메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 91, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 290-297

Ethical considerations for vaccination programmes in acute humanitarian emergencies;Considérations éthiques des programmes de vaccination dans les situations d'urgence humanitaire graves

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MEASLES VACCINE; MENINGITIS VACCINE;

EID: 84877072549     PISSN: 00429686     EISSN: 15640604     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2471/BLT.12.113480     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (43)

References (59)
  • 1
    • 14544285594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The concept of vulnerability in disaster research
    • doi:10.1023/B:JOTS.0000048952.81894.f3 PMID:15633918
    • Levine C. The concept of vulnerability in disaster research. J Trauma Stress 2004;17:395-402. doi:10.1023/B:JOTS.0000048952.81894.f3 PMID:15633918
    • (2004) J Trauma Stress , vol.17 , pp. 395-402
    • Levine, C.1
  • 2
    • 0023227695 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological assessment of the health and nutrition of Ethiopian refugees in emergency camps in Sudan, 1985
    • doi:10.1136/bmj.295.6593.314 PMID:3115429
    • Shears P, Berry AM, Murphy R, Nabil MA. Epidemiological assessment of the health and nutrition of Ethiopian refugees in emergency camps in Sudan, 1985. BMJ 1987;295:314-8. doi:10.1136/bmj.295.6593.314 PMID:3115429
    • (1987) BMJ , vol.295 , pp. 314-318
    • Shears, P.1    Berry, A.M.2    Murphy, R.3    Nabil, M.A.4
  • 3
    • 0035023461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethics and immunization policy: Promoting dialogue to sustain consensus
    • doi:10.1542/peds.107.5.1158 PMID:11331702
    • Feudtner C, Marcuse EK. Ethics and immunization policy: promoting dialogue to sustain consensus. Pediatrics 2001;107:1158-64. doi:10.1542/peds.107.5.1158 PMID:11331702
    • (2001) Pediatrics , vol.107 , pp. 1158-1164
    • Feudtner, C.1    Marcuse, E.K.2
  • 5
    • 84877054886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAGE Working Group on Vaccination in Humanitarian Emergencies, Geneva: World Health Organization, Available from, accessed 24 January 2013
    • SAGE Working Group on Vaccination in Humanitarian Emergencies. SAGE working group on vaccination in humanitarian emergencies: a framework for decision-making. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. Available from: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2012/november/FinalFraft_FrmwrkDocument_SWGVHE_23OctFullWEBVERSION.pdf [accessed 24 January 2013].
    • (2012) SAGE Working Group On Vaccination In Humanitarian Emergencies: A Framework For Decision-making
  • 6
    • 0022771578 scopus 로고
    • Bentham in a box: Technology assessment and health care allocation
    • PMID:3645228
    • Jonsen AR. Bentham in a box: technology assessment and health care allocation. Law Med Health Care 1986;14:172-4. PMID:3645228
    • (1986) Law Med Health Care , vol.14 , pp. 172-174
    • Jonsen, A.R.1
  • 7
    • 0346403922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beneficence, law and liberty; the case of required rescue
    • Murphy L. Beneficence, law and liberty; the case of required rescue. Georgetown Law J 2001;3:605-65.
    • (2001) Georgetown Law J , vol.3 , pp. 605-665
    • Murphy, L.1
  • 8
    • 84870326056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physician obligation to provide care during disasters: Should physicians have been required to go to Fukushima?
    • doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100216 PMID:22543098
    • Akabayashi A, Takimoto Y, Hayashi Y. Physician obligation to provide care during disasters: should physicians have been required to go to Fukushima? J Med Ethics 2012;38:697-8. doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100216 PMID:22543098
    • (2012) J Med Ethics , vol.38 , pp. 697-698
    • Akabayashi, A.1    Takimoto, Y.2    Hayashi, Y.3
  • 9
    • 84865863341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disaster risk reduction in developing countries: Costs, benefits and institutions
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2012.01275.x PMID:22329505
    • Kenny C. Disaster risk reduction in developing countries: costs, benefits and institutions. Disasters 2012;36:559-88. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2012.01275.x PMID:22329505
    • (2012) Disasters , vol.36 , pp. 559-588
    • Kenny, C.1
  • 10
    • 77953454992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allocating resources in humanitarian medicine
    • doi:10.1093/phe/phn042
    • Hurst SA, Mezger N, Mauron A. Allocating resources in humanitarian medicine. Public Health Ethics 2009;2:89-99. doi:10.1093/phe/phn042
    • (2009) Public Health Ethics , vol.2 , pp. 89-99
    • Hurst, S.A.1    Mezger, N.2    Mauron, A.3
  • 11
    • 0032438858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normalising the crisis in Africa
    • doi:10.1111/1467-7717.00096 PMID:9874898
    • Bradbury M. Normalising the crisis in Africa. Disasters 1998;22:328-38. doi:10.1111/1467-7717.00096 PMID:9874898
    • (1998) Disasters , vol.22 , pp. 328-338
    • Bradbury, M.1
  • 12
    • 33645229263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United Nations Economic, Scientific and Cultural Organization [Internet], Paris: UNESCO, Available from, accessed 24 January 2013
    • United Nations Economic, Scientific and Cultural Organization [Internet]. Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights. Paris: UNESCO; 2005. Available from: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/bioethics/bioethics-and-human-rights [accessed 24 January 2013].
    • (2005) Universal Declaration On Bioethics and Human Rights
  • 13
    • 84867142598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sphere Project, Bourton on Dunsmore: Practical Action Publishing, Available from, accessed 24 January 2013
    • Sphere Project. The Sphere Project: humanitarian charter and minimum standards in humanitarian response. Bourton on Dunsmore: Practical Action Publishing; 2011. Available from: http://practicalaction.org/sphere [accessed 24 January 2013].
    • (2011) The Sphere Project: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards In Humanitarian Response
  • 14
    • 85172059593 scopus 로고
    • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva: UNHCR, Available from, accessed 4 February 2013
    • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Convention and protocol relating to the status of refugees. Geneva: UNHCR; 1967. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.html [accessed 4 February 2013].
    • (1967) Convention and Protocol Relating to The Status of Refugees
  • 15
    • 0003578535 scopus 로고
    • United Nations [Internet], New York: United Nations, Available from, accessed 24 January 2013
    • United Nations [Internet]. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York: United Nations; 1948. Available from: www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml [accessed 24 January 2013].
    • (1948) He Universal Declaration of Human Rights
  • 16
    • 85172067844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaccine donations: WHO-UNICEF joint statement. Geneva: World Health Organization & United Nations Children's Fund; 2010 (WHO/IVB/10.09). Available from, accessed 24 September 2012
    • Vaccine donations: WHO-UNICEF joint statement. Geneva: World Health Organization & United Nations Children's Fund; 2010 (WHO/IVB/10.09). Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2010/WHO_IVB_10.09_eng.pdf [accessed 24 September 2012].
  • 17
    • 0028784519 scopus 로고
    • Bloodborne pathogen transmission from healthcare worker to patients. Legal issues and provider perspectives
    • PMID:7482145
    • Rhodes RS, Telford GL, Hierholzer WJ, Barnes M. Bloodborne pathogen transmission from healthcare worker to patients. Legal issues and provider perspectives. Surg Clin North Am 1995;75:1205-17. PMID:7482145
    • (1995) Surg Clin North Am , vol.75 , pp. 1205-1217
    • Rhodes, R.S.1    Telford, G.L.2    Hierholzer, W.J.3    Barnes, M.4
  • 18
    • 79954604762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measles vaccine adverse events reported in the mass vaccination campaign of Sichuan province, China from 2007 to 2008
    • doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.106 PMID:19909830
    • Shu M, Liu Q, Wang J, Ao R, Yang C, Fang G et al. Measles vaccine adverse events reported in the mass vaccination campaign of Sichuan province, China from 2007 to 2008. Vaccine 2011;29:3507-10. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.106 PMID:19909830
    • (2011) Vaccine , vol.29 , pp. 3507-3510
    • Shu, M.1    Liu, Q.2    Wang, J.3    Ao, R.4    Yang, C.5    Fang, G.6
  • 19
    • 70350306940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape analysis of interactions between nutrition and vaccine responses in children
    • doi:10.3945/jn.109.105312 PMID:19793845
    • Savy M, Edmond K, Fine PEM, Hall A, Hennig BJ, Moore SE et al. Landscape analysis of interactions between nutrition and vaccine responses in children. J Nutr 2009;139:2154S-218S. doi:10.3945/jn.109.105312 PMID:19793845
    • (2009) J Nutr , vol.139
    • Savy, M.1    Edmond, K.2    Fine, P.E.M.3    Hall, A.4    Hennig, B.J.5    Moore, S.E.6
  • 20
    • 84877013027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaccination ethics
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Dawson A. Vaccination ethics. In: Public health ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011. pp. 143-53.
    • (2011) Public Health Ethics , pp. 143-153
    • Dawson, A.1
  • 21
    • 70349799209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moral principles for allocating scarce medical resources in an influenza pandemic
    • doi:10.1007/s11673-009-9161-6
    • Verweij M. Moral principles for allocating scarce medical resources in an influenza pandemic. J Bioeth Inq 2009;6:159-69. doi:10.1007/s11673-009-9161-6
    • (2009) J Bioeth Inq , vol.6 , pp. 159-169
    • Verweij, M.1
  • 22
    • 61849087908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pandethics
    • PMID:19223051 doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2008.12.005 PMID:19223051
    • Selgelid MJ. Pandethics. Public Health 2009;123:255-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2008.12.005 PMID:19223051 doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2008.12.005 PMID:19223051
    • (2009) Public Health , vol.123 , pp. 255-259
    • Selgelid, M.J.1
  • 23
    • 85172061893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva: UNHCR, Available from, accessed 24 January 2013
    • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Guiding principles 2008-2012. Geneva: UNHCR; 2011. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/4885959c2.htm [accessed 24 January 2013].
    • Guiding Principles 2008-2012
  • 25
    • 52949097269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ethics of mandatory vaccination against influenza for health care workers
    • doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.08.002 PMID:18722495
    • van Delden JJM, Ashcroft R, Dawson A, Marckmann G, Upshur R, Verweij MF. The ethics of mandatory vaccination against influenza for health care workers. Vaccine 2008;26:5562-6. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.08.002 PMID:18722495
    • (2008) Vaccine , vol.26 , pp. 5562-5566
    • van Delden, J.J.M.1    Ashcroft, R.2    Dawson, A.3    Marckmann, G.4    Upshur, R.5    Verweij, M.F.6
  • 26
    • 0003412671 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Daniels N. Just health care. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1985.
    • (1985) Just Health Care
    • Daniels, N.1
  • 28
    • 84870551757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developing evidence-based vaccine recommendations and GRADE
    • doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.041
    • Duclos P, Durrheim D, Reingold A, Bhutta Z, Vannice K, Rees H. Developing evidence-based vaccine recommendations and GRADE. Vaccine 2012;31:12-9. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.041
    • (2012) Vaccine , vol.31 , pp. 12-19
    • Duclos, P.1    Durrheim, D.2    Reingold, A.3    Bhutta, Z.4    Vannice, K.5    Rees, H.6
  • 29
    • 85172060635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Humanitarian accountability
    • Humanitarian Practice Network [Internet], Available from, accessed 24 January 2013
    • Humanitarian Practice Network [Internet]. Humanitarian accountability. Humanitarian Exchange Magazine 2011;52. Available from: http://www.odihpn.org/humanitarian-exchange-magazine/issue-52/humanitarian-accountability [accessed 24 January 2013].
    • (2011) Humanitarian Exchange Magazine , pp. 52
  • 30
    • 3843139483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethical principles for collective immunisation programmes
    • doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.062 PMID:15297064
    • Verweij M, Dawson A. Ethical principles for collective immunisation programmes. Vaccine 2004;22:3122-6. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.062 PMID:15297064
    • (2004) Vaccine , vol.22 , pp. 3122-3126
    • Verweij, M.1    Dawson, A.2
  • 31
    • 67049145772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influenza A(H1N1) and pandemic preparedness under the rule of international law
    • doi:10.1001/jama.2009.849 PMID:19509384
    • Gostin LO. Influenza A(H1N1) and pandemic preparedness under the rule of international law. JAMA 2009;301:2376-8. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.849 PMID:19509384
    • (2009) JAMA , vol.301 , pp. 2376-2378
    • Gostin, L.O.1
  • 33
    • 0029451059 scopus 로고
    • The resurgent tuberculosis epidemic in the era of AIDS: Reflections on public health, law, and society
    • PMID:11657387
    • Gostin LO. The resurgent tuberculosis epidemic in the era of AIDS: reflections on public health, law, and society. MD Law Rev 1995;54:1-131. PMID:11657387
    • (1995) MD Law Rev , vol.54 , pp. 1-131
    • Gostin, L.O.1
  • 35
    • 0028789969 scopus 로고
    • Is there a moral obligation not to infect others?
    • doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7014.1215 PMID:7488907
    • Harris J, Holm S. Is there a moral obligation not to infect others? BMJ 1995;311:1215-7. doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7014.1215 PMID:7488907
    • (1995) BMJ , vol.311 , pp. 1215-1217
    • Harris, J.1    Holm, S.2
  • 36
    • 0040784495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Negligence
    • doi:10.1017/S0265052500002399
    • Simons KW. Negligence. Soc Philos Policy 1999;16:52-93. doi:10.1017/S0265052500002399
    • (1999) Soc Philos Policy , vol.16 , pp. 52-93
    • Simons, K.W.1
  • 37
    • 58149512306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethical issues in immunisation
    • doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.002 PMID:19026706
    • Isaacs D, Kilham H, Leask J, Tobin B. Ethical issues in immunisation. Vaccine 2009;27:615-8. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.002 PMID:19026706
    • (2009) Vaccine , vol.27 , pp. 615-618
    • Isaacs, D.1    Kilham, H.2    Leask, J.3    Tobin, B.4
  • 38
    • 77953441299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A moderate pluralist approach to public health policy and ethics
    • doi:10.1093/phe/php018
    • Selgelid MJ. A moderate pluralist approach to public health policy and ethics. Public Health Ethics 2009;2:195-205. doi:10.1093/phe/php018
    • (2009) Public Health Ethics , vol.2 , pp. 195-205
    • Selgelid, M.J.1
  • 39
    • 0025294446 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of excess mortality in refugee and displaced populations in developing countries
    • doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03440240086021 PMID:2348541
    • Toole MJ, Waldman RJ. Prevention of excess mortality in refugee and displaced populations in developing countries. JAMA 1990;263:3296-302. doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03440240086021 PMID:2348541
    • (1990) JAMA , vol.263 , pp. 3296-3302
    • Toole, M.J.1    Waldman, R.J.2
  • 40
    • 85172059995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ethics of influenza vaccination
    • doi:10.1126/science.313.5788.758b PMID:16906649
    • Galvani AP, Medlock J, Chapman GB. The ethics of influenza vaccination. Science 2006;313:758-60. doi:10.1126/science.313.5788.758b PMID:16906649
    • (2006) Science , vol.313 , pp. 758-760
    • Galvani, A.P.1    Medlock, J.2    Chapman, G.B.3
  • 41
    • 80051475652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is immunisation child protection?
    • doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60695-8 PMID:21664677
    • Finn A, Savulescu J. Is immunisation child protection? Lancet 2011;378:465-8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60695-8 PMID:21664677
    • (2011) Lancet , vol.378 , pp. 465-468
    • Finn, A.1    Savulescu, J.2
  • 42
    • 4143068209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethical issues pertaining to research in the aftermath of disaster
    • doi:10.1023/B:JOTS.0000048949.43570.6a PMID:15633915
    • Collogan LK, Tuma F, Dolan-Sewell R, Borja S, Fleischman AR. Ethical issues pertaining to research in the aftermath of disaster. J Trauma Stress 2004;17:363-72. doi:10.1023/B:JOTS.0000048949.43570.6a PMID:15633915
    • (2004) J Trauma Stress , vol.17 , pp. 363-372
    • Collogan, L.K.1    Tuma, F.2    Dolan-Sewell, R.3    Borja, S.4    Fleischman, A.R.5
  • 43
    • 14544270636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ethics of disaster research: A special section
    • doi:10.1023/B:JOTS.0000048961.75301.74 PMID:15633914
    • Kilpatrick DG. The ethics of disaster research: a special section. J Trauma Stress 2004;17:361-2. doi:10.1023/B:JOTS.0000048961.75301.74 PMID:15633914
    • (2004) J Trauma Stress , vol.17 , pp. 361-362
    • Kilpatrick, D.G.1
  • 44
    • 85172053684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WMA statement on medical ethics in the event of disasters
    • World Medical Association [Internet], Available from, accessed 24 September 2012
    • World Medical Association [Internet]. WMA statement on medical ethics in the event of disasters. Ferney-Voltaire: WMA; 2006. Available from: http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/d7/index.html [accessed 24 September 2012].
    • (2006) Ferney-Voltaire: WMA
  • 45
    • 77949329379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethics of conducting research in conflict settings
    • doi:10.1186/1752-1505-3-7 PMID:19591691
    • Ford N, Mills EJ, Zachariah R, Upshur R. Ethics of conducting research in conflict settings. Confl Health 2009;3:7. doi:10.1186/1752-1505-3-7 PMID:19591691
    • (2009) Confl Health , vol.3 , pp. 7
    • Ford, N.1    Mills, E.J.2    Zachariah, R.3    Upshur, R.4
  • 46
    • 77954599701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disaster research ethics - a luxury or a necessity for developing countries?
    • 13 February, Available from, accessed 24 January 2013
    • Siriwardhana DC. Disaster research ethics - a luxury or a necessity for developing countries? Asian Tribune 13 February 2007. Available from: http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/4524 [accessed 24 January 2013].
    • (2007) Asian Tribune
    • Siriwardhana, D.C.1
  • 47
    • 79955809497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geneva: World Health Organization, Available from, accessed 24 January 2012
    • Research ethics in international epidemic response. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. Available from: http://www.who.int/ethics/gip_research_ethics_.pdf [accessed 24 January 2012].
    • (2009) Research Ethics In International Epidemic Response
  • 48
    • 59849102092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying humanitarian crises in population surveillance field sites: Simple procedures and ethical imperatives
    • doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2008.10.032 PMID:19157467
    • Fottrell E, Byass P. Identifying humanitarian crises in population surveillance field sites: simple procedures and ethical imperatives. Public Health 2009;123:151-5. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2008.10.032 PMID:19157467
    • (2009) Public Health , vol.123 , pp. 151-155
    • Fottrell, E.1    Byass, P.2
  • 49
    • 48749125671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demographic and health surveillance: Longitudinal ethical considerations
    • doi:10.2471/BLT.08.051037 PMID:18797619
    • Carrel M. Demographic and health surveillance: longitudinal ethical considerations. Bull World Health Organ 2008;86:612-6. doi:10.2471/BLT.08.051037 PMID:18797619
    • (2008) Bull World Health Organ , vol.86 , pp. 612-616
    • Carrel, M.1
  • 50
    • 84877013304 scopus 로고
    • Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects
    • World Medical Association [Internet], Available from, accessed 24 January 2013
    • World Medical Association [Internet]. Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Ferney-Voltaire: WMA; 1964. Available from: http://www.wma.net/en/20activities/10ethics/10helsinki/index.html [accessed 24 January 2013].
    • (1964) Ferney-Voltaire: WMA
  • 52
    • 2642670291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Informed consent for HIV testing in a South African hospital: Is it truly informed and truly voluntary?
    • doi:10.2105/AJPH.88.4.637 PMID:9551007
    • Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS, Coovadia MH, Susser M. Informed consent for HIV testing in a South African hospital: is it truly informed and truly voluntary? Am J Public Health 1998;88:637-40. doi:10.2105/AJPH.88.4.637 PMID:9551007
    • (1998) Am J Public Health , vol.88 , pp. 637-640
    • Abdool, K.Q.1    Abdool, K.S.S.2    Coovadia, M.H.3    Susser, M.4
  • 53
    • 0037799072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consent for Participation in the Bloemfontein Vitamin A Trial: How Informed and Voluntary?
    • doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.4.582 PMID:12660201
    • Joubert G, Steinberg H, van der Ryst E, Chikobvu P. Consent for Participation in the Bloemfontein Vitamin A Trial: How Informed and Voluntary? Am J Public Health 2003;93:582-4. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.4.582 PMID:12660201
    • (2003) Am J Public Health , vol.93 , pp. 582-584
    • Joubert, G.1    Steinberg, H.2    van der Ryst, E.3    Chikobvu, P.4
  • 54
    • 29544448363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Informed consent and participant perceptions of influenza vaccine trials in South Africa
    • doi:10.1136/jme.2004.009910 PMID:16319239
    • Moodley K, Pather M, Myer L. Informed consent and participant perceptions of influenza vaccine trials in South Africa. J Med Ethics 2005;31:727-32. doi:10.1136/jme.2004.009910 PMID:16319239
    • (2005) J Med Ethics , vol.31 , pp. 727-732
    • Moodley, K.1    Pather, M.2    Myer, L.3
  • 55
    • 5144226522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding of informed consent in a low-income setting: Three case studies from the Kenyan Coast
    • doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.03.037 PMID:15474208
    • Molyneux CS, Peshu N, Marsh K. Understanding of informed consent in a low-income setting: three case studies from the Kenyan Coast. Soc Sci Med 2004;59:2547-59. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.03.037 PMID:15474208
    • (2004) Soc Sci Med , vol.59 , pp. 2547-2559
    • Molyneux, C.S.1    Peshu, N.2    Marsh, K.3
  • 56
    • 48349105217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Culture and voluntary informed consent in African health care systems
    • doi:10.1111/j.1471-8847.2006.00181.x PMID:19143087
    • Frimpong-Mansoh A. Culture and voluntary informed consent in African health care systems. Dev World Bioeth 2008;8:104-14. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8847.2006.00181.x PMID:19143087
    • (2008) Dev World Bioeth , vol.8 , pp. 104-114
    • Frimpong-Mansoh, A.1
  • 57
    • 0004048289 scopus 로고
    • Harvard: Harvard University Press
    • Rawls J. A theory of justice. Harvard: Harvard University Press; 1971.
    • (1971) A Theory of Justice
    • Rawls, J.1
  • 58
    • 77951910904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is there an ethical obligation to complete polio eradication?
    • doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60565-X PMID:20405537
    • Emerson CI, Singer PA. Is there an ethical obligation to complete polio eradication? Lancet 2010;375:1340-1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60565-X PMID:20405537
    • (2010) Lancet , vol.375 , pp. 1340-1341
    • Emerson, C.I.1    Singer, P.A.2
  • 59
    • 84859237422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experience of ethics training and support for health care professionals in international aid work
    • doi:10.1093/phe/phr033
    • Hunt MR, Schwartz L, Elit L. Experience of ethics training and support for health care professionals in international aid work. Public Health Ethics 2012;5:91-9. doi:10.1093/phe/phr033
    • (2012) Public Health Ethics , vol.5 , pp. 91-99
    • Hunt, M.R.1    Schwartz, L.2    Elit, L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.