Molluscan and ostracod successions from Dierden's Pit, Swanscombe: Insights into the fluvial history, sea-level record and human occupation of the Hoxnian Thames

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 70, Issue , 2013, Pages 73-90

  White, Tom S ^a   Preece, Richard C ^a   Whittaker, John E ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Hoxnian; Middle Pleistocene; Mollusca; Ostracoda; Palaeolithic; Sea level; Swanscombe; Thames

Indexed keywords

HOXNIAN; MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE; MOLLUSCA; OSTRACODA; PALAEOLITHIC; SWANSCOMBE; THAMES;

MOLLUSCS; SEA LEVEL; STRATIGRAPHY;

ANIMALS;

ARCHAEOLOGY; BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; INVERTEBRATE; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEONTOLOGY; RECONSTRUCTION; SEA LEVEL CHANGE; SUCCESSION; TYPOLOGY;

ENGLAND; KENT; SWANSCOMBE; THAMES RIVER [ENGLAND]; UNITED KINGDOM;

ARVICOLA CANTIANA; MICROTUS RICHARDSONI; MOLLUSCA; MURIDAE; OSTRACODA;

EID: 84877042837     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.03.007     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Aalberberg G., Litt T. Multiproxy climate reconstructions for the Eemian and Early Weichselian. Journal of Quaternary Science 1998, 13:367-390.
2. Ant H. Faunistische, ökologische und tiergeographische Untersuchungen zur Verbrietung der Landschnecken in Nordwestdeutschland. Abhandlungen aus dem Landesmuseum für Naturkunde zu Münster 1963, 25:1-125.
3. Antoine P., Limondin-Lozouet N., Auguste P., Locht J.-L., Ghaleb B., Reyss J.-L., Escudé É., Carbonel P., Mercier N., Bahain J.-J., Falguères C., Voinchet P. Le tuf de Caours (Somme, France): mise en évidence d'une séquence eemienne et d'un site paléolithique associé. Quaternaire 2006, 17:281-320.
4. Arconda B., Ramos M.A. The Ibero-Balearic region: one of the areas of highest Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia, Rissooidea) diversity in Europe. Graellsia 2003, 59:91-104.
5. Ashton N., McNabb J., Bridgland D. Barnfield Pit, Swanscombe. The Quaternary of the Lower Reaches of the Thames, Field Guide 1995, 129-143. Quaternary Research Association, Durham. D.R. Bridgland, P. Allen, B.A. Haggart (Eds.).
6. Ashton N., Lewis S.G., Parfitt S.A., Penkman K.E.H., Coope G.R. New evidence for complex climate change in MIS 11 from Hoxne, Suffolk, UK. Quaternary Science Reviews 2008, 27:652-668.
7. Bates M.R., Keen D.H., Lautridou J.-P. Pleistocene marine and periglacial deposits of the English Channel. Journal of Quaternary Science 2003, 18:319-337.
8. Bódis E., Nosek J., Oertel N., Tóth B., Fehér Z. Acomparative study of two Corbicula morphs (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae) inhabiting [the] River Danube. International Review of Hydrobiology 2011, 96:257-273.
9. Bodon M., Giovannelli M.M. On the systematics and distribution of Theodoxus danubialis (Pfeiffer, 1828) in Italy. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Bollettino (Torino) 1995, 13:493-544.
10. Bowen D.Q., Hughes S., Sykes G.A., Miller G.M. Land-sea correlations in the Pleistocene based on isoleucine epimerization in non-marine molluscs. Nature 1989, 340:49-51.
11. Briant R.M., Kilfeather A.A., Parfitt S., Penkman K.E.H., Preece R.C., Roe H.M., Schwenninger J.-L., Wenban-Smith F.F., Whittaker J.E. Integrated chronological control on an archaeologically significant Pleistocene river terrace sequence: the Thames-Medway, eastern Essex, England. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 2012, 123:87-108.
12. Bridgland D.R. Areappraisal of Pleistocene stratigraphy in north Kent and eastern Essex, and new evidence concerning former courses of the Thames and Medway. Quaternary Newsletter 1980, 32:15-24.
13. Bridgland D.R. Quaternary of the Thames 1994, Chapman & Hall, London.
14. Bridgland D.R. The Middle and Upper Pleistocene sequence in the Lower Thames: a record of Milankovitch climatic fluctuation and early human occupation of southern Britain. Henry Stopes Memorial Lecture. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 2006, 117:281-305.
15. Bridgland D.R. Geoconservation of Quaternary sites and interests. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 2013, in press.
16. Bridgland D.R., Gibbard P.L., Harding P., Kemp R.A., Southgate G. New information and results from recent excavations at Barnfield Pit, Swanscombe. Quaternary Newsletter 1985, 46:25-39.
17. Bridgland D.R., Field M.H., Holmes J.A., McNabb J., Preece R.C., Selby I., Wymer J.J., Boreham S., Irving B.G., Parfitt S.A., Stuart A.J. Middle Pleistocene interglacial Thames-Medway deposits at Clacton-on-Sea, England: reconsideration of the biostratigraphical and environmental context of the type Clactonian Palaeolithic industry. Quaternary Science Reviews 1999, 18:109-146.
18. Bunje P.M.E. Fluvial range expansion, allopatry, and parallel evolution in a Danubian snail lineage (Neritidae: Theodoxus). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2007, 90:603-613.
19. Castell C.P. The non-marine Mollusca. ASurvey of Research on a Pleistocene Site 1964, 77-83. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, London. C.D. Ovey (Ed.).
20. Chandler R.H. On the Clactonian industry of Swanscombe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia 1929, 6:377-378.
21. Chandler R.H. The Clactonian industry and report of field meeting at Swanscombe (II). Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 1932, 43:70-72.
22. Chandler R.H., Leach A.L. On the Dartford Heath Gravel and on a Palaeolithic implement factory. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 1912, 23:102-111.
23. Conway B. Preliminary geological investigation of Boyn Hill terrace deposits at Barnfield Pit, Swanscombe, Kent, during 1968. Proceedings of the Royal Anthropological Institute for 1968 1969, 59-61.
24. Conway B. Geological investigation of Boyn Hill terrace deposits at Barnfield Pit, Swanscombe, Kent, during 1969. Proceedings of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland for 1969 1970, 90-93.
25. Conway B. The geology outside the National Nature Reserve, 1968-72. British Museum Occasional Paper 94 1996, 67-88. B. Conway, J. McNabb, N. Ashton (Eds.).
26. Conway B., Waechter J.d'A. Lower Thames and Medway valleys - Barnfield Pit, Swanscombe. Guide Book for Excursion A5 1977, X INQUA Congress, Birmingham. Geoabstracts, Norwich, pp. 38-44. E.R. Shephard-Thorn, J.J. Wymer (Eds.).
27. Conway B., McNabb J., Ashton N. Excavations at Barnfield Pit, Swanscombe, 1968-72. British Museum Occasional Paper 94 1996, British Museum, London.
28. Coope G.R. Late-Glacial (Anglian) and late-temperate (Hoxnian) Coleoptera. The Lower Paleolithic Site at Hoxne, England 1993, 156-162. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London. R. Singer, B.G. Gladfelter, J.J. Wymer (Eds.).
29. Davies P., Walker A. The footprint surfaces at Barnfield Pit, Swanscombe, and the results of analysis of a potential human footprint. British Museum Occasional Paper 94 1996, 169-186. B. Conway, J. McNabb, N. Ashton (Eds.).
30. Davis A.G. On the geological history of some of our snails, illustrated by some Pleistocene and Holocene deposits in Kent and Surrey. Journal of Conchology 1953, 23:355-364.
31. Dewey H. The Palaeolithic deposits of the lower Thames. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 1932, 88:35-56.
32. Dewey H. Palaeolithic Deposits of the Thames at Dartford Heath and Swanscombe 1959, Unpublished Text of Henry Stopes Memorial Lecture Read to the Geologists' Association.
33. Ehrmann P. Mollusca. Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas 1933, Quelle & Meyer, Leipzig. P. Brohmer, P. Ehrmann, G. Ulmer (Eds.).
34. Evans J., Morse E., Reid C., Ridley E.P., Ridley H.N. The Relation of Palaeolithic Man to the Glacial Epoch 1896, 400-416. Report of the British Association, Liverpool, for 1895.
35. Falkner G., Bank R.A., Proschwitz T.von Check-list of the non-marine Molluscan species-group taxa of the States of Northern, Atlantic and Central Europe (CLECOM I). Heldia 2001, 4:1-76.
36. Gibbard P.L. Middle Pleistocene drainage in the Thames valley. Geological Magazine 1979, 116:35-44.
37. Gibbard P.L. The history of the great northwest European rivers during the past three million years. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 1988, 318:559-602.
38. Gibbard P.L. Pleistocene History of the Lower Thames Valley 1994, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
39. Hinton M.A.C. Apreliminary account of the British fossil voles and lemmings; with some remarks on the Pleistocene climate and geography. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 1910, 21:489-507.
40. Hinton M.A.C. Monograph of the Voles and Lemmings (Microtinae). Living and Extinct 1926, vol. 1. British Museum, London.
41. Hinton M.A.C., Kennard A.S. The relative ages of the stone implements of the Lower Thames Valley. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 1905, 19:70-100.
42. Horne D.J. Amutual temperature range method for Quaternary palaeoclimatic analysis using European non-marine Ostracoda. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 26:1398-1415.
43. Horne D.J., Mezquita F. Palaeoclimatic applications of large databases: developing and testing methods of palaeotemperature reconstruction using non-marine ostracods. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 2008, 88:93-112.
44. Horne D.J., Curry B.B., Mesquita-Joanes F. Mutual climatic range methods for Quaternary ostracods. Developments in Quaternary Science 2012, 17:65-84.
45. Hubbard R. The palynological studies from the Waechter excavations. British Museum Occasional Paper 94 1996, 191-200. B. Conway, J. McNabb, N. Ashton (Eds.).
46. Keen D.H. Towards a late Middle Pleistocene non-marine molluscan biostratigraphy for the British Isles. Quaternary Science Reviews 2001, 20:1657-1665.
47. Kemp R.A. The decalcified Lower Loam at Swanscombe, Kent: a buried Quaternary soil. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 1985, 96:343-355.
48. Kennard A.S. The Pleistocene succession in England. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia 1916, 2:249-267.
49. Kennard A.S. Report on the non-marine Mollusca from the Middle Gravels of the Barnfield Pit. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 1938, 68:28-30.
50. Kennard A.S. Some Pleistocene problems discussed (discussion appended to Bull, A.J., 1942). Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 1942, 53:24-25.
51. Kennard A.S. Faunas of the High Terrace at Swanscombe. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 1942, 53:105.
52. Kennard A.S., Salter A.E. Excursion to Swanscombe. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 1901, 3:138-139.
53. Kennard A.S., Woodward B.B. The post-Pliocene non-marine Mollusca of the south of England. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 1901, 17:238-239.
54. Kennard A.S., Woodward B.B. On the occurrence of Neritina grateloupiana Férussac (hitherto misidentified as N. fluviatilis) in the Pleistocene gravels of the Thames at Swanscombe. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 1903, 5:320-321.
55. Kerney M.P. Pleistocene Non-marine Mollusca of British Interglacial Deposits 1959, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London.
56. Kerney M.P. Interglacial deposits at Barnfield Pit, Swanscombe, and their molluscan fauna. Journal of the Geological Society of London 1971, 127:69-86.
57. Kerney M.P. Atlas of the Land and Freshwater Molluscs of Britain and Ireland 1999, Harley Books, Colchester.
58. Kerney M.P., Cameron R.A.D. AField Guide to the Land Snails of Britain and North-west Europe 1979, Collins, London.
59. Kerney M.P., Preece R.C., Turner C. Molluscan and plant biostratigraphy of some Late Devensian and Flandrian deposits in Kent. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 1980, 291:1-43.
60. Langford H.E., Bateman M.D., Boreham S., Coope G.R., Fletcher W., Green C.P., Keen D.H., Mighall T.M., Rolfe C., Schreve D.C. Funtham's Lane East. Nene Valley: Field Guide 2004, 69-106. Quaternary Research Association, Cambridge. H.E. Langford, R.M. Briant (Eds.).
61. Leach A.L. On buried channels in the Dartford Heath Gravel: together with the report of an excursion to Dartford Heath, May 17th, 1913. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 1913, 24:337-344.
62. Limondin-Lozouet N., Antoine P., Auguste P., Bahain J.J., Carbonel P., Chaussé C., Connet N., Dupéron J., Dupéron M., Falguères C., Freytet P., Ghaleb B., Jolly-Saad M.C., Lhomme V., Lozouet P., Mercier N., Pastre J.F., Voinchet P. Le tuf calcaire de La Celle-sur-Seine (Seine et Marne): nouvelles données sur un site clé du stade 11 dans le Nord de la France. Quaternaire 2006, 17(2):5-29.
63. Mania D., Altermann M. Geology of the Lower Palaeolithic find horizon of Bilzingsleben (Thuringia) and the anthropogenous aspect. Hercynia 2004, 38:143-184.
64. Marston A.T. The Swanscombe skull. Man 1937, 37:33-34.
65. Marston A.T. The Swanscombe skull. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 1937, 67:339-406.
66. McNabb J. The British Lower Palaeolithic: Stones in Contention 2007, Routledge, London.
67. Meijer T. Fossiele Zoetwaternerieten uit het Nederlandse Kwartair en enkele opmerkingen over het voorkomen van deze groep in het Kwartair van Noordwest Europa 1988, 89-108. De Kreukel, Jubileumnummer.
68. Meijer T., Preece R.C. Malacological evidence relating to the insularity of the British Isles during the Quaternary. Geological Society Special Publication 1995, vol. 96:89-110. R.C. Preece (Ed.).
69. Meijer T., Preece R.C. Areview of the occurrence of Corbicula in the Pleistocene of North-West Europe. Geologie en Mijnbouw/Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 2000, 79:241-255.
70. Meisch C. Freshwater Ostracoda of Western and Central Europe. Süßwasserfauna von Mitteleuropa 8/3 2000, Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart.
71. Meng S., Wansa S. Lithologie, Stratigraphie und Paläoökologie des Mittelpleistozäns von Uichteritz im Markröhlitzer Tal (Lkr. Weißenfels/Sachsen-Anhalt). Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart 2005, 55:174-214.
72. Morris J. On the deposits containing Carnivora and other Mammalia in the Valley of the Thames. Magazine of Natural History (Series II) 1838, 2:539-546.
73. Murton J.B., Worsley P., Gozdizk J. Sand veins and wedges in cold aeolian environments. Quaternary Science Reviews 2000, 19:899-922.
74. Newton E.T. On a human skull and limb bones found in the Palaeolithic terrace gravel at Galley Hill, Kent. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 1895, 51:505-527.
75. Newton W.M. The occurrence in a very limited area of the rudest with the finer forms of worked stones. Man 1901, 1:81-82.
76. O'Connor A. Finding Time for the Old Stone Age: a History of Palaeolithic Archaeology and Quaternary Geology in Britain, 1860-1960 2007, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
77. Oakley K.P. Stratigraphical age of the Swanscombe skull. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1957, 15:253-260.
78. Ovey C.D. The Swanscombe Skull. ASurvey of Research on a Pleistocene Site 1964, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, London.
79. Paterson T.T. The Swanscombe skull: a defence. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 1940, 6:166-169.
80. Pavon D., Bertrand A. Liste commentée des mollusques continentaux du département des Bouches-du-RhÔne. Bulletin de la Société Linneene de Provence 2005, 56:35-47.
81. Penkman K.E.H., Preece R.C., Bridgland D.R., Keen D.H., Meijer T., Parfitt S.A., White T.S., Collins M.J. Achronological framework for the British Quaternary based on Bithynia opercula. Nature 2011, 476:446-449.
82. Penkman K.E.H., Preece R.C., Bridgland D.R., Keen D.H., Meijer T., Parfitt S.A., White T.S., Collins M.J. An aminostratigraphy for the British Quaternary based on Bithynia opercula. Quaternary Science Reviews 2013, 61:111-134.
83. Pettitt P., White M.J. The British Palaeolithic: Hominin Societies at the Edge of the Pleistocene World 2012, Routledge, London.
84. Pfenninger M., Reinhardt F., Streit B. Evidence for cryptic hybridization between different evolutionary lineages of the invasive clam genus Corbicula (Veneroida, Bivalvia). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2002, 15:818-829.
85. Pigneur L.-M., Marescaux J., Roland K., Etoundi E., Descy J.-P., Van Doninck K. Phylogeny and androgenesis in the invasive Corbicula clams (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae) in Western Europe. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011, 2011(11):147.
86. Preece R.C. The value of shell microsculpture as a guide to the identification of land Mollusca from Quaternary deposits. Journal of Conchology 1981, 30:331-337.
87. Preece R.C. The molluscan fauna of the Middle Pleistocene interglacial deposits at Little Oakley, Essex, and its environmental and stratigraphical implications. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 1990, 328:387-407.
88. Preece R.C. Mollusca from interglacial sediments at three critical sites in the Lower Thames. The Quaternary of the Lower Reaches of the Thames, Field Guide 1995, 53-60. Quaternary Research Association, Durham. D.R. Bridgland, P. Allen, B.A. Haggart (Eds.).
89. Preece R.C. Mollusca from the Last Interglacial fluvial deposits at Trafalgar Square, London. Journal of Quaternary Science 1999, 14:77-89.
90. Preece R.C., Bridgland D.R. Holywell Coombe, Folkestone: a 13,000 year history of an English Chalkland valley. Quaternary Science Reviews 1999, 18:1075-1125.
91. Preece R.C., Parfitt S.A., Bridgland D.R., Lewis S.G., Rowe P.J., Atkinson T.C., Candy I., Debenham N.C., Penkman K.E.H., Rhodes E.J., Schwenninger J.-L., Griffiths H.I., Whittaker J.E., Gleed-Owen C. Terrestrial environments during MIS 11: evidence from the Palaeolithic site at West Stow, Suffolk, UK. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 26:1236-1300.
92. Preece R.C., Parfitt S.A., Coope G.R., Penkman K.E.H., Ponel P., Whittaker J.E. Biostratigraphic and aminostratigraphic constraints on the age of the Middle Pleistocene glacial succession in North Norfolk, UK. Journal of Quaternary Science 2009, 24:557-580.
93. Renard E., Backmann V., Cariou M.L., Moreteau J.C. Morphological and molecular differentiation of invasive freshwater species of the genus Corbicula (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae) suggest the presence of three taxa in French rivers. Molecular Ecology 2000, 9:2009-2016.
94. Robinson E. The ostracod fauna from the Waechter excavations. British Museum Occasional Paper 94 1996, 187-191. B. Conway, J. McNabb, N. Ashton (Eds.).
95. Roe D.A. AGazetteer of British Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Sites 1968, Research Report of the Council for British Archaeology 8.
96. Roe D.A. The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Periods in Britain 1981, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
97. Roe H.M. The Late Middle Pleistocene biostratigraphy of the Thames Valley, England: new data from eastern Essex. Quaternary Science Reviews 2001, 20:1603-1919.
98. Roe H.M., Preece R.C. Anew discovery of the Pleistocene 'Rhenish' fauna in Essex. Journal of Conchology 1995, 35:272-273.
99. Roe H.M., Coope G.R., Devoy R.J.N., Harrison C.J.O., Penkman K.E.H., Preece R.C., Schreve D.C. Differentiation of MIS 9 and MIS 11 in the continental record: vegetational, faunal, aminostratigraphic and sea-level evidence from coastal sites in Essex, UK. Quaternary Science Reviews 2009, 28:2342-2373.
100. Schneeweiß N. Climatic impact on reproductive success of Emys orbicularis at the northwestern border of the species' range (Germany). Biologia, Bratislava 2004, 59(Suppl. 14):131-137.
101. Schreve D.C. Differentiation of the British late Middle Pleistocene interglacials: the evidence from mammal biostratigraphy. Quaternary Science Reviews 2001, 20:1577-1582.
102. Schreve D.C. Mammalian evidence from fluvial sequences for complex environmental change at the oxygen isotope substage level. Quaternary International 2001, 79:65-74.
103. Scourse J.D. Late Pleistocene stratigraphy and palaeobotany of the Isles of Scilly. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 1991, 334:408-448.
104. Smith R.A. The Greenhithe shell-bed. Man 1918, 18:186-187.
105. Smith R.A., Dewey H. Stratification at Swanscombe: report on excavations made on behalf of the British Museum and H.M. Geological Survey. Archaeologia 1913, 64:177-204.
106. Smith R.A., Dewey H. The High Terrace of the Thames: report on excavations made on behalf of the British Museum and H.M. Geological Survey in 1913. Archaeologia 1914, 65:187-212.
107. Sparks B.W. Non-marine Mollusca and Quaternary ecology. Journal of Animal Ecology 1964, 33(Suppl.):87-98.
108. Stinton F. British Quaternary fish otoliths. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 1985, 96:199-215.
109. Stopes H. On the Discovery of Neritina fluviatilis with a Pleistocene Fauna and Worked Flints in High Terrace Gravels of the Thames Valley. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 1900, 29:302-303.
110. Stopes H. On the Discovery of Neritina fluviatilis with a Pleistocene Fauna and Worked Flints in High Terrace Gravels of the Thames Valley 1900, Reprint of Stopes (1900a), Issued by the Author, Including a More Detailed Faunal List. second ed.
111. Stopes C. Palaeolithic Implements from the Shelly Gravel Pit at Swanscombe, Kent 1904, 803-804. Report of the British Association, Southport, for 1903.
112. Stringer C.B., Hublin J.-J. New age estimates for the Swanscombe hominid, and their significance for human evolution. Journal of Human Evolution 1999, 37:873-877.
113. Stuart A.J. Pleistocene occurrences of the European pond tortoise (Emys orbicularis L.) in Britain. Boreas 1979, 8:359-371.
114. Sutcliffe A.J. The mammalian fauna. ASurvey of Research on a Pleistocene Site 1964, 85-112. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, London. C.D. Ovey (Ed.).
115. Sutcliffe A.J., Kowalski K. Pleistocene Rodents of the British Isles. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 1976, 27:31-147.
116. Report on the Swanscombe skull. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 1938, 68:17-98. Swanscombe Committee.
117. Turner C. Note on the occurrence of Vitis and other new plant records from the Pleistocene deposits at Hoxne. New Phytologist 1968, 67:333-334.
118. Turner C. The Middle Pleistocene deposits at Marks Tey, Essex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 1970, 257:373-440.
119. Turner C. Problems and pitfalls in the application of palynology to Pleistocene archaeological sites in Western Europe. Palynologie Archéologique: CNRS Notes et Monographies Techniques 1985, 17:347-373.
120. Turner C., Kerney M.P. Anote on the age of the Freshwater Beds of the Clacton Channel. Journal of the Geological Society of London 1971, 127:87-93.
121. Turner C., West R.G. The subdivision and zonation of interglacial periods. Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart 1968, 19:93-101.
122. van Harten D. Variable noding in Cyprideis torosa (Ostracoda, Crustacea): an overview, experimental results and a model from Catastrophe Theory. Hydrobiologia 2000, 419:131-139.
123. Warren S.H. The Clacton (Essex) channel deposits. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 1955, 111:283-307.
124. Wenban-Smith F.F. Stopes Palaeolithic Project: Final Report 2004, English Heritage/Archaeology Data Service.
125. Wenban-Smith F.F. Henry Stopes (1852-1902): engineer, brewer and anthropologist. Lithics 2009, 30:62-81.
126. Wenban-Smith F.F., Bridgland D.R. Palaeolithic archaeology at the Swan Valley Community School, Swanscombe, Kent. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 2001, 67:219-259.
127. Wenban-Smith F.F., Allen P., Bates M.R., Parfitt S.A., Preece R.C., Stewart J.R., Turner C., Whittaker J.E. The Clactonian elephant butchery site at Southfleet Road, Ebbsfleet, UK. Journal of Quaternary Science 2006, 21:471-483.
128. Wessex Archaeology Region 4 (South of the Thames) and Region 1 (South West England) 1993, Southern Rivers Palaeolithic Project Report, Wessex Archaeology, Salisbury.
129. West R.G. The Quaternary deposits at Hoxne, Suffolk. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 1956, 239:265-356.
130. Westaway R., Bridgland D.R., White M.J. The Quaternary uplift history of central southern England: evidence from the terraces of the Solent River system and nearby raised beaches. Quaternary Science Reviews 2006, 25:2212-2250.
131. White M.J. Twisted ovate bifaces in the British Lower Palaeolithic: some observations and implications. Stone Age Archaeology: Essays in Honour of John Wymer 1998, 98-104. Oxbow Books, Oxford. N. Ashton, F. Healey, P. Pettitt (Eds.).
132. White T.S. Late Middle Pleistocene Molluscan and Ostracod Successions and Their Relevance to the British Palaeolithic Record 2013, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge.
133. White M.J., Schreve D.C. Island Britain-Peninsula Britain: palaeogeography, colonisation and the Lower Palaeolithic settlement of the British Isles. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 2001, 66:1-28.
134. Worsley P. On ice-wedge casts and soft sediment deformations. Quaternary Newsletter 1996, 78:1-7.
135. Wymer B.O. The discovery of the right parietal bone at Swanscombe, Kent. Man 1955, 55:124.
136. Wymer J.J. Afurther fragment of the Swanscombe skull. Nature 1955, 176:426-427.
137. Wymer J.J. Excavations at Barnfield Pit, 1955-1960. ASurvey of Research on a Pleistocene Site 1964, 19-62. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, London. C.D. Ovey (Ed.).
138. Wymer J.J. Lower Palaeolithic Archaeology in Britain, as Represented by the Thames Valley 1968, John Baker, London.
139. Wymer J.J. The Lower Palaeolithic Occupation of Britain 1999, Wessex Archaeology and English Heritage, Salisbury.
140. Zeuner F.E. The Pleistocene Period: Its Climate, Chronology and Faunal Successions 1945, Ray Society, London.
141. Zilch A., Jaeckel S.G.A. Mollusken. Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas 1962, Quelle & Meyer, Leipzig. P. Brohmer, P. Ehrmann, G. Ulmer (Eds.).