Exploring the link between herpes viruses and pemphigus vulgaris: Literature review and commentary

European Journal of Dermatology

Volumn 22, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 728-735

  Senger, Philip ^a   Sinha, Animesh A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

^b ROSWELL PARK CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antibodies; Autoimmunity; Herpes viruses; Mechanisms; Pemphigus vulgaris; Viral infection

Indexed keywords

EPITOPE; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 4; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 2; T LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR;

ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; ANTIGEN RECOGNITION; AUTOIMMUNITY; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CROSS REACTION; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 2; HERPES VIRUS; HUMAN; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION; NONHUMAN; PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TH1 CELL; TH2 CELL; VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS;

ANTIBODIES, VIRAL; AUTOIMMUNITY; DNA, VIRAL; HERPESVIRIDAE; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HUMANS; PEMPHIGUS;

EID: 84877065570     PISSN: 11671122     EISSN: 19524013     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1684/ejd.2012.1836     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. Salmanpour R, Shahkar H, Namazi MR, Rahman-Shenas MR. Epidemiology of pemphigus in south-western Iran: a 10-year retrospective study (1991-2000). Int J Dermatol 2006; 45: 103-5.
2. Asilian A, Yoosefi A, Faghini G. Pemphigus vulgaris in Iran: epidemiology and clinical profile. Skinmed 2006; 5: 69-71.
3. Langan SM, Smeeth L, Hubbard R, et al. Bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris-incidence and mortality in the UK: population based cohort study. BMJ 2008; 337: a180.
4. Bystryn JC, Rudolph JL. Pemphigus. Lancet 2005; 366: 61-73.
5. Nanda A, Dvorak R, Al-Saeed K, Al-Sabah H, Alsaleh QA. Spectrum of autoimmune bullous diseases in Kuwait. Int J Dermatol 2004; 43: 876-81.
6. Sinha AA. The genetics of pemphigus. Dermatol Clin 2011; 29: 381-91, vii.
7. Lee E, Lendas KA, Chow S, et al. Disease relevant HLA class II alleles isolated by genotypic, haplotypic, and sequence analysis in North American Caucasians with pemphigus vulgaris. Hum Immunol 2006; 67: 125-39.
8. Gupta VK, Kelbel TE, Nguyen D, et al. A globally available internetbased patient survey of pemphigus vulgaris: epidemiology and disease characteristics. Dermatol Clin 2011; 29: 393-404, vii-vii10.
9. Shoenfeld Y, Gilburd B, Abu-Shakra M, et al. The mosaic of autoimmunity: genetic factors involved in autoimmune diseases-2008. Isr Med Assoc J 2008; 10: 3-7.
10. Sinha AA, Lopez MT, McDevitt HO. Autoimmune diseases: the failure of self tolerance. Science 1990; 248: 1380-8.
11. Tang X, Zhang X. Drug-induced pemphigus after six years of treatment with phenytoin and carbamazepine. Int J Dermatol 2012.
12. Brenner S, Goldberg I. Drug-induced pemphigus. Clin Dermatol 2011; 29: 455-7.
13. Tamir A, Ophir J, Brenner S. Pemphigus vulgaris triggered by emotional stress. Dermatology 1994; 189: 210.
14. Badri T, Hammami H, Lachkham A, et al. Radiotherapy-induced pemphigus vulgaris with autoantibodies targeting a 110 kDa epidermal antigen. Int J Dermatol 2011; 50: 1475-9.
15. Anhalt GJ, Kim SC, Stanley JR, et al. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. An autoimmune mucocutaneous disease associated with neoplasia. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1729-35.
16. Brenner S, Wolf R. Possible nutritional factors in induced pemphigus. Dermatology 1994; 189: 337-9.
17. Marfatia YS, Patel S, Makrandi S, Sharma P. Human immunodeficiency virus and pemphigus vulgaris: an interesting association. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2007; 73: 354-5.
18. Ahmed AR, Rosen GB. Viruses in pemphigus. Int J Dermatol 1989; 28: 209-17.
19. Krain LS, Pemphigus LS. Epidemiologic and survival characteristics of 59 patients, 1955-1973. Arch Dermatol 1974; 110: 862-5.
20. Ruocco V, Wolf R, Ruocco E, Baroni A. Viruses in pemphigus: a casual or causal relationship? Int J Dermatol 1996; 35: 782-4.
21. Schlupen EM, Wollenberg A, Hanel S, Stumpenhausen G, Volkenandt M. Detection of herpes simplex virus in exacerbated pemphigus vulgaris by polymerase chain reaction. Dermatology 1996; 192: 312-6.
22. Brandao ML, Fernandes NC, Batista DP, Santos N. Refractory pemphigus vulgaris associated with herpes infection: case report and review. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2011; 53: 113-7.
23. Oliveira DP, Moura HH, Janini ME, Fernandes NC, Santos N. Diagnosis and treatment of persistent oral lesions caused by herpesvirus in a patient with pemphigus vulgaris. Int J Dermatol 2011; 50: 335-9.
24. Tufano MA, Baroni A, Buommino E, et al. Detection of herpesvirus DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and skin lesions of patients with pemphigus by polymerase chain reaction. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141: 1033-9.
25. Brice SL, Stockert SS, Jester JD, et al. Detection of herpes simplex virus DNA in the peripheral blood during acute recurrent herpes labialis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 26: 594-8.
26. Brice SL, Krzemien D, Weston WL, Huff JC. Detection of herpes simplex virus DNA in cutaneous lesions of erythema multiforme. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 93: 183-7.
27. Kalra A, Ratho RK, Kaur I, Kumar B. Role of herpes simplex and cytomegalo viruses in recalcitrant oral lesions of pemphigus vulgaris. Int J Dermatol 2005; 44: 259-60.
28. Caldarola G, Kneisel A, Hertl M, Feliciani C. Herpes simplex virus infection in pemphigus vulgaris: clinical and immunological considerations. Eur J Dermatol 2008; 18: 440-3.
29. Esmaili N, Hallaji Z, Abedini R, et al. Pemphigus vulgaris and herpesviruses: is there any relationship? Int J Dermatol 2010; 49: 1261-5.
30. Kopel D. Serologic reactions in pemphigus vulgaris; an attempt to detect auto-antibodies or a virus in the blood serum or blister fluid in pemphigus vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 1954; 22: 261-2.
31. Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, et al. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science 1994; 266: 1865-9.
32. Moore PS, Chang Y. Detection of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with and without HIV infection. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1181-5.
33. Memar OM, Rady PL, Goldblum RM, Tyring SK. Human herpesvirus-8 DNA sequences in a patient with pemphigus vulgaris, but without HIV infection or Kaposi's sarcoma. J Invest Dermatol 1997; 108: 118-9.
34. Memar OM, Rady PL, Goldblum RM, Yen A, Tyring SK. Human herpesvirus 8 DNA sequences in blistering skin from patients with pemphigus. Arch Dermatol 1997; 133: 1247-51.
35. Wang GQ, Xu H, Wang YK, et al. Higher prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 DNA sequence and specific IgG antibodies in patients with pemphigus in China. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 52: 460-7.
36. Jang HS, Oh CK, Lim JY, et al. Detection of human herpesvirus 8 DNA in pemphigus and chronic blistering skin diseases. J Korean Med Sci 2000; 15: 442-8.
37. Cohen SS, Weinstein MD, Herndier BG, Anhalt GJ, Blauvelt A. No evidence of human herpesvirus 8 infection in patients with paraneoplastic pemphigus, pemphigus vulgaris, or pemphigus foliaceus. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111: 781-3.
38. Bezold G, Sander CA, Flaig MJ, Peter RU, Messer G. Lack of detection of human herpesvirus (HHV)-8 DNA in lesional skin of German pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus patients. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114: 739-41.
39. Dupin N, Marcelin AG, Calvez V, Andr C. Absence of a link between human herpesvirus 8 and pemphigus. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141: 159-60.
40. Markitziu A, Pisanty S. Pemphigus vulgaris after infection by Epstein-Barr virus. Int J Dermatol 1993; 32: 917-8.
41. Barzilai O, Sherer Y, Ram M, et al. Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus in autoimmune diseases: are they truly notorious? A preliminary report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1108: 567-77.
42. Sagi L, Baum S, Agmon-Levin N, et al. Autoimmune bullous diseases the spectrum of infectious agent antibodies and review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 2011; 10: 527-35.
43. Stevenson ML, Levitt JO. Acute zoster in known pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid: avoiding the "disease flare" trap. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 64: e125-6.
44. Wucherpfennig KW. Mechanisms for the induction of autoimmunity by infectious agents. J Clin Invest 2001; 108: 1097-104.
45. Panoutsakopoulou V, Sanchirico ME, Huster KM, et al. Analysis of the relationship between viral infection and autoimmune disease. Immunity 2001; 15: 137-47.
46. Scherer MT, Ignatowicz L, Winslow GM, Kappler JW, Marrack P. Superantigens: bacterial and viral proteins that manipulate the immune system. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1993; 9: 101-28.
47. Chow S, Rizzo C, Ravitskiy L, Sinha AA. The role of T cells in cutaneous autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity 2005; 38: 303-17.
48. Vanderlugt CJ, Miller SD. Epitope spreading. Curr Opin Immunol 1996; 8: 831-6.
49. Ogilvie MM, Kesseler M, Leppard BJ, Goodwin P, White JE. Herpes simplex infections in pemphigus: an indication for urgent viral studies and specific antiviral therapy. Br J Dermatol 1983; 109: 611-3.
50. Grunwald MH, Katz I, Friedman-Birnbaum R. Association of pemphigus vulgaris and herpes simplex virus infection. Int J Dermatol 1986; 25: 392-3.
51. Takahashi I, Kobayashi TK, Suzuki H, Nakamura S, Tezuka F. Coexistence of Pemphigus vulgaris and herpes simplex virus infection in oral mucosa diagnosed by cytology, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction. Diagn Cytopathol 1998; 19: 446-50.