Implications of deep-marine miocene deposits on the evolution of the North Patagonian Andes

Journal of Geology

Volumn 121, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 215-238

  Encinas, Alfonso ^a   Zambrano, Patricio A ^a   Finger, Kenneth L ^b   Valencia, Victor ^c   Buatois, Luis A ^d   Duhart, Paul ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONCEPCIÓN   (Chile)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

^e SERVICIO NACIONAL DE GEOLOGÍA Y MINERÍA   (Chile)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CENOZOIC; DEEP-SEA SEDIMENT; DEFORMATION; DEPOSITION; EXHUMATION; FAULT ZONE; MIOCENE; STRIKE-SLIP FAULT; SUBDUCTION; SUBSIDENCE; TOPOGRAPHY; TRANSPRESSION; UPLIFT;

ANDES; PATAGONIA;

EID: 84877094095     PISSN: 00221376     EISSN: 15375269     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/669976     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Adriasola, A. C.; Thomson, S. N.; Brix, M. R.; Hervé, F.; and Stöckhert, B. 2006. Postmagmatic cooling and late Cenozoic denudation of the North Patagonian Batholith in the Los Lagos region of Chile, 41°-42°15′S. Int. J. Earth Sci. 95:501-528.
2. ́-42°05′ latitud sur y 72°25′-72°50′ longitud oeste, provincias de Llanquihue y Palena, X Región. Undergraduate thesis, Department of Geology, University of Chile, Santiago.
3. Allmendinger, R. W.; Isacks, B. L.; Jordan, T. E.; and Kay, S. M. 1997. The evolution of the Altiplano-Puna Plateau of the Central Andes. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 25:139-174.
4. Antinao, R.; Duhart, P.; Clayton, J.; Elgueta, S.; and McDonough, M. 2000. Area de Ancud-Maullin, Región de los Lagos. SERNAGEOMIN, Mapas Geológicos 17, 1 mapa, Santiago, scale 1: 100,000.
5. Bandy, O. L., and Rodolfo, K. S. 1964. Distribution of foraminifera and sediments, Peru-Chile Trench area. Deep-Sea Res. 11:817-837.
6. Bangs, N. L., and Cande, S. C. 1997. Episodic development of a convergent margin inferred from structures and processes along the southern Chile margin. Tectonics 16:489-503.
7. Barreda, V.; García, V.; Quattrocchio, M. E.; and Volkheimer, W. 2003. Edad y paleoambiente de la Formación Río Foyel, cuenca Ñirihuau, provincia de Río Negro, Argentina. In Simposio Argentino de Paleobotánica y Palinología, 12th, Abstracts, p. 8-9.
8. Bechis, F., and Cristallini, E. O. 2005. Tectonic evolution of northern Ñirihuau basin, northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. In International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics (ISAG), 6th (Barcelona), Extended Abstracts, p. 103-106.
9. Bechis, F.; Encinas, A.; Concheyro, A.; and Ramos, V. 2012. New age constraints for the Cenozoic marine ingressions of northwest Patagonia, San Carlos de Bariloche area, Argentina. In Congreso Geológico Chileno, 13th (Antofagasta), Actas (en formato digital).
10. Bechis, R.; Orts, S.; and Ramos, V. A. 2011. Fases de deformación registradas en las secuencias Cenozoicas de la Cordillera Patagónica Septentrional, provincia de Río Negro. In Congreso Geológico Argentino, 18th (Neuquén), Simposio S12 de Tectónica Andina, Actas (en formato digital).
11. Beck, M. E. 1988. Analysis of Late Jurassic-Recent paleomagnetic data from active plate margins of South America. J. S. Am. Earth Sci. 1:39-52.
12. Bertels, A. 1980. Foraminíferos (Protozoa) y ostrácodos (Arthropoda) de las "Lutitas de Río Foyel" (Oligoceno) de la cuenca de Ñirihuau, provincia de Río Negro, República Argentina. Ameghiniana 17:49-52.
13. Blisniuk, P. M.; Stern, L. A.; Chamberlain, P. C.; Idlemand, B.; and Zeitlerd, P. K. 2005. Climatic and ecologic changes during Miocene surface uplift in the southern Patagonian Andes. Earth Planet. Sci. Letters 230:125-142.
14. Bouma, A. H. 1962. Sedimentology of some flysch deposits. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 168 p.
15. Bourdillón, C. 1994. Estudio de los niveles bioestratigráficos de la Formación Ayacara en Chile, dentro del contexto del estudio de Recursos mineros. SERNAGEOMIN-BRGM, internal report, 9 p.
16. Buatois, L., and López-Angriman, A. 1992. The ichnology of a submarine braided channel complex: the Whisky Bay Formation, Cretaceous, James Ross Island, Antarctica. Paleogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 94: 119-140.
17. Cas, R., and Wright, J. V. 1991. Subaqueous pyroclastic flows and ignimbrites: an assessment. Bull. Volcanol. 53:357-380.
18. Cembrano, J.; Lavenu, A.; Reynolds, P.; Arancibia, G.; López, G.; and Sanhueza, A. 2002. Late Cenozoic transpressional ductile deformation north of the Nazca-South America-Antarctica triple junction. Tectonophysics 354:289-314.
19. Cembrano, J.; Schermer, E.; Lavenu, A.; and Sanhueza, A. 2000. Contrasting nature of deformation along an intra-arc shear zone, the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone, southern Chilean Andes. Tectonophysics 319:129- 149.
20. Chiesa, J. O., and Camacho, H. H. 2001. Invertebrados marinos eocenos de la parte inferior de la Formación Río Foyel, provincia de Río Negro, Argentina. Rev. Esp. Paleontol. 16:299-316.
21. Clift, P., and Vannucchi, P. 2004. Controls on tectonic accretion versus erosion in subduction zones: implications for the origin and recycling of the continental crust. Rev. Geophys. 42:RG2001, doi:10.1029 /2003RG000127.
22. Clifton, H. E. 2006. A reexamination of facies models for clastic shorelines. In Posamentier, H. W., and Walker, R., eds. Facies models revisited. SEPM Spec. Publ. 84: 293-338.
23. Duhart, P. 2008. Processos metalogenéticos em ambientes de arco magmático tipo andino, caso de estudo: mineralizações da região dos Andes Patagônicos setentrionais do Chile. PhD thesis, Institute of Geochemistry, University of São Paulo.
24. Duhart, P., and Adriasola, A. 2008. New time-constraints on provenance, metamorphism and exhumation of the Bahía Mansa Metamorphic Complex on the main Chiloé Island, south-central Chile. Rev. Geol. Chile 35: 79-104.
25. Duhart, P.; Cardona, A.; Valencia, V.; Muñoz, J.; and Quiroz, D. 2009. Evidencias de basamento Devónico, Chile centro-sur [41-44°S]. In Congreso Geológico Chileno, 12th (Santiago), Abstracts, S8-009.
26. Elgueta, S.; McDonough, M.; Le Roux, J.; Urqueta, E.; and Duhart, P. 2000. Estratigrafía y sedimentología de las cuencas terciarias de la Región de Los Lagos (39°41°30′S). Bol. Subdir. Nac. Geol. 57:1-50.
27. Encinas, A.; Bechis, F.; Buatois, L.; Duhart, P.; Finger, K.; Folguera, A.; Orts, D.; Zambrano, P.; and Ramos, V. 2012a. Las Ingresiones Marinas Miocenas en los Andes Norpatagónicos (41-43°S) de Argentina y Chile. In Congreso Geológico Chileno, 13th (Antofagasta), Simposio T5, Actas (en formato digital), p. 655-657.
28. Encinas, A.; Finger, K. L.; Buatois, L. A.; and Peterson, D. E. 2012b. Major forearc subsidence and deepmarine Miocene sedimentation in the present Coastal Cordillera and Longitudinal Depression of south-central Chile (38°30′S-41°45′S). Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 124: 1262-1277.
29. Encinas, A.; Finger, K. L.; Duhart, P.; and Quiroz, D. 2009. Age and sedimentary environment of the Estratos de Puñihuil (northwestern Chiloé, 41°56′S). In Congreso Geológico Chileno, 12th (Santiago), Abstracts (on CD-ROM), S10-016, 2 p.
30. Encinas, A.; Finger, K. L.; Nielsen, S. N.; Lavenu, A.; Buatois, L. A.; Peterson, D. E.; and Le Roux, J. P. 2008. Rapid and major coastal subsidence during the Late Miocene in south-central Chile. J. S. Am. Earth Sci. 25:157-175.
31. Farías, M.; Comte, D.; Charrier, R.; Martinod, J.; David, C.; Tassara, A.; Tapia, F.; and Fock, A. 2010. Crustalscale structural architecture in central Chile based on seismicity and surface geology: implications for Andean mountain building. Tectonics 29:TC3006, doi: 10.1029/2009TC002480.
32. Feldmann, R. M.; Schweitzer, C. E.; Casadío, S.; and Griffin, M. 2011. New Miocene Decapoda (Thalassinidea; Brachyura) from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina: paleobiogeographic implications. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 79: 91-123.
33. Feldmann, R. M.; Schweitzer, C. E.; and Encinas, A. 2010. Neogene decapod Crustacea from southern Chile. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 78:337-366.
34. Finger, K. L.; Nielsen, S. N.; DeVries, T. J.; Encinas, A.; and Peterson, D. E. 2007. Paleontologic evidence for sedimentary displacement in Neogene forearc basins of central Chile. Palaios 22:3-16.
35. Flynn, J. J.; Reynaldo, C.; Croft, D. A.; Gans, P. B.; Herriott, T. M.; Wertheim, J. A.; and Wyss, A. R. 2008. Chronologic implications of new Miocene mammals from the Cura-Mallín and Trapa Trapa formations, Laguna del Laja area, south central Chile. J. S. Am. Earth Sci. 26:412-423.
36. Folguera, A., and Ramos, V. A. 2002. Partición de la deformación durante el Neógeno en los Andes Patagónicos septentrionales (37°-46°S). Rev. Soc. Geol. Esp. 15:81-93.
37. Forsythe, R., and Nelson, E. 1985. Geological manifestations of ridge collision: evidence from the Golfo de Penas-Taitao basin, southern Chile. Tectonics 4:477- 495.
38. Frey, R. W., and Pemberton, S. G. 1984. Trace fossils facies models. In Walker, R. G., ed. Facies models. Geosci. Can., p. 189-207.
39. Fuenzalida, J. L. 1979. Estudio geológico preliminar de Península Huequi, X Región. Undergraduate thesis, Department of Geology, University of Chile, Santiago.
40. García, F. 1968. Estratigrafía del Terciario de Chile central. In Cecioni, G., ed. El Terciario de Chile central. Editorial Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile, p. 25-57.
41. García Morabito, E.; Götze, H.; and Ramos, V. A. 2011. Tertiary tectonics of the Patagonian Andes retro-arc area between 38°15′ and 40°S latitude. Tectonophysics 499:1-21.
42. Gehrels, G. E.; Valencia, V. A.; and Ruiz, J. 2008. Enhanced precision, accuracy, efficiency, and spatial resolution of U-Pb ages by laser ablation-multicollector- inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 9:Q03017, doi:10.1029 /2007GC001805.
43. Giacosa, H.; Heredia, N.; Césari, O.; Zubia, M.; González, R.; and Faroux, A. 2001. Descripción geológica de la Hoja 4172-IV, San Carlos de Bariloche, provincias de Río Negro y Neuquén. Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino, Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales, Boletín 279, 61 p.
44. Giacosa, R. E.; Afonso, J. C.; Heredia, N.; and Paredes, J. 2005. Tertiary tectonics of the sub-Andean region of the North Patagonian Andes, southern central Andes of Argentina (41°-42°30′S). J. S. Am. Earth Sci. 20:157- 170.
45. Glodny, J.; Gräfe, K.; Echtler, H.; and Rosenau, M. 2008. Mesozoic to Quaternary continental margin dynamics in south-central Chile (36-42°S): the apatite and zircon fission track perspective. Int. J. Earth Sci. 97:1271- 1291.
46. González, E. 1983. Geological and geophysical information for risk contracts: Empresa Nacional del Petroleo de Chile (ENAP). Informe 346.02.019, 205 p.
47. 86Sr Early Oligocene age for the Río Foyel Formation, Río Negro, Argentina. Ameghiniana 41, Sup. Res. 13.
48. Griffin, M.; Pérez, L. M.; and Muravchik, M. 2002. Moluscos terciarios del Cerro Plataforma, en el noroeste de Chubut. In Congreso Argentino de Paleontología y Bioestratigrafía, 8th, Resúmenes, p. 101.
49. Haq, B.; Hardenbol, J.; and Vail, P. 1987. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science 235: 1156-1167.
50. Hervé, F. 1994. The southern Andes between 39° and 44°S latitude: the geological signature of a transpresive tectonic regime related to a magmatic arc. In Reutter, K. J.; Scheuber, E.; and Wigger, P., eds. Tectonics of the southern central Andes. Berlin, Springer, p. 243-248.
51. Hervé, F.; Pankhurst, R. J.; Drake, R.; and Beck, M. E. 1995. Pillow metabasalts in a mid-Tertiary extensional basin adjacent to the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone: the Isla Magdalena area, Aysén, Chile. J. S. Am. Earth Sci. 8:33-46.
52. Hervé, F.; Sanhueza, A.; Silva, C.; Pankhurst, R. J.; Fanning, M. C.; Campbell, H.; and Crundwell, M. 2001. A Neogene age for Traiguén Formation, Aysén, Chile, as revealed by shrimp U-Pb dating of detrital zircons. In Simposio Sudamericano de Geología Isotópica, III (Pucón), p. 570-574.
53. Hervé, M. 1977. Geología del área al este de Martínez-Pardo, provincia de Valdivia, X región. Undergraduate thesis, Department of Geology, University of Chile, Santiago.
54. Hwang, I. G., and Chough, S. K. 1990. The Miocene Chunbuk Formation, southeastern Korea: marine Gilbert-type fan-delta system. In Colella, A., and Prior, D. B., eds. Coarse-grained deltas. Int. Assoc. Sed. Spec. Publ. 10. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific, p. 235-254.
55. Ingle, J. C., Jr.; Keller, G.; and Kolpack, R. 1980. Benthic foraminiferal biofacies, sediments and water masses of the southern Peru-Chile Trench area, southeastern Pacific Ocean. Micropaleontology 26:113-150.
56. Iverson, R. M. 1997. Physics of debris flows. Rev. Geophys. 35:245-296.
57. Jordan, T.; Burns, W.; Veiga, R.; Pángaro, F.; Copeland, P.; Kelley, S.; and Mpodozis, C. 2001. Extension and basin formation in the southern Andes caused by increased convergence rate: a mid-Cenozoic trigger for the Andes. Tectonics 20:308-324.
58. Katz, H. R. 1965. Informe preliminar sobre las nuevas perspectivas en la Cuenca de Osorno-Pto: Montt, en vista del perfil atravesado por el pozo Puerto Montt 1 y del estudio de las formaciones sedimentarias en Ayacara y Puerto Manzano. Empresa Nacional del Petroleo de Chile (ENAP), Informe 553.1.008, 21 p.
59. Kay, S., and Copeland, P. 2006. Early to Middle Miocene backarc magmas of the Neuquén Basin: geochemical consequences of slab shallowing and the westward drift of South America. In Kay, S. M., and Ramos, V. M., eds. Evolution of an Andean margin: a tectonic and magmatic view from the Andes to the Neuquén Basin (35°-39°S lat). Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 407: 185-213.
60. Kukowski, N., and Oncken, O. 2006. Subduction erosion, the "normal" mode of fore-arc material transfer along the Chilean margin? In Oncken, O.; Chong, G.; Franz, G.; Giese, P.; Götze, H.-J.; Ramos, V.; Strecker, M.; and Wigger, P., eds. The Andes: active subduction orogeny. Berlin, Springer, p. 217-236.
61. Lamb, S., and Davis, P. 2003. Cenozoic climate change as a possible cause for the rise of the Andes. Nature 425:792-797.
62. Levi, B.; Aguilar, A.; and Fuenzalida, R. 1966. Reconocimiento geológico en las provincias de Llanquihue y Chiloé. Santiago, Inst. Invest. Geol. 19, 45 p.
63. Lüth, S.; Wigger, P.; and ISSA Research Group. 2003. A crustal model along 39S from a seismic refraction profile-ISSA 2000. Rev. Geol. Chile 30:83-101.
64. Malumián, N.; Asensio, M. A.; Cornou, M. E.; Martínez, M. A.; and Quattrocchio, M. E. 2008. Formación Río Foyel: la transgresión pacífica en la Cordillera Patagónica. In Congreso Geológico Argentino, 17th (Jujuy), Actas 2:861-862.
65. Mángano, M. G., and Buatois, L. A. 1997. Slope-apron deposition in an Ordovician arc-related setting: the Vuelta de Las Tolas Member (Suri Formation), Famatina Basin, northwest Argentina. Sediment. Geol. 109:155-180.
66. Martínez-Pardo, R. 1965. Edad de la Formación Ayacara en Caleta El Manzano e Isla El Manzano. Soc. Geol. Chile, Resúmenes, p. 19-22.
67. Martinod, J.; Husson, L.; Roperch, P.; Guillaume, B.; and Espurt, N. 2010. Horizontal subduction zones, convergence velocity and the building of the Andes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 299:299-309.
68. Martinod, J.; Letourmy, Y.; Regard, V.; Carretier, S.; and Hassani, R. 2012. Fore-arc Andean uplift and the dynamics of subduction. In Congreso Geológico Chileno, 13th (Antofagasta), Actas (en formato digital), Simposio T2, p. 289-291.
69. Melnick, D., and Echtler, H. P. 2006. Inversion of forearc basins in south-central Chile caused by rapid glacial age trench fill. Geology 34:709-712.
70. Mpodozis, C., and Ramos, V. 1989. The Andes of Chile and Argentina. In Ericksen, G.; Cañas, M.; and Reinemund, J., eds. Geology of the Andes and its relation to hydrocarbon and mineral resources. Circum-Pac. Counc. Energy Miner. Resour. Earth Sci. Ser. 11: 59-88.
71. Muñoz, J.; Troncoso, R.; Duhart, P.; Crignola, P.; Farmer, L.; and Stern, C. R. 2000. The relation of the mid--Tertiary coastal magmatic belt in south-central Chile to the Late Oligocene increase in plate convergence rate. Rev. Geol. Chile 27:177-203.
72. Nemec, W., and Steel, R. J. 1984. Alluvial and coastal conglomerates: their significant features and some comments on gravelly mass-flow deposits. In Koster, E. H., and Steel, R. J., eds. Sedimentology of gravels and conglomerates. Can. Soc. Petrol. Geol. Mem. 10: 1-31.
73. Nielsen, S. N. 2005. Cenozoic Strombidae, Aporrhaidae, and Struthiolariidae (Gastropoda, Stromboidea) from Chile: their significance to biogeography of faunas and climate of the south-east Pacific. J. Paleontol. 79: 1120-1130.
74. Nielsen, S. N., and Glodny, J. 2009. Early Miocene sub-tropical water temperatures in the southeast Pacific. Paleogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 280:480-488.
75. Orts, D. L.; Folguera, A.; Encinas, A.; Ramos, M.; Tobal, J.; and Ramos, V. 2012. Tectonic development of the North Patagonian Andes and their related Miocene foreland basin (41°30′-43°S). Tectonics 31:TC3012, doi:10.1029/2011TC003084.
76. Pankhurst, R. J.; Hervé, F.; Rojas, L.; and Cembrano, J. 1992. Magmatism and tectonics in continental Chiloé, Chile (42°-42°30′). Tectonophysics 205:283-294.
77. Pardo-Casas, F., and Molnar, P. 1987. Relative motion of the Nazca (Farallón) and South American plates since Late Cretaceous time. Tectonics 6:233-248.
78. Posamentier, H. W., and Walker, R. 2006. Deep-water turbidites and submarine fans. In Posamentier, H. W., and Walker, R., eds. Facies models revisited. SEPM Spec. Publ. 84:399-520.
79. Quiroz, D.; Duhart, P.; and Crignola, P. 2004. Geología del área Chonchi-Cucao, región de Los Lagos. SERNAGEOMIN, Carta Geológica de Chile, Ser. Geol. Básica 86, 25 p., scale 1: 100,000.
80. Ramos, V. 1982. Las ingresiones pacíficas del Terciario en el norte de la Patagonia (Argentina). In Congreso Geológico Chileno, 3rd (Concepción), Abstracts, p. A262-A268.
81. Reading, H. G., and Richards, M. 1994. Turbidite systems in deep-water basin margins classified by grain size and feeder system. AAPG Bull. 7:792-822.
82. Regalla, C.; Fisher, D. M.; Furlong, K. P.; and Kirby, E. 2011. An alternative explanation for forearc subsidence along the northeast Japan "erosive" margin? In AGU Fall Meeting (San Francisco), abstract DI43B-06.
83. Resig, J. M. 1981. Biogeography of benthic foraminifera of the northern Nazca Plate and adjacent continental margins. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 154:619-665.
84. Rojas, C.; Beck, M. E.; Burmester, R. F.; Cembrano, J.; and Hervé, F. 1994. Paleomagnetism of the Mid--Tertiary Ayacara Formation, southern Chile: counterclockwise rotation in a dextral shear zone. J. S. Am. Earth Sci. 7:45-56.
85. Rubatto, D. 2002. Zircon trace element geochemistry: partitioning with garnet and the link between U-Pb ages and metamorphism. Chem. Geol. 184:123-138.
86. SEGEMAR (Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino). 1995. Mapa geológico de la Provicia del Chubut 1: 750000, Republica de Argentina. Ministerio de Economía, Obras y Servicios Publicos, Argentina.
87. SERNAGEOMIN (Servicio Nacional de Geología Minería). 1995. Carta metalogénica décima regiónsur, Chile. SERNAGEOMIN-BRGM, internal report IR-95-05, 10 vol., Santiago.
88. Silver, P. G.; Russo, R. M.; and Lithgow-Bertelloni, C. 1998. Coupling of South American and African plate motion and plate deformation. Science 279:60-63.
89. Sobolev, S. V., and Babeyko, A. Y. 2005. What drives orogeny in the Andes? Geology 33:617-620.
90. Solano, A. 1978. Geología del sector costero de Chiloé continental entre los 41°50′ y 42°10′ de latitud sur. Undergraduate thesis, Department of Geology, University of Chile, Santiago.
91. Somoza, R. 1998. Updated Nazca (Farallon)-South America relative motions during the last 40 My: implications for mountain building in the central Andean region. J. S. Am. Earth Sci. 11:211-215.
92. Taylor, A. M., and Goldring, R. 1993. Description and analysis of bioturbation and ichnofabric. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 150:141-148.
93. ́ L.S., Chile (Comunas de Futaleufú y Palena). In Congreso Geológico Argentino, 7th (Neuquén), Abstracts 1:577-591.
94. Thomson, N. 2002. Late Cenozoic geomorphic and tectonic evolution of the Patagonian Andes between latitudes 42°S and 46°S: an appraisal based on fissiontrack results from the transpressional intra-arc Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 114: 1159-1173.
95. Uyeda, S., and Kanomari, H. 1979. Back-arc opening and the mode of subduction. J. Geophys. Res. 84:1049- 1061.
96. Van der Straaten, H. C. 1990. Stacked Gilbert-type deltas in the marine pull-apart basin of Abarán, Late Serravallian-Early Tortonian, southeastern Spain. In Colella, A., and Prior, D. B., eds. Coarse-grained deltas. Int. Assoc. Sed. Spec. Publ. 10. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific, p. 199-222.
97. Van der Zwaan, G. J.; Duijnstee, I. A. P.; den Dulk, M.; Ernst, S. R.; Jannink, N. T.; and Kouwenhoven, T. J. 1999. Benthic foraminifers: proxies or problems? a review of paleoecological problems. Earth-Sci. Rev. 46: 213-236.
98. Van Morkhoven, F. P. C. M.; Berggren, W. A.; and Edwards, A. S. 1986. Cenozoic cosmopolitan deep-water benthic foraminifera. Bull. Cent. Rech. Explor.-Prod. Elf-Aquitaine Mém. 11, 421 p.
99. Von Huene, R., and Scholl, D. W. 1991. Observations at convergent margins concerning sediment subduction, subduction erosion, and the growth of continental crust. Rev. Geophys. 29:279-316.
100. Walker, R. G. 1975. Generalized facies models for resedimented conglomerates of turbidite association. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 86:737-748.
101. Weimer, P., and Slatt, R. M. 2006. Introduction to the petroleum geology of deepwater settings. AAPG Studies in Geology Series 57, 846 p.
102. Yañez, G., and Cembrano, J. 2004. Role of viscous plate coupling in the late Tertiary Andean tectonics. J. Geophys. Res. 109:B02407, doi:10.1029/2003JB002494