. Li, Y., Pizlo, Z. & Steinman, R. M. 2009. A computational model that recovers the 3D shape of an object from a single 2D retinal representation. Vision Research, 49, 979–991.
57. Longuet-Higgins, H. C. 1981. A computer algorithm for reconstructing a scene from two projections. Nature, 293, 133–135.
58. Lovell, P. G., Tolhurst, D. J., Párraga, C. A. et al. 2005. On the stability of the color-opponent signals under changes of illuminant in natural scenes. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 22, 2060–2071.
59. Lovell, P. G., Párraga, C. A., Ripamonti, C., Troscianko, T., & Tolhurst, D. 2006. Evaluation of a multi-scale color model for visual difference prediction. Transactions on Applied Perception, 3, 155–178.
60. Lovell, P. G., Gilchrist, I. D., Tolhurst, D. J., To, M., & Troscianko, T. 2008. Predicting search efficiency with a low-level visual difference model. Journal of Vision, 8, 1082.
61. Lowe, D. G. 1985. Perceptual Organization and Visual Recognition. Boston, MA: Kluwer.
62. Maffei, L. & Fiorentini, A. 1973. The visual cortex as a spatial frequency analyzer. Vision Research, 13, 1255–1267.
63. Marr, D. 1969. A theory of cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 174, 161–234.
64. Marr, D. 1982. Vision. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman.
65. Marr, D. & Hildreth, E. 1980. Theory of edge detection. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 207, 187–217.
66. Mendola, J. D., Dale, A. M., Fischl, B., Liu, A. K. & Tootell, R. B. H. 1999. The representation of illusory and real contours in human cortical visual areas revealed by functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 8560–8572.
67. Mizutani, A., Chahl, J. S. & Srinivasan, M. V. 2003. Motion camouflage in dragonflies. Nature, 423, 604.
68. Movshon, J. A., Thompson, I. D. & Tolhurst, D. J. 1978. Spatial summation in the receptive fields of simple cells in the cat’s striate cortex. Journal of Physiology, 283, 53–77.
69. Mundy, J. L. & Zisserman, A. 1992. Geometric Invariance in Computer Vision. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
70. Orban, G. A., Sunaert, S., Todd, J. T., Van Hecke, P. & Marchal, G. 1999. Human cortical regions involved in extracting depth from motion. Neuron, 24, 929–940.
71. Osorio, D. & Vorobyev, M. 1996. Colour vision as an adaptation to frugivory in primates. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 263, 593–599.
72. Pack, C. C., Livingstone, M. S., Duffy, K. R. & Born, R. T. 2003. End-stopping and the aperture problem: two-dimensional motion signals in macaque V1. Neuron, 39, 671–680.
73. Párraga, C. A., Troscianko, T. & Tolhurst, D. J. 2002. Spatio-chromatic properties of natural images and human vision. Current Biology, 12, 483–487.
74. Párraga, C. A., Troscianko, T. & Tolhurst, D. J. 2005. The effects of amplitude-spectrum statistics on foveal and peripheral discrimination of changes in natural images, and a multi-resolution model. Vision Research, 45, 3145–3168.
75. Pizlo, Z. 2008. 3D Shape: Its Unique Place in Visual Perception. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
76. Pizlo, Z. & Loubier, K. 2000. Recognition of a solid shape from its single perspective image obtained by a calibrated camera. Pattern Recognition, 33, 1675–1681.
77. Porrill, J., Pollard, S., Pridmore, T. P. et al. 1988. TINA: a 3D vision system for pick and place. Image Vision Computing, 6, 91–99.
78. Ramachandran, V. S. 1988. Perception of shape from shading. Nature, 331, 163–166.
79. Reddy, P. V., Justh, E. W. & Krishnaprasad, P. S. 2007. Motion camouflage with sensorimotor delay. In Proceedings of the 46th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, vols. 1–14, pp. 3148–3153.
80. Regan, B. C., Julliot, C., Simmen, B. et al. 2001. Fruits, foliage and the evolution of primate colour vision. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B, 356, 229–283.
81. Ringach, D. L. 2002. Spatial structure and symmetry of simple-cell receptive fields in macaque primary visual cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 88, 455–463.
82. Rosenholtz, R., Li, Y. Z., & Nakano, L. 2007. Measuring visual clutter. Journal of Vision, 7, 1–22.
83. Sawada, T. & Pizlo, Z. 2008. Detecting mirror-symmetry of a volumetric shape from its single 2D image. Proceedings of the Workshop on Perceptual Organization in Computer Vision, IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Anchorage, Alaska, June 23.
84. Schwartz, O. & Simoncelli, E. P. 2001. Natural signal statistics and sensory gain control. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 819–825.
85. Shohet, A. J., Baddeley, R. J., Anderson, J. C., Kelman, E. J. & Osorio, D. 2006. Cuttlefish responses to visual orientation of substrates, water flow and a model of motion camouflage. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209, 4717–4723.
86. Smyth, D., Willmore, B., Thompson, I. D., Baker, G. E. & Tolhurst, D. J. 2003. The receptivefield organisation of simple cells in primary visual cortex (V1) of ferrets under natural scene stimulation. Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 4746–4759.
87. Srinivasan, M. V. & Davey, M. 1995. Strategies for active camouflage of motion. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 259, 19–25.
88. Stevens, M. & Cuthill, I. C. 2006. Disruptive coloration, crypsis and edge detection in early visual processing. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 273, 2141–2147.
89. Stevens, M., Yule, D. H. & Ruxton, G.D. 2008. Dazzle coloration and prey movement. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 275, 2639–2643.
90. Steverding, D. & Troscianko, T. 2004. On the role of blue shadows in the visual behaviour of tsetse flies. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 271, S16–S17.
91. Thayer, G. H. 1909. Concealing Coloration in the Animal Kingdom: An Exposition of the Laws of Disguise through Color and Pattern; Being a Summary of Abbott H. Thayer’s Discoveries. New York: Macmillan.
92. Thompson, d’Arcy W. 1942/1992. On Growth and Form. New York: Dover.
93. Tinbergen, L. 1960. The natural control of insects in pine woods. I. Factors influencing the intensity of predation by songbirds. Archives Neerlandaises de Zoologie, 13, 265–343.
94. Tolhurst, D. J. 1972. On the possible existence of edge detectors in the human visual system. Vision Research, 12, 797–804.
95. Tolhurst, D. J. & Dean, A. F. 1987. Spatial summation by simple cells in the striate cortex of the cat. Experimental Brain Research, 66, 607–620.
96. Tolhurst, D. J. & Heeger, D. J. 1997. Comparison of contrast-normalization and threshold models of the responses of simple cells in cat striate cortex. Visual Neuroscience, 14, 293–309.
97. Tootell, R. B. H., Reppas, J. B., Kwong, K. K. et al. 1995. Functional analysis of human MT and related visual cortical areas using magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 3215–3230.
98. Treisman, A. 1988. Features and objects: the 14th Bartlett Memorial Lecture. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A – Human Experimental Psychology, 40, 201–237.
99. Treisman, A. M., & Gelade, G. 1980. Feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 97–136.
100. Ullman, S. 1979. The Interpretation of Visual Motion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
101. Vanduffel, W., Fize, D., Peuskens, H. et al. 2002. Extracting 3D from motion: differences in human and monkey intraparietal cortex. Science, 298, 413–415.
102. von der Heydt, R., Peterhans, E. & Baumgartner, G. 1984. Illusory contours and cortical neuron responses. Science, 224, 1260–1262.
103. von der Heydt, R., Zhou, H. & Friedman, H. S. 2003. Neural coding of border ownership: implications for the theory of figure–ground perception. In Perceptual Organization in Vision: Behavioral and Neural Perspectives, eds. Behrmann, M., Kirchi, R. & Olson, C. R. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 281–304.
104. Walls, G. L. 1942. The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation. New York: Hafner.
105. Ward, G. & Shakespeare, R. 2004. Rendering with Radiance: The Art and Science of Lighting Visualization. Booksurge Press.
106. Weckstrom, M. & Laughlin, S. B. 1995. Visual ecology and voltage-gated ion channels in insect photoreceptors. Trends in Neuroscience, 18, 17–21.
107. Weiss, I. 1993. Geometric invariants and object recognition. International Journal of Computer Vision, 10, 207–231.
108. Weisstein, N. & Bisaha, J. 1972. Gratings mask bars and bars mask gratings: visual frequency response to aperiodic stimuli. Science, 176, 1047–1049.
109. Wolfe, J. M. 1994a. Guided Search 2.0: a revised model of visual-search. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 1, 202–238.
110. Wolfe, J. M. 1994b. Visual-search in continuous, naturalistic stimuli. Vision Research, 34, 1187–1195.
111. Wuerger, S., Shapley, R. & Rubin, N. 1996. “On the visually perceived direction of motion” by Hans Wallach: 60 years later. Perception, 25, 1317–1367.
112. Zeki, S., Watson, J. D. G., Lueck, C. J. et al. 1991. A direct demonstration of the functional specialisation in the human visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 11, 641–649.
113. Zhou, H., Friedman, H. S. & von der Heydt, R. 2000. Coding of border ownership in monkey visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 6594–6611.
114. Zylinski, S., Osorio, D. & Shohet, A. J. 2009. Cuttlefish camouflage: context-dependent body pattern use during motion. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 276, 3963–3969.