Early maladaptive schemas and social anxiety in adolescents: The mediating role of anxious automatic thoughts

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 278-288

  Calvete, Esther ^a   Orue, Izaskun ^a   Hankin, Benjamin L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DEUSTO   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DENVER   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Anxious automatic thoughts; Early maladaptive schemas; Social anxiety

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENCE; ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT HEALTH; ANTICIPATORY ANXIETY; ANXIOUS AUTOMATIC THOUGHT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEFENSE MECHANISM; FEMALE; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALADJUSTMENT; MALE; MEDITATION; SELF CONCEPT; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL PHOBIA; SOCIAL STRESS; THEORETICAL MODEL; THOUGHT DISORDER; ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDER; PHOBIA; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; PSYCHOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE; THINKING;

ADOLESCENT; ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PHOBIC DISORDERS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; QUESTIONNAIRES; SEX FACTORS; THINKING;

EID: 84877155193     PISSN: 08876185     EISSN: 18737897     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.02.011     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Alfano C.A., Beidel D.C., Turner S.M. Negative self-imagery among adolescents with social phobia: a test of an adult model of the disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2008, 37(2):327-336. 2008.
2. Beck A. Depression: causes and treatment 1967, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
3. Beck A. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders 1976, Int. Univ. Press, New York.
4. Beck A.T., Dozois D.J.A. Cognitive therapy: current status and future directions. Annual Review of Medicine 2011, 62:397-409.
5. Beidel D.C., Turner S.M. Shy children, phobic adults: the nature and treatment of social phobia 1998, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
6. Beidel, D. C. & Turner, S. M. (2007). Shy children, phobic adults: Nature and treatment of social anxiety disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, DC US: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11533-001.
7. Beidel D.C., Turner S.M., Morris T.L. Psychopathology of childhood social phobia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1999, 38:643-650.
8. Boden M.T., John O.P., Goldin P.R., Werner K., Heimberg R.G., Gross J.J. The role of maladaptive beliefs in cognitive-behavioral therapy: evidence from social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2012, 50:287-291.
9. Brozovich F., Heimberg R.G. An analysis of post-event processing in social anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology Review 2008, 28:891-903. 10.1016/j.cpr.2008.01.002.
10. Calvete E., Orue I. Ansiedad social y esquemas cognitivos disfuncionales. Psicología Conductual 2008, 16:5-21.
11. Calvete E., Orue I. Social information processing as a mediator between cognitive schemas and aggressive behavior in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2012, 40:105-117.
12. Calvete E., Orue I. Validación del Cuestionario de Cogniciones sociales en adolescentes españoles. Ansiedad y Estrés 2012, 18:131-139.
13. Calvete, E., Orue, I., & González-Díez, Z. An examination of the structure and stability of early maladaptive schemas by means of the Young Schema Questionnaire-3. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, in press.
14. Calvete, E., Orue, I., Cámara, M., & Hankin, B. L. (2013). A longitudina test of the vulnerability-stress model with early maladaptive schemas for depressive and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents, Submitted for publication.
15. Clark D.M. A cognitive perspective on social phobia. International handbook of social anxiety: concepts, research and interventions relating to the self and shyness 2001, 405-430. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York. W.R. Crozier, L.E. Alden (Eds.).
16. Clark D.M., Wells A. A cognitive model of social phobia. Social phobia: diagnosis, assessment and treatment 1995, 69-93. Guildford Press, New York. R.G. Heimberg, M.R. Liebowitz, D.A. Hope, F.R. Schneier (Eds.).
17. Cole D.A., Maxwell S.E. Testing meditational models with longitudinal data: questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2003, 112:558-577.
18. Cunha M., Pinto-Gouveia J., Salvador M.C. Social fears in adolescence - the social anxiety and avoidance scale for adolescents. European Psychologist 1998, 13:197-213.
19. Di Bartolo P.M., Albano A.M., Barlow D.H., Heimberg R.G. Cross-informant agreement in the assessment of social phobia in youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1998, 26:631-655.
20. Dodge K.A., Coie J.D., Lynam D. Aggression and antisocial behavior. Handbook of child psychology. Social, emotional, and personality development 2006, Vol. 3:719-788. Wiley, New York. 6th ed.
21. Dozois D.J.A., Backs-Dermott B.J. Sociotropic personality and information processing following imaginal priming: a test of the congruency hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 2000, 32:117-126.
22. Essau C.A., Conradt J., Petermann F. Frecuency and comorbidity of social phobia and social fears in adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1999, 37:831-843.
23. Essau C.A., Conradt J., Petermann F. Course and outcome of anxiety disorders in adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2002, 16:67-81. 10.1016/S0887-6185(01)00091-3.
24. Furmark T. Social phobia: overview of community surveys. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2002, 105:84-93.
25. Gros D.F., Simms L.J., Antony M.M., McCabe R.E. Development and psychometric evaluation of the multidimensional assessment of social anxiety (MASA). Journal of Clinical Psychology 2012, 68(4):432-447.
26. Heimberg R.C., Brozovich F.A., Rapee R.M. A cognitive behavioral model of social anxiety disorder: update and extension. Social anxiety: clinical, developmental, and social perspectives 2010, 395-422. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA. S.G. Hofmann, P.M. DiBartolo (Eds.).
27. Hinrichsen H., Waller G., Emanuelli F. Social anxiety and agoraphobia in the eating disorders: associations with core beliefs. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2004, 192:784-787.
28. Hofmann S.G. Cognitive factors that maintain social anxiety disorder: a comprehensive model and its treatment implications. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2007, 36:193-209.
29. Hu L., Bentler P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling 1999, 6:1-55. 10.1080/10705519909540118.
30. Inderbitzen-Nolan H.M., Walters K.S. Social anxiety scale for adolescents: normative data and further evidence of construct validity. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 2000, 29:360-371.
31. Ingram R.E., Kendall P.C. Cognitive clinical psychology: implications of an information processing perspective. Information processing approaches to clinical psychology 1986, 3-21. Academic Press, Orlando, FL. R.E. Ingram (Ed.).
32. Jöreskog K.G., Sörbom D. LISREL 8.8 2006, Scientific Software International Inc.
33. Jovev M., Jackson H.J. Early maladaptive schemas in personality disordered individuals. Journal of Personality Disorders 2004, 18:467-478.
34. Kessler R.C., Berglund P., Demeler O., Jin R., Merikangas K.R., Walters E.E. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005, 62:593-602.
35. Kliewer W., Lepore S.J., Oskin D., Johnson P.D. The role of social and cognitive processes in children's adjustment to community violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1998, 66:199-209.
36. LaGrange B., Cole D.A., Jacquez F., Ciesla J., Dallaire D., Pineda A., et al. Disentangling the prospective relations between cognitive style and depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2011, 120(3):511-527.
37. La Greca A.M., López N. Social anxiety among adolescents: linkage with peer relations and friendships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1998, 26:83-94.
38. La Greca A.M., Stone W.L. Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised: factor structure and concurrent validity. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 1993, 22:17-27.
39. Leary M.R. Shyness and the self: attentional, motivational, and cognitive self-processes in social anxiety and inhibition. International handbook of social anxiety: concepts, research and interventions relating to the self and shyness 2001, 217-234. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York. W.R. Crozier, L.E. Alden (Eds.).
40. Leary M.R., Kowalski R.M. Social anxiety 1995, Guilford, New York.
41. Ledley D.R., Heimberg R.G. Cognitive vulnerability to social anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2006, 25:755-778. 10.1521/jscp.2006.25.7.755.
42. Little T.D., Cunningham W.A., Shahar G., Widaman K.F. To parcel or not to parcel: exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling 2002, 9(2):151-173.
43. Martens M.P., Haase R.F. Advanced applications of structural equation modeling in counseling psychology research. The Counseling Psychologist 2006, 34(6):878-911. 10.1177/0011000005283395.
44. Nepon T., Flett G., Hewitt P.L., Molnar D.S. Perfectionism, negative social feedback, and interpersonal rumination in depression and social anxiety. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 2011, 43:297-308. 10.1037/a0025032.
45. Olivares J., Piqueras J.A., Rosa A.I. Características sociodemográficas y psicológicas de la fobia social en adolescentes. Psicothema 2006, 18:207-212.
46. Olivares J., Rosa A.I., Caballo V.E., García-López L.J., Orgilés M., López-Gollonet C. El tratamiento de la fobia social en niños y adolescentes: una revisión meta-analítica. Psicología Conductual 2003, 11:599-622.
47. Olivares J., Ruiz J., Hidalgo M.D., García-López L.J., Rosa A.I., Piqueras J.A. Social anxiety scale for adolescents (SAS-A): psychometric properties in a Spanish-speaking population. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology 2005, 5:85-97.
48. Pinto-Gouveia J., Castilho P., Gallardo A., Cunha M. Early maladaptive schemas and social phobia. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2006, 30:571-584.
49. Pössel P. Can Beck's theory of depression and the response style theory be integrated?. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2011, 58:618-629. 10.1037/a0025092.
50. Ranta K., Kaltiala Heino R., Koivisto A.M., Tuomisto M.T., Pelkonen M., Marttunen M. Age and gender differences in social anxiety symptoms during adolescence: the social phobia inventory (SPIN) as a measure. Psychiatry Research 2007, 153:261-270.
51. Rapee R.M., Heimberg R.G. A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1997, 35:741-756.
52. Reeves M., Taylor J. Specific relationships between core beliefs and personality disorder symptoms in a non-clinical sample. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 2007, 14:96-103. 10.1002/cpp.519.
53. Rheingold A.A., Herbert J.D., Franklin M.E. Cognitive bias in adolescents with social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy & Research 2003, 27(6):639.
54. Rijkeboer M.M., van den Bergh H., van den Bout J. Stability and discriminative power of the Young Schema-Questionnaire in a Dutch clinical versus nonclinical sample. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2005, 36:129-144.
55. Riso L.P., Froman S.E., Raouf M., Gable P., Maddux R.E., Turini-Santorelli N., et al. The long-term stability of early maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2006, 30:515-529.
56. Rosenberg A., Ledley D.R., Heimberg R.G. Social anxiety disorder. Cognitive-behavior therapy for refractory cases: turning failure into success 2010, 65-88. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. D. McKay, J. Abramowitz, S. Taylor (Eds.).
57. Satorra A., Bentler P.M. A scaled difference Chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika 2001, 66:507-514. 10.1007/BF02296192.
58. Shrout P.E., Bolger N. Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods 2002, 7:422-445.
59. Spanish Society of Epidemiology and Family and Community Medicine Una propuesta de medida de la clase social. Atención Primaria 2000, 25:350-363.
60. Spasojevic J., Alloy L.B. Rumination as a common mechanism relating depressive risk factors to depression. Emotion 2001, 1:25-37.
61. Stein M.B., Gorman J.M. Unmasking social anxiety disorder. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 2001, 26:185-189.
62. Stopa, L. (1995). Cognitive processes in social anxiety. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Oxford.
63. Stopa L., Clark D.M. Social phobia and interpretation of social events. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2000, 38:273-283. 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00043-1.
64. Tanner R.J., Stopa L., De Houwer J. Implicit views of the self in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2006, 44:1397-1409.
65. Turner S.M., Johnson M.R., Beidel D.C., Heiser N.A., Lydiard R.B. The social thoughts and beliefs scale: a new inventory for assessing cognitions in social phobia. Psychological Assessment 2003, 15(3):384-391. 10.1037/1040-3590.15.3.384.
66. Weeks J.W., Heimberg R.G., Fresco D.M., Hart T.A., Turk C.L., Schnieier F.R., et al. Empirical validation and psychometric evaluation of the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale in patients with social anxiety disorder. Psychological Assessment 2005, 17:179-190.
67. Weeks J.W., Howell A.N. The bivalent fear of evaluation model of social anxiety: further integrating findings on fears of positive and negative evaluation. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2012, 41:83-95. 10.1080/16506073.2012.661452.
68. Wells A. Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders. A practice manual and conceptual guide 1997, Wiley, Chichester.
69. Wells A., Clark D.M., Ahmad S. How do I look with my mind's eye? Perspective taking in social phobic imagery. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1998, 36:631-634.
70. Wells, A., Stopa, L., & Clark, D. M. (1993). The social cognitions questionnaire. Not published manuscript. University of Oxford.
71. Wittchen H., Stein M.B., Kessler R.C. Social fears and social phobia in a community sample of adolescents and young adults: Prevalence, risk factors and co-morbidity. Psychological Medicine 1999, 29(2):309-323. 10.1017/S0033291798008174.
72. Young J. Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: a schema-focused approach 1990, Professional Resource Exchange, Sarasota, FL.
73. Young J.E. Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: a schema-focused approach 1999, Professional Resource Press/Professional Resource Exchange, Sarasota. 3rd ed.
74. Young J. Young schema questionnaire-3 2006, Cognitive Therapy Center, New York.
75. Young J.E., Klosko J.S., Weishaar M.E. Schema therapy: a practitioner's guide 2003, Guilford, New York.
76. Zeigler-Hill V., Green B.A., Arnau R.C., Sisemore T.B., Myers E.M. Trouble ahead, trouble behind: narcissism and early maladaptive schemas. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2011, 42:96-103. 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.07.004.
77. Zelli A., Dodge K.A., Lochman J.E., Laird R.D., Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group The distinction between beliefs legitimizing aggression and deviant processing of social cues: testing measurement validity and the hypothesis that biased processing mediates the effects of beliefs on aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1999, 77:150-166.