메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 2013, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

Why sauropods had long necks; and why giraffes have short necks

Author keywords

Cervical vertebra; Dinosaur; Evolution; Giraffe; Neck; Sauropod

Indexed keywords

AIR SAC; ANATOMICAL VARIATION; ARTICLE; BODY SIZE; BONE; CERVICAL RIB; CERVICAL SPINE; EGG SIZE; EPIPOPHYSES; GIRAFFE; HEAD; MUSCLE; NECK; NONHUMAN; PLESIOSAUR; PTEROSAUR; QUADRUPEDAL STANCE; SAUROPOD; SAUROPSID; SPINAL NERVE; STANDING; TANYSTROPHEUS; TETRAPOD; TRUNK;

EID: 84877153376     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21678359     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.36     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (58)

References (161)
  • 3
    • 0000059308 scopus 로고
    • Titanopteryx philadelphiae nov. gen., nov. sp., ptérosaurien géant
    • Arambourg C. 1959. Titanopteryx philadelphiae nov. gen., nov. sp., pt́erosaurien ǵeant. Notes et Ḿemoires sur le Moyen-Orient 7:229-234.
    • (1959) Notes et Mémoires sur le Moyen-Orient , vol.7 , pp. 229-234
    • Arambourg, C.1
  • 4
    • 10244235585 scopus 로고
    • The trumpeter swan, North American Fauna Series
    • Washington
    • Banko WE. 1960. The trumpeter swan, North American Fauna Series,Washington, D.C: US Fish and Wildlife Service 63.
    • (1960) D. C: US Fish and Wildlife Service , pp. 63
    • Banko, W.E.1
  • 5
    • 77958169661 scopus 로고
    • Scientific news: 5 Notes on the Paleontological Laboratory of the United States Geological Survey under Professor Marsh
    • Barbour EH. 1890. Scientific news: 5. Notes on the Paleontological Laboratory of the United States Geological Survey under Professor Marsh. The American Naturalist 24:388-400
    • (1890) The American Naturalist , vol.24 , pp. 388-400
    • Barbour, E.H.1
  • 6
    • 0003145128 scopus 로고
    • New information on Therizinosaurus (Therizinosauridae, Theropoda). In: Kramarenko NN, Luvsandansan B, Voronin YI, Barsbold R, Rozhdestvensky AK, Trofimov BA, Reshetov VY, eds
    • Moscow: Nauka Press,In Russian
    • Barsbold R. 1976. New information on Therizinosaurus (Therizinosauridae, Theropoda). In: Kramarenko NN, Luvsandansan B, Voronin YI, Barsbold R, Rozhdestvensky AK, Trofimov BA, Reshetov VY, eds. Paleontology and biostratigraphy of Mongolia. Joint Soviet-Mongolian paleontological expedition, transactions. Moscow: Nauka Press, 3:76-92 In Russian.
    • (1976) Paleontology and biostratigraphy of Mongolia, Joint Soviet-Mongolian paleontological expedition, transactions , vol.3 , pp. 76-92
    • Barsbold, R.1
  • 8
    • 84886218433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tendons and ligaments: structure, mechanical behavior and biological function
    • In: Fratzl P, ed. Collagen: structure and mechanics. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
    • Biewener AA. 2008. Tendons and ligaments: structure, mechanical behavior and biological function. In: Fratzl P, ed. Collagen: structure and mechanics. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 269-284.
    • (2008) , pp. 269-284
    • Biewener, A.A.1
  • 9
    • 69249097500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avian eggshell thickness: scaling and maximum body mass in birds
    • Birchard GF, Deeming DC. 2009. Avian eggshell thickness: scaling and maximum body mass in birds. Journal of Zoology 279:91-101
    • (2009) Journal of Zoology , vol.279 , pp. 91-101
    • Birchard, G.F.1    Deeming, D.C.2
  • 10
    • 0002436031 scopus 로고
    • A continental assemblage of tetrapods from the upper cretaceous beds of El Brete, northwestern Argentina (Sauropoda-Coelurosauria-Carnosauria-Aves). Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France
    • Bonaparte JF, Powell JE. 1980. A continental assemblage of tetrapods from the upper cretaceous beds of El Brete, northwestern Argentina (Sauropoda-Coelurosauria-Carnosauria-Aves). Ḿemoires de la Socíet́e Ǵeologique de France, Nouvelle Śerie, 139:19-28.
    • (1980) Nouvelle Série , vol.139 , pp. 19-28
    • Bonaparte, J.F.1    Powell, J.E.2
  • 13
    • 0001893784 scopus 로고
    • A new camarasaurid sauropod Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii, gen. n., sp. n., from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia
    • Borsuk-Bialynicka M. 1977. A new camarasaurid sauropod Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii, gen. n., sp. n., from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Palaeontologia Polonica 37:5-64
    • (1977) Palaeontologia Polonica , vol.37 , pp. 5-64
    • Borsuk-Bialynicka, M.1
  • 14
    • 34547825230 scopus 로고
    • Ornithologie ou méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections
    • genres, especes & leurs variétés. A laquelle on a joint une description exacte de chaque espece, avec les citations des auteurs qui en ont traité, les noms qu'ils leur ont donnés, ceux que leur ont donnés les différentes nations, & les noms vulgaires. Ouvrage enrichi de figures en taille-douce. In: Tome V. Paris: J. B. Bauche.
    • Brisson MJ. 1760. Ornithologie ou ḿethode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs varíet́es. A laquelle on a joint une description exacte de chaque espece, avec les citations des auteurs qui en ont trait́e, les noms qu'ils leur ont donńes, ceux que leur ont donńes les diff́erentes nations, & les noms vulgaires. Ouvrage enrichi de figures en taille-douce. In: Tome V. Paris: J.B. Bauche.
    • (1760)
    • Brisson, M.J.1
  • 15
    • 0027036333 scopus 로고
    • The role of phylogenetic analysis in the inference of unpreserved attributes of extinct taxa
    • Bryant HN, Russell AP. 1992. The role of phylogenetic analysis in the inference of unpreserved attributes of extinct taxa. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences 337:405-418
    • (1992) Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences , vol.337 , pp. 405-418
    • Bryant, H.N.1    Russell, A.P.2
  • 16
    • 0036256183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new giant pterosaur with a robust skull from the latest Cretaceous of Romania
    • Buffetaut E, Grigorescu D, Csiki Z. 2002. A new giant pterosaur with a robust skull from the latest Cretaceous of Romania. Naturwissenschaften 89:180-184
    • (2002) Naturwissenschaften , vol.89 , pp. 180-184
    • Buffetaut, E.1    Grigorescu, D.2    Csiki, Z.3
  • 18
    • 0000246079 scopus 로고
    • Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis (Pterosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Linhai, Zhejiang
    • Cai Z,Wei F. 1994. Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis (Pterosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Linhai, Zhejiang, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 32:181-194 In Chinese.
    • (1994) China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica In Chinese. , vol.32 , pp. 181-194
    • Cai, Z.1    Wei, F.2
  • 19
    • 33846214457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winning by a neck: tall giraffes avoid competing with shorter browsers
    • Cameron EZ, du Toit JT. 2007. Winning by a neck: tall giraffes avoid competing with shorter browsers. The American Naturalist 169:130-135
    • (2007) The American Naturalist , vol.169 , pp. 130-135
    • Cameron, E.Z.1    du Toit, J.T.2
  • 20
    • 70349460308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod Amphicoelias fragillimus (Cope, 1878)
    • Carpenter K. 2006. Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod Amphicoelias fragillimus (Cope, 1878). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 36:131-137.
    • (2006) New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin , vol.36 , pp. 131-137
    • Carpenter, K.1
  • 21
    • 77952092396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First complete sauropod dinosaur skull from the Cretaceous of the Americas and the evolution of sauropod dentition
    • Chure D, Britt BB,Whitlock JA,Wilson JA. 2010. First complete sauropod dinosaur skull from the Cretaceous of the Americas and the evolution of sauropod dentition. Naturwissenschaften 97(4):379-391
    • (2010) Naturwissenschaften , vol.97 , Issue.4 , pp. 379-391
    • Chure, D.1    Britt, B.B.2    Whitlock, J.A.3    Wilson, J.A.4
  • 22
    • 0035536009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia
    • Clark JM, Norell MA, Barsbold R. 2001. Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21(2):209-213
    • (2001) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , vol.21 , Issue.2 , pp. 209-213
    • Clark, J.M.1    Norell, M.A.2    Barsbold, R.3
  • 23
    • 0013561741 scopus 로고
    • Tracheal elongation in birds-of-paradise
    • Clench MH. 1978. Tracheal elongation in birds-of-paradise. The Condor 80:423-430
    • (1978) The Condor , vol.80 , pp. 423-430
    • Clench, M.H.1
  • 24
    • 84877105453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The flexibility and musculature of the ostrich neck: implications for the feeding ecology and reconstruction of the Sauropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia)
    • MSc thesis, University of Bristol, UK
    • Cobley MJ. 2011. The flexibility and musculature of the ostrich neck: implications for the feeding ecology and reconstruction of the Sauropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia). MSc thesis, University of Bristol, UK.
    • (2011)
    • Cobley, M.J.1
  • 27
    • 0002341055 scopus 로고
    • On a gigantic saurian from the Dakota epoch of Colorado
    • Cope ED. 1877. On a gigantic saurian from the Dakota epoch of Colorado. Paleontological Bulletin 25:5-10.
    • (1877) Paleontological Bulletin , vol.25 , pp. 5-10
    • Cope, E.D.1
  • 28
    • 2342614413 scopus 로고
    • Geology and paleontology: a new species of Amphicoelias
    • Cope ED. 1878. Geology and paleontology: a new species of Amphicoelias. The American Naturalist 12:563-566
    • (1878) The American Naturalist , vol.12 , pp. 563-566
    • Cope, E.D.1
  • 29
    • 0032741648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sperm whale's nose: sexual selection on a grand scale?
    • Cranford TW. 1999. The sperm whale's nose: sexual selection on a grand scale? Marine Mammal Science 15(4):1133-1157
    • (1999) Marine Mammal Science , vol.15 , Issue.4 , pp. 1133-1157
    • Cranford, T.W.1
  • 30
    • 0000512984 scopus 로고
    • A new ornithischian from the Upper Triassic of South Africa
    • Crompton AW, Charig AJ. 1962. A new ornithischian from the Upper Triassic of South Africa. Nature 196:1074-1077
    • (1962) Nature , vol.196 , pp. 1074-1077
    • Crompton, A.W.1    Charig, A.J.2
  • 31
    • 84985407437 scopus 로고
    • The thickness of the walls of tubular bones
    • Currey JD, Alexander RMcN. 1985. The thickness of the walls of tubular bones. Journal of Zoology 206:453-468
    • (1985) Journal of Zoology , vol.206 , pp. 453-468
    • Currey, J.D.1    Alexander, R.M.N.2
  • 32
    • 0035797441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Last of the dinosaur titans: a new sauropod from Madagascar
    • Curry Rogers, K, Forster CA. 2001. Last of the dinosaur titans: a new sauropod from Madagascar. Nature 412:530-534
    • (2001) Nature , vol.412 , pp. 530-534
    • Curry Rogers, K.1    Forster, C.A.2
  • 34
    • 62249149483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why were extinct gigantic birds so small
    • Deeming DC, Birchard GF. 2009.Why were extinct gigantic birds so small? Avian Biology Research 1(4):187-194
    • (2009) Avian Biology Research , vol.1 , Issue.4 , pp. 187-194
    • Deeming, D.C.1    Birchard, G.F.2
  • 35
    • 84868147199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs
    • D'Emic MD. 2012. The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166:624-671
    • (2012) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , vol.166 , pp. 624-671
    • D'Emic, M.D.1
  • 36
    • 84863561540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The beginning of the sauropod dinosaur hiatus in North America: insights from the Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of Wyoming
    • D'Emic MD, Foreman BZ. 2012. The beginning of the sauropod dinosaur hiatus in North America: insights from the Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of Wyoming. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32(4):883-902
    • (2012) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , vol.32 , Issue.4 , pp. 883-902
    • D'Emic, M.D.1    Foreman, B.Z.2
  • 37
    • 0004168294 scopus 로고
    • Note sur les dinosauriens sauropodes & théropodes du Cretace Superieur de Madagascar
    • Deṕeret C. 1896. Note sur les dinosauriens sauropodes & th́eropodes du Cretace Superieur de Madagascar. Bulletin de la Socíet́e Geologique de France 24:176-194.
    • (1896) Bulletin de la Société Geologique de France , vol.24 , pp. 176-194
    • Depéret, C.1
  • 38
    • 0002407162 scopus 로고
    • The Cretaceous dinosaurs of South China
    • In Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology and Nanjing Institute of Paleontology, (eds.),Nanxiong: Science Press (In Chinese)
    • Dong Z. 1979. The Cretaceous dinosaurs of South China. In Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology and Nanjing Institute of Paleontology, (eds.),Mesozoic and Cenozoic Red Beds of South China: Selected Papers from the Cretaceous-Tertiary Workshop. Nanxiong: Science Press, 342-350 (In Chinese).
    • (1979) Mesozoic and Cenozoic Red Beds of South China: Selected Papers from the Cretaceous-Tertiary Workshop , pp. 342-350
    • Dong, Z.1
  • 39
    • 34547737875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flexibility along the neck of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) and consequences for the reconstruction of dinosaurs with extreme neck length
    • Dzemski G, Christian A. 2007. Flexibility along the neck of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) and consequences for the reconstruction of dinosaurs with extreme neck length. Journal of Morphology 268:701-714
    • (2007) Journal of Morphology , vol.268 , pp. 701-714
    • Dzemski, G.1    Christian, A.2
  • 41
    • 1842626213 scopus 로고
    • Paraceratherium bugtiense, a new genus of Rhinocerotidae from the Bugti Hills of Baluchistan, preliminary notice
    • Forster-Cooper C. 1911. Paraceratherium bugtiense, a new genus of Rhinocerotidae from the Bugti Hills of Baluchistan, preliminary notice. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 8:711-716.
    • (1911) Annals and Magazine of Natural History , vol.8 , pp. 711-716
    • Forster-Cooper, C.1
  • 42
    • 8744265818 scopus 로고
    • Correction of generic name [Thaumastotherium to Baluchitherium]
    • Forster-Cooper C. 1913. Correction of generic name [Thaumastotherium to Baluchitherium]. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 12: 504.
    • (1913) Annals and Magazine of Natural History , vol.12 , pp. 504
    • Forster-Cooper, C.1
  • 43
    • 0001340656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reappraisal of Arambourgiania (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea): one of the world's largest flying animals
    • Frey E,Martill DM. 1996. A reappraisal of Arambourgiania (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea): one of the world's largest flying animals. Neues Jahrbuch f̈ur Geologie und Pal̈aontologie, Abhandlungen 199:221-247.
    • (1996) Neues Jahrbuch f̈ur Geologie und Pal̈aontologie, Abhandlungen , vol.199 , pp. 221-247
    • Frey, E.1    Martill, D.M.2
  • 44
    • 0027974949 scopus 로고
    • Adaptive significance of tracheal elongation in manucodes (Paradisaeidae)
    • Frith CB. 1994. Adaptive significance of tracheal elongation in manucodes (Paradisaeidae). The Condor 96:552-555
    • (1994) The Condor , vol.96 , pp. 552-555
    • Frith, C.B.1
  • 45
    • 0033561047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? Developmental constraints, Hox genes and cancer
    • Galis F. 1999. Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? Developmental constraints, Hox genes, and cancer Journal of Experimental Zoology (Mol Dev Evol) 285:19-26
    • (1999) Journal of Experimental Zoology (Mol Dev Evol) , vol.285 , pp. 19-26
    • Galis, F.1
  • 46
    • 0242551399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-cancer selection as a source of developmental and evolutionary constraints
    • Galis F,Metz JAJ. 2003. Anti-cancer selection as a source of developmental and evolutionary constraints. BioEssays 25:1035-1039
    • (2003) BioEssays , vol.25 , pp. 1035-1039
    • Galis, F.1    Metz, J.A.J.2
  • 47
    • 0000838524 scopus 로고
    • Fabrosauridae, the basal family of ornithischian dinosaurs (Reptilia: Ornithischia)
    • Galton PM. 1978. Fabrosauridae, the basal family of ornithischian dinosaurs (Reptilia: Ornithischia). Pal̈aontologische Zeitschrift 52:138-159.
    • (1978) Pal̈aontologische Zeitschrift , vol.52 , pp. 138-159
    • Galton, P.M.1
  • 48
    • 84891468666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prosauropoda
    • In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osḿ olska H, eds., second edition, Berkeley: University of California Press
    • Galton PM, Upchurch P. 2004. Prosauropoda. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osḿ olska H, eds. The Dinosauria. second edition, Berkeley: University of California Press, 232-258.
    • (2004) The Dinosauria , pp. 232-258
    • Galton, P.M.1    Upchurch, P.2
  • 50
    • 0000809343 scopus 로고
    • Osteology of Apatosaurus, with special reference to specimens in the Carnegie Museum
    • Gilmore CW. 1936. Osteology of Apatosaurus, with special reference to specimens in the Carnegie Museum. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 11:175-298.
    • (1936) Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum , vol.11 , pp. 175-298
    • Gilmore, C.W.1
  • 51
    • 27544445751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sauropod dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of Malawi, Africa
    • 8.1.27A:1-37 6.9MB
    • Gomani EM. 2005. Sauropod dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of Malawi, Africa. Palaeontologia Electronica 8.1.27A:1-37 6.9MB; http://palaeo-electronica.org/20051/gomani27/issue105.htm.
    • (2005) Palaeontologia Electronica
    • Gomani, E.M.1
  • 53
    • 0001862679 scopus 로고
    • Further notes on the gigantic extinct rhinoceros, Baluchitherium, from the Oligocene of Mongolia
    • and plates 1-4
    • Granger W, Gregory WK. 1936. Further notes on the gigantic extinct rhinoceros, Baluchitherium, from the Oligocene of Mongolia. Bulletin of the AMNH 72:1-73 and plates I-IV.
    • (1936) Bulletin of the AMNH , vol.72 , pp. 1-73
    • Granger, W.1    Gregory, W.K.2
  • 54
    • 0001874908 scopus 로고
    • Diplodocus (Marsh): its osteology, taxonomy and probable habits, with a restoration of the skeleton
    • and plates 1-13
    • Hatcher JB. 1901. Diplodocus (Marsh): its osteology, taxonomy and probable habits, with a restoration of the skeleton. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 1:1-63 and plates 1-13.
    • (1901) Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum , vol.1 , pp. 1-63
    • Hatcher, J.B.1
  • 55
    • 33646433981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An azhdarchid pterosaur cervical vertebra from the Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian) of southeastern Montana
    • Henderson MD, Peterson JE. 2006. An azhdarchid pterosaur cervical vertebra from the Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian) of southeastern Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26(1):192-195
    • (2006) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 192-195
    • Henderson, M.D.1    Peterson, J.E.2
  • 56
    • 38249040880 scopus 로고
    • On the cervical vertebrae of the Pterodactyloidea (Reptilia: Archosauria)
    • Howse SCB. 1986. On the cervical vertebrae of the Pterodactyloidea (Reptilia: Archosauria). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 88:307-328
    • (1986) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , vol.88 , pp. 307-328
    • Howse, S.C.B.1
  • 57
    • 0036905357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of hindlimb tendons and muscles on the line to crown-group birds
    • Hutchinson JR. 2002. The evolution of hindlimb tendons and muscles on the line to crown-group birds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 133:1051-1086
    • (2002) Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology , Issue.133 , pp. 1051-1086
    • Hutchinson, J.R.1
  • 58
    • 80053994569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A computational analysis of limb and body dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with implications for locomotion, ontogeny, and growth
    • Hutchinson JR, Bates KT,Molnar J, Allen V,Makovicky PJ. 2011. A computational analysis of limb and body dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with implications for locomotion, ontogeny, and growth. PLoS ONE 6(10): e26037
    • (2011) PLoS ONE , vol.6 , Issue.10
    • Hutchinson, J.R.1    Bates, K.T.2    Molnar, J.3    Allen, V.4    Makovicky, P.J.5
  • 59
    • 0027799861 scopus 로고
    • New material of an Early Cretaceous titanosaurid sauropod dinosaur from Malawi
    • Jacobs LL,Winkler DA, Downs WR, Gomani EM. 1993. New material of an Early Cretaceous titanosaurid sauropod dinosaur from Malawi. Palaeontology 36:523-534.
    • (1993) Palaeontology , vol.36 , pp. 523-534
    • Jacobs, L.L.1    Winkler, D.A.2    Downs, W.R.3    Gomani, E.M.4
  • 60
    • 0031522127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New titanosaurid (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Central India
    • Jain SL, Bandyopadhyay S. 1997. New titanosaurid (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Central India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17:114-136
    • (1997) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , vol.17 , pp. 114-136
    • Jain, S.L.1    Bandyopadhyay, S.2
  • 61
    • 0002232287 scopus 로고
    • ̈ Ubersicht ̈uber der Wirbeltierfauna der Tendaguru-Schichten nebst einer kurzen Charakterisierung der neu aufgefuhrten Arten von Sauropoden
    • Janensch W. 1914. ̈ Ubersicht ̈uber der Wirbeltierfauna der Tendaguru-Schichten nebst einer kurzen Charakterisierung der neu aufgefuhrten Arten von Sauropoden. Archiv fur Biontologie 3:81-110.
    • (1914) Archiv fur Biontologie , vol.3 , pp. 81-110
    • Janensch, W.1
  • 62
    • 0002527615 scopus 로고
    • Die Wirbelsaule der Gattung Dicraeosaurus
    • Janensch W. 1929. Die Wirbelsaule der Gattung Dicraeosaurus. Palaeontographica, Supplement 7 2:35-133.
    • (1929) Palaeontographica, Supplement 7 , vol.2 , pp. 35-133
    • Janensch, W.1
  • 63
    • 0001784095 scopus 로고
    • Pneumatizitat bei Wirbeln von Sauropoden und anderen Saurischien
    • Janensch W. 1947. Pneumatizitat bei Wirbeln von Sauropoden und anderen Saurischien. Palaeontographica, Supplement 7 3:1-25.
    • (1947) Palaeontographica, Supplement 7 , vol.3 , pp. 1-25
    • Janensch, W.1
  • 64
    • 0002195171 scopus 로고
    • Die Wirbelsaule von Brachiosaurus brancai
    • Janensch W. 1950. Die Wirbelsaule von Brachiosaurus brancai. Palaeontographica, Supplement 7 3:27-93.
    • (1950) Palaeontographica, Supplement 7 , vol.3 , pp. 27-93
    • Janensch, W.1
  • 65
    • 0008434602 scopus 로고
    • Three new sauropod dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado
    • Jensen JA. 1985. Three new sauropod dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado. Great Basin Naturalist 45:697-709.
    • (1985) Great Basin Naturalist , vol.45 , pp. 697-709
    • Jensen, J.A.1
  • 67
    • 84869845693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histology shows that elongated neck ribs in sauropod dinosaurs are ossified tendons
    • Klein N, Christian A, Sander PM. 2012. Histology shows that elongated neck ribs in sauropod dinosaurs are ossified tendons. Biology Letters
    • (2012) Biology Letters
    • Klein, N.1    Christian, A.2    Sander, P.M.3
  • 68
    • 34848886395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erketu ellisoni, a long-necked sauropod from Bor Guve (Dornogov Aimag Mongolia)
    • Ksepka DT, Norell MA. 2006. Erketu ellisoni, a long-necked sauropod from Bor Guve (Dornogov Aimag, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates 3508:1-16
    • (2006) American Museum Novitates , vol.3508 , pp. 1-16
    • Ksepka, D.T.1    Norell, M.A.2
  • 69
    • 84861060454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Albertonectes vanderveldei, a new elasmosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta
    • Kubo T,Mitchell MT, Henderson DM. 2012. Albertonectes vanderveldei, a new elasmosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32(3):557-572
    • (2012) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , vol.32 , Issue.3 , pp. 557-572
    • Kubo, T.1    Mitchell, M.T.2    Henderson, D.M.3
  • 70
    • 0036901730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure and function of normally mineralizing avian tendons
    • Landis WJ, Silver FH. 2002. The structure and function of normally mineralizing avian tendons. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 133:1135-1157
    • (2002) Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology , Issue.133 , pp. 1135-1157
    • Landis, W.J.1    Silver, F.H.2
  • 71
    • 84891473750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basal Saurischia
    • In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osḿ olska H, eds., second edition, Berkeley: University of California Press
    • Langer MC. 2004. Basal Saurischia. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osḿ olska H, eds. The Dinosauria. second edition, Berkeley: University of California Press, 25-46.
    • (2004) The Dinosauria , pp. 25-46
    • Langer, M.C.1
  • 73
    • 84886394685 scopus 로고
    • Index ornithologicus, sive systema ornithologiae; complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates, adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, &c
    • Latham J. 1790. Index ornithologicus, sive systema ornithologiae; complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates, adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, &c. London: Leigh and Sotheby.
    • (1790) London: Leigh and Sotheby
    • Latham, J.1
  • 74
    • 85044495276 scopus 로고
    • Could pterosaurs fly?
    • Lawson DA. 1975. Could pterosaurs fly? Science 188:676-677
    • (1975) Science , vol.188 , pp. 676-677
    • Lawson, D.A.1
  • 75
    • 28844453394 scopus 로고
    • On the Elasmosaurus platyurus of Cope
    • Series 2
    • Leidy J. 1870. On the Elasmosaurus platyurus of Cope. American Journal of Science, Series 2 49(147): 392.
    • (1870) American Journal of Science , vol.49 , Issue.147 , pp. 392
    • Leidy, J.1
  • 76
    • 0003329207 scopus 로고
    • Systema naturae per regnum tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonimis, loci, Edition 10
    • Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema naturae per regnum tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonimis, loci, Edition 10, Stockholm: Salvius Vol 1.
    • (1758) Stockholm: Salvius , vol.1
    • Linnaeus, C.1
  • 77
    • 0006700035 scopus 로고
    • Systematic Paleontology, Lower Cretaceous: Vertebrata. Maryland Geological Survey
    • Lull RS. 1911. Systematic Paleontology, Lower Cretaceous: Vertebrata. Maryland Geological Survey, Lower Cretaceous 183-210 and plates XI-XX.
    • (1911) Lower Cretaceous and plates XI-XX. , pp. 183-210
    • Lull, R.S.1
  • 78
    • 0000887297 scopus 로고
    • New turtle-like reptile in Mongolia
    • Maleev EA. 1954. New turtle-like reptile in Mongolia. Priroda 3:106-108 in Russian.
    • (1954) Priroda in Russian , vol.3 , pp. 106-108
    • Maleev, E.A.1
  • 79
    • 84877149654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rearing giants: kinetic-dynamic modeling of sauropod bipedal and tripodal poses
    • In: Klein N, Remes K, Gee CT, Sander MP, eds., Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press
    • Mallison H. 2011. Rearing giants: kinetic-dynamic modeling of sauropod bipedal and tripodal poses. In: Klein N, Remes K, Gee CT, Sander MP, eds. Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 237-250.
    • (2011) Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs , pp. 237-250
    • Mallison, H.1
  • 80
    • 0001066042 scopus 로고
    • Notice of new dinosaurian reptiles from the Jurassic formation
    • Marsh OC. 1877. Notice of new dinosaurian reptiles from the Jurassic formation. American Journal of Science, Series 3 14:514-516.
    • (1877) American Journal of Science, Series 3 , vol.14 , pp. 514-516
    • Marsh, O.C.1
  • 82
    • 0345289193 scopus 로고
    • Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs, Part II
    • Marsh OC. 1879b. Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs, Part II. American Journal of Science, Series 3 17:86-92.
    • (1879) American Journal of Science Series 3 , vol.17 , pp. 86-92
    • Marsh, O.C.1
  • 84
    • 0002743412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery of the holotype of the giant pterosaur Titanopteryx philadephiae (Arambourg, 1959) and the status of Arambourgiania and Quetzalcoatlus
    • Martill DM, Frey E, Sadaqah RM, Khoury HN. 1998. Discovery of the holotype of the giant pterosaur Titanopteryx philadephiae (Arambourg, 1959) and the status of Arambourgiania and Quetzalcoatlus. Neues Jahrbuch f̈ur Geologie und Pal̈aontologie, Abhandlungen 207:57-76.
    • (1998) Neues Jahrbuch f̈ur Geologie und Pal̈aontologie, Abhandlungen , vol.207 , pp. 57-76
    • Martill, D.M.1    Frey, E.2    Sadaqah, R.M.3    Khoury, H.N.4
  • 85
    • 0001061146 scopus 로고
    • Mobility and feeding of Cetiosaurus (saurischia, sauropoda) - why the long neck
    • In: Currie PJ, Koster EH, eds., Drumheller: Boxtree Books
    • Martin J. 1987. Mobility and feeding of Cetiosaurus (saurischia, sauropoda) - why the long neck? In: Currie PJ, Koster EH, eds. Fourth symposium on mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers. Drumheller: Boxtree Books, 154-159.
    • (1987) Fourth symposium on mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers , pp. 154-159
    • Martin, J.1
  • 86
    • 0041431807 scopus 로고
    • Baby sauropods from the Sao Khua Formation (Lower Cretaceous) in Northeastern Thailand
    • Martin V. 1994. Baby sauropods from the Sao Khua Formation (Lower Cretaceous) in Northeastern Thailand. Gaia 10:147-153.
    • (1994) Gaia , vol.10 , pp. 147-153
    • Martin, V.1
  • 87
    • 0000526007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Not cranes or masts, but beams: the biomechanics of sauropod necks
    • Martin J,Martin-Rolland V, Frey E. 1998. Not cranes or masts, but beams: the biomechanics of sauropod necks. Oryctos 1:113-120.
    • (1998) Oryctos , vol.1 , pp. 113-120
    • Martin, J.1    Martin-Rolland, V.2    Frey, E.3
  • 89
    • 33749440799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The genus Barosaurus Marsh (Sauropoda, Diplodocidae)
    • In: Tidwell V, Carpenter K, eds., Bloomington: Indiana University Press
    • McIntosh JS. 2005. The genus Barosaurus Marsh (Sauropoda, Diplodocidae). In: Tidwell V, Carpenter K, eds. Thunder lizards: the sauropodomorph dinosaurs. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 38-77.
    • (2005) Thunder lizards: the sauropodomorph dinosaurs , pp. 38-77
    • McIntosh, J.S.1
  • 92
    • 0346951313 scopus 로고
    • Pterodactylus (Rhamphorhynchus) gemmingi aus dem Kalkschiefer von Solenhofen
    • Meyer Hv. 1846. Pterodactylus (Rhamphorhynchus) gemmingi aus dem Kalkschiefer von Solenhofen. Palaeontographica 1:1-20.
    • (1846) Palaeontographica , vol.1 , pp. 1-20
    • Meyer, H.1
  • 93
    • 34547740410 scopus 로고
    • On the axial skeleton of the ostrich (Struthio camelus)
    • Mivart St George. 1874. On the axial skeleton of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 8(7):385-451
    • (1874) Transactions of the Zoological Society of London , vol.8 , Issue.7 , pp. 385-451
    • George, M.S.1
  • 94
    • 84877133510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnificent mihirungs. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
    • Murray PF, Vickers-Rich P. 2004. Magnificent mihirungs. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
    • (2004)
    • Murray, P.F.1    Vickers-Rich, P.2
  • 95
    • 84877131141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invading the postzyg, downloaded 17 June 2012
    • Naish D. 2008. Invading the postzyg, downloaded 17 June 2012. Sauropod Vertebra Picture of the Week. http://svpow.com/2008/03/30/invading-the-postzyg/.
    • (2008) Sauropod Vertebra Picture of the Week
    • Naish, D.1
  • 96
    • 0012271758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saurischian dinosaurs: Sauropods
    • In: Martill DM, Naish D, eds., London: The Palaeontological Association
    • Naish D,Martill DM. 2001. Saurischian dinosaurs 1: Sauropods. In: Martill DM, Naish D, eds. Dinosaurs of the isle of wight. London: The Palaeontological Association, 185-241.
    • (2001) Dinosaurs of the isle of wight , vol.1 , pp. 185-241
    • Naish, D.1    Martill, D.M.2
  • 98
    • 77954177076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tanystropheus longobardicus (Reptilia, Protorosauria): reinterpretations of the anatomy based on new specimens from the Middle Triassic of Besano (Lombardy Northern Italy)
    • Nosotti S. 2007. Tanystropheus longobardicus (Reptilia, Protorosauria): reinterpretations of the anatomy based on new specimens from the Middle Triassic of Besano (Lombardy, Northern Italy). Memorie della Societ'a Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 35(3):1-88.
    • (2007) Memorie della Societ'a Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano , vol.35 , Issue.3 , pp. 1-88
    • Nosotti, S.1
  • 100
    • 34447260719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The postcranial axial skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar
    • In: Sampson SD, Krause DW, eds., Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir
    • O'Connor PM. 2007. The postcranial axial skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. In: Sampson SD, Krause DW, eds. Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir, 8:127-162.
    • (2007) Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar , vol.8 , pp. 127-162
    • O'Connor, P.M.1
  • 101
    • 0004237518 scopus 로고
    • Additional characters of the great herbivorous dinosaur Camarasaurus
    • Osborn HF. 1898. Additional characters of the great herbivorous dinosaur Camarasaurus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 10:219-233.
    • (1898) Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , vol.10 , pp. 219-233
    • Osborn, H.F.1
  • 103
    • 0002143366 scopus 로고
    • Baluchitherium grangeri, a giant hornless rhinoceros from Mongolia
    • Osborn HF. 1923. Baluchitherium grangeri, a giant hornless rhinoceros from Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 78:1-15.
    • (1923) American Museum Novitates , vol.78 , pp. 1-15
    • Osborn, H.F.1
  • 105
    • 0001637040 scopus 로고
    • A new theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana
    • OstromJH. 1969a. A new theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Postilla 128:1-17.
    • (1969) Postilla , vol.128 , pp. 1-17
    • Ostrom, J.H.1
  • 106
    • 0001637039 scopus 로고
    • Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana
    • OstromJH. 1969b. Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 30:1-165.
    • (1969) Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History , vol.30 , pp. 1-165
    • Ostrom, J.H.1
  • 108
    • 33846102347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The origins of high browsing and the effects of phylogeny and scaling on neck length in sauropodomorphs. In: Carrano MT, Gaudin TJ, Blob RW, Wible JR, eds
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Parrish JM. 2006. The origins of high browsing and the effects of phylogeny and scaling on neck length in sauropodomorphs. In: Carrano MT, Gaudin TJ, Blob RW, Wible JR, eds. Amniote paleobiology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 201-224.
    • (2006) Amniote paleobiology , pp. 201-224
    • Parrish, J.M.1
  • 110
    • 0002986525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dinosaur models: the good, the bad, and using them to estimate the mass of dinosaurs
    • In: Wohlberg DL, Stump E, Rosenberg GD, eds., Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences
    • Paul GS. 1997. Dinosaur models: the good, the bad, and using them to estimate the mass of dinosaurs. In: Wohlberg DL, Stump E, Rosenberg GD, eds. Dinofest international: proceedings of a symposium held at Arizona State University. Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences, 129-154.
    • (1997) Dinofest international: proceedings of a symposium held at Arizona State University , pp. 129-154
    • Paul, G.S.1
  • 111
    • 0347659026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A New Azhdarchid Pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous Phosphates of Morocco
    • London: Geological Society, Special Publications
    • Pereda-Suberbiola X, Bardet N, Jouve S, Iaroch'ene M, Bouya B, Amaghzaz M. 2003. A New Azhdarchid Pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous Phosphates of Morocco. London: Geological Society, 217:79-90 Special Publications
    • (2003) , vol.217 , pp. 79-90
    • Pereda-Suberbiola, X.1    Bardet, N.2    Jouve, S.3    Iaroch'ene, M.4    Bouya, B.5    Amaghzaz, M.6
  • 112
    • 0000946406 scopus 로고
    • Osteoloǵi{dotless}a de Saltasaurus loricatus (Sauropoda-Titanosauridae) del Cret́acico Superior del Noroeste Argentino
    • In: Sanz JL, Buscalioni AD, eds., Cuenca, Spain: Ayuntamiento de Cuenca, Instituto Juan de Valdés
    • Powell JE. 1992. Osteoloǵi{dotless}a de Saltasaurus loricatus (Sauropoda-Titanosauridae) del Cret́acico Superior del Noroeste Argentino. In: Sanz JL, Buscalioni AD, eds. Los Dinosaurios y su Entorno Biotico. Actas del Segundo Curso de Paleontologia en Cuenca. Cuenca, Spain: Ayuntamiento de Cuenca, Instituto Juan de Vald́es, 165-230.
    • (1992) Los Dinosaurios y su Entorno Biotico. Actas del Segundo Curso de Paleontologia en Cuenca , pp. 165-230
    • Powell, J.E.1
  • 113
    • 4243138581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction: introduction to bony tissues
    • Bone histology of the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaurs and of Dinosaurs in general
    • Reid REH. 1996. Bone histology of the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaurs and of Dinosaurs in general. In: Part 1: Introduction: introduction to bony tissues, Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 41:25-72.
    • (1996) Brigham Young University Geology Studies , vol.41 , Issue.PART 1 , pp. 25-72
    • Reid, R.E.H.1
  • 115
    • 0027808183 scopus 로고
    • A large mamenchisaurid from the Junggar Basin
    • Xinjiang,People's Republic of China.
    • Russell DA, Zheng Z. 1993. A large mamenchisaurid from the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30:2082-2095
    • (1993) Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , vol.30 , pp. 2082-2095
    • Russell, D.A.1    Zheng, Z.2
  • 116
    • 34047239793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Redescription of Elasmosaurus platyurus Cope, 1868 (Plesiosauria: Elasmosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous (Lower Campanian) of Kansas
    • Sachs S. 2005. Redescription of Elasmosaurus platyurus Cope, 1868 (Plesiosauria: Elasmosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous (Lower Campanian) of Kansas, U.S.A. Paludicola 5:92-106.
    • (2005) U. S. A. Paludicola , vol.5 , pp. 92-106
    • Sachs, S.1
  • 117
    • 0000249731 scopus 로고
    • The postcranial skeleton of Heterodontosaurus tucki (Reptilia Ornithischia) from the Stormberg of South Africa
    • Santa Luca AP. 1980. The postcranial skeleton of Heterodontosaurus tucki (Reptilia, Ornithischia) from the Stormberg of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 79:159-211.
    • (1980) Annals of the South African Museum , vol.79 , pp. 159-211
    • Santa Luca, A.P.1
  • 118
    • 33746864153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumatic structures in the cervical vertebrae of the Late Jurassic Tendaguru sauropods Brachiosaurus brancai and Dicraeosaurus
    • Schwarz D, Fritsch G. 2006. Pneumatic structures in the cervical vertebrae of the Late Jurassic Tendaguru sauropods Brachiosaurus brancai and Dicraeosaurus. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 99:65-78
    • (2006) Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae , vol.99 , pp. 65-78
    • Schwarz, D.1    Fritsch, G.2
  • 119
    • 34047123170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumaticity and soft-tissue reconstructions in the neck of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods
    • Schwarz D, Frey E,Meyer CA. 2007. Pneumaticity and soft-tissue reconstructions in the neck of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52:167-188.
    • (2007) Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , vol.52 , pp. 167-188
    • Schwarz, D.1    Frey, E.2    Meyer, C.A.3
  • 121
    • 0009138178 scopus 로고
    • The nature of the shoulder girdle and clavicular arch in the Sauropterygia
    • Seeley HG. 1892. The nature of the shoulder girdle and clavicular arch in the Sauropterygia. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London 51:119-151
    • (1892) Proceedings of the Royal Society London , vol.51 , pp. 119-151
    • Seeley, H.G.1
  • 122
    • 27144509631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and mechanical behavior of a toucan beak
    • Seki Y, Schneider MS,Meyers MA. 2005. Structure and mechanical behavior of a toucan beak. Acta Materialia 53:5281-5296
    • (2005) Acta Materialia , vol.53 , pp. 5281-5296
    • Seki, Y.1    Schneider, M.S.2    Meyers, M.A.3
  • 123
    • 33846050446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Necks for sex: sexual selection as an explanation for sauropod dinosaur neck elongation
    • Senter P. 2006. Necks for sex: sexual selection as an explanation for sauropod dinosaur neck elongation. Journal of Zoology 271:45-53
    • (2006) Journal of Zoology , vol.271 , pp. 45-53
    • Senter, P.1
  • 124
    • 84954945101 scopus 로고
    • Basal archosaurs: phylogenetic relationships and functional implications
    • Sereno PC. 1991a. Basal archosaurs: phylogenetic relationships and functional implications. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 2:1-53
    • (1991) Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir , vol.2 , pp. 1-53
  • 125
    • 0000078093 scopus 로고
    • Lesothosaurus, 'fabrosaurids,' and the early evolution of Ornithischia
    • Sereno PC. 1991b. Lesothosaurus, 'fabrosaurids,' and the early evolution of Ornithischia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11:168-197 DOI 10.1080/02724634.1991.10011386.
    • (1991) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , vol.11 , pp. 168-197
    • Sereno, P.C.1
  • 126
    • 0030303555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winning by a neck: sexual selection in the evolution of giraffe
    • Simmons RE, Scheepers L. 1996. Winning by a neck: sexual selection in the evolution of giraffe. American Naturalist 148:771-786
    • (1996) American Naturalist , vol.148 , pp. 771-786
    • Simmons, R.E.1    Scheepers, L.2
  • 128
    • 84861472842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flexibility along the neck of the Neogene terror bird Andalgalornis steulleti (Aves Phorusrhacidae)
    • Tambussi CP, deMendoza R, Degrange FJ, Picasso MB. 2012. Flexibility along the neck of the Neogene terror bird Andalgalornis steulleti (Aves Phorusrhacidae). PLoS ONE 7(5): e37701
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7 , Issue.5
    • Tambussi, C.P.1    deMendoza, R.2    Degrange, F.J.3    Picasso, M.B.4
  • 129
    • 77749245943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A re-evaluation of Brachiosaurus altithorax Riggs 1903 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) and its generic separation from Giraffatitan brancai (Janensch 1914)
    • Taylor MP. 2009. A re-evaluation of Brachiosaurus altithorax Riggs 1903 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) and its generic separation from Giraffatitan brancai (Janensch 1914). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29:787-806
    • (2009) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , vol.29 , pp. 787-806
    • Taylor, M.P.1
  • 130
    • 36348955663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An unusual new neosauropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Hastings Beds Group of East Sussex
    • Taylor MP, Naish D. 2007. An unusual new neosauropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Hastings Beds Group of East Sussex, England. Palaeontology 50:1547-1564
    • (2007) England. Palaeontology , vol.50 , pp. 1547-1564
    • Taylor, M.P.1    Naish, D.2
  • 131
    • 67651246805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals
    • Taylor MP,Wedel MJ, Naish D. 2009. Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 54(2):213-220
    • (2009) Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , vol.54 , Issue.2 , pp. 213-220
    • Taylor, M.P.1    Wedel, M.J.2    Naish, D.3
  • 132
    • 80053053743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The long necks of sauropods did not evolve primarily through sexual selection
    • Taylor MP, Hone DWE,Wedel MJ, Naish D. 2011. The long necks of sauropods did not evolve primarily through sexual selection. Journal of Zoology 285(2):150-161
    • (2011) Journal of Zoology , vol.285 , Issue.2 , pp. 150-161
    • Taylor, M.P.1    Hone, D.W.E.2    Wedel, M.J.3    Naish, D.4
  • 133
    • 84862673345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Okapis and giraffes
    • In: Hutchins M, Kleiman D, Geist V, McDade M, eds., Mammals 4. second edition, Michigan: Gale Group, Farmington Hills
    • Toon A, Toon SB. 2003. Okapis and giraffes. In: Hutchins M, Kleiman D, Geist V, McDade M, eds. Grzimek's animal life encyclopedia, Vol 15: Mammals IV. second edition, Michigan: Gale Group, Farmington Hills, 299-409.
    • (2003) Grzimek's animal life encyclopedia , vol.15 , pp. 299-409
    • Toon, A.1    Toon, S.B.2
  • 134
    • 0011039050 scopus 로고
    • Allometry and heterochrony in the growth of the neck of Triassic prolacertiform reptiles
    • Tschanz K. 1988. Allometry and heterochrony in the growth of the neck of Triassic prolacertiform reptiles. Palaeontology 31(4):997-1011.
    • (1988) Palaeontology , vol.31 , Issue.4 , pp. 997-1011
    • Tschanz, K.1
  • 135
    • 2442570767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ligament system in the neck of Rhea americana and its implication for the bifurcated neural spines of sauropod dinosaurs
    • Tsuihiji T. 2004. The ligament system in the neck of Rhea americana and its implication for the bifurcated neural spines of sauropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24:165-172
    • (2004) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , vol.24 , pp. 165-172
    • Tsuihiji, T.1
  • 136
    • 13944283357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homologies of the transversospinalis muscles in the anterior presacral region of Sauria (crown Diapsida)
    • Tsuihiji T. 2005. Homologies of the transversospinalis muscles in the anterior presacral region of Sauria (crown Diapsida). Journal of Morphology 263:151-178
    • (2005) Journal of Morphology , vol.263 , pp. 151-178
    • Tsuihiji, T.1
  • 137
    • 33748174329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new specimen of Apatosaurus ajax (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming USA
    • Upchurch P, Tomida Y, Barrett PM. 2005. A new specimen of Apatosaurus ajax (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA. National Science Museum Monographs 26:1-110.
    • (2005) National Science Museum Monographs , vol.26 , pp. 1-110
    • Upchurch, P.1    Tomida, Y.2    Barrett, P.M.3
  • 138
    • 0039922977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary morphology of the neck system in ratites, fowl, and waterfowl
    • vander Leeuw AHJ, Bout RG, Zweers GA. 2001. Evolutionary morphology of the neck system in ratites, fowl, and waterfowl. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 51(2):243-262
    • (2001) Netherlands Journal of Zoology , vol.51 , Issue.2 , pp. 243-262
    • vander Leeuw, A.H.J.1    Bout, R.G.2    Zweers, G.A.3
  • 139
    • 0038507485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertebral pneumaticity, air sacs, and the physiology of sauropod dinosaurs
    • Wedel MJ. 2003. Vertebral pneumaticity, air sacs, and the physiology of sauropod dinosaurs. Paleobiology 29:243-255
    • (2003) Paleobiology , vol.29 , pp. 243-255
    • Wedel, M.J.1
  • 140
    • 84887760682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropods and its implications for mass estimates
    • In: Wilson JA, Curry Rogers, K, eds. The sauropods: evolution and paleobiology
    • Wedel MJ. 2005. Postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropods and its implications for mass estimates. In: Wilson JA, Curry Rogers, K, eds. The sauropods: evolution and paleobiology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 201-228.
    • (2005) Berkeley: University of California Press , pp. 201-228
    • Wedel, M.J.1
  • 141
    • 84862647324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumaticity, neck length, and body size in sauropods
    • Wedel MJ. 2006a. Pneumaticity, neck length, and body size in sauropods. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26(Supplement to Number 3): 137A.
    • (2006) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , vol.26 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
    • Wedel, M.J.1
  • 142
    • 36448959777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in dinosaurs
    • Wedel MJ. 2006b. Origin of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in dinosaurs. Integrative Zoology 2:80-85
    • (2006) Integrative Zoology , vol.2 , pp. 80-85
    • Wedel, M.J.1
  • 143
    • 67650371342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postcranial pneumaticity in dinosaurs and the origin of the avian lung
    • PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
    • Wedel MJ. 2007a. Postcranial pneumaticity in dinosaurs and the origin of the avian lung. PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA. http://sauroposeidon.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/wedel-2007-dissertation.pdf.
    • (2007)
    • Wedel, M.J.1
  • 145
    • 67650387383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for bird-like air sacs in saurischian dinosaurs
    • Wedel MJ. 2009. Evidence for bird-like air sacs in saurischian dinosaurs. Journal of Experimental Zoology, Part A 311:611-828
    • (2009) Journal of Experimental Zoology , vol.311 , pp. 611-828
    • Wedel, M.J.1
  • 146
    • 2342606606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osteological correlates of cervical musculature in Aves and Sauropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia), with comments on the cervical ribs of Apatosaurus
    • Wedel MJ, Sanders RK. 2002. Osteological correlates of cervical musculature in Aves and Sauropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia), with comments on the cervical ribs of Apatosaurus. PaleoBios 22(3):1-6.
    • (2002) PaleoBios , vol.22 , Issue.3 , pp. 1-6
    • Wedel, M.J.1    Sanders, R.K.2
  • 147
  • 148
    • 0034531822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osteology, paleobiology, and relationships of the sauropod dinosaur Sauroposeidon
    • Wedel MJ, Cifelli RL, Sanders RK. 2000b. Osteology, paleobiology, and relationships of the sauropod dinosaur Sauroposeidon. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 45:343-388.
    • (2000) Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , vol.45 , pp. 343-388
    • Wedel, M.J.1    Cifelli, R.L.2    Sanders, R.K.3
  • 150
    • 12444342820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A revision of Titanosaurus Lydekker (Dinosauria - Sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a 'Gondwanan' distribution
    • Wilson JA, Upchurch P. 2003. A revision of Titanosaurus Lydekker (Dinosauria - Sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a 'Gondwanan' distribution. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1:125-160
    • (2003) Journal of Systematic Palaeontology , vol.1 , pp. 125-160
    • Wilson, J.A.1    Upchurch, P.2
  • 151
    • 0002586970 scopus 로고
    • Die Kreide-Dinosaurier aus Shantung
    • Series C
    • Wiman C. 1929. Die Kreide-Dinosaurier aus Shantung. Palaeontologia Sinica, Series C 6:1-67.
    • (1929) Palaeontologia Sinica , vol.6 , pp. 1-67
    • Wiman, C.1
  • 153
    • 78649759555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the size and flight diversity of giant pterosaurs, the use of birds as pterosaur analogues and comments on pterosaur flightlessness
    • Witton MP, Habib MB. 2010. On the size and flight diversity of giant pterosaurs, the use of birds as pterosaur analogues and comments on pterosaur flightlessness. PLoS ONE 5(10): e13982
    • (2010) PLoS ONE , vol.5 , Issue.10
    • Witton, M.P.1    Habib, M.B.2
  • 157
    • 0000359510 scopus 로고
    • On a new Sauropoda, with notes on other fragmentary reptiles from Szechuan
    • Young C.-C. 1939. On a new Sauropoda, with notes on other fragmentary reptiles from Szechuan. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China 19:279-315
    • (1939) Bulletin of the Geological Society of China , vol.19 , pp. 279-315
    • Young, C.-C.1
  • 158
    • 0010650179 scopus 로고
    • On a new sauropod from Yiping, Szechuan
    • Young C-C. 1954. On a new sauropod from Yiping, Szechuan, China. Acta Scientia Sinica 3:491-504.
    • (1954) China. Acta Scientia Sinica , vol.3 , pp. 491-504
    • Young, C.C.1
  • 161
    • 0023614821 scopus 로고
    • Avian cranio-cervical systems. Part I: Anatomy of the cervical column in the chicken (Gallus gallus L. )
    • Zweers GA, Vanden Berge JC, Koppendraier R. 1987. Avian cranio-cervical systems. Part I: Anatomy of the cervical column in the chicken (Gallus gallus L.). Acta Morphologica Neerlando-Scandinavica 25:131-155.
    • (1987) Acta Morphologica Neerlando-Scandinavica , vol.25 , pp. 131-155
    • Zweers, G.A.1    Vanden Berge, J.C.2    Koppendraier, R.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.