'Some more reliable than others': Image management, donor perceptions and the Global War on Terror in East African diplomacy

Journal of Modern African Studies

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 1-31

  Fisher, Jonathan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AID POLICY; CONDITIONALITY; INTERNATIONAL AID; NORTH-SOUTH RELATIONS; PERCEPTION; TERRORISM; WAR;

KENYA; UGANDA;

EID: 84876946443     PISSN: 0022278X     EISSN: 14697777     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022278X12000535     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Addis Ababa cable. 2.2.2010. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2010/02/ 10ADDISABABA166.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
2. Atkinson, R. 2010. The Roots of Ethnicity: the origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
3. Baraka Services. 2004. 〈http://www.fara.gov/docs/5602-Exhibit-AB- 20040224-HUTUUN03.pdf〉, accessed 1.12.2011.
4. Barkan, J. 2004. 'Kenya after Moi', Foreign Affairs, 83, 1: 87-100.
5. Biden, J. 2010. 'Remarks by Vice President Biden', Nairobi, 8.6.2010. 〈http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-vice-president-biden-a- statement-press-with-kenyan-president-mwai-kibaki〉, accessed 1.12.2011.
6. Bradbury M. & M. Kleinman, 2010. Winning Hearts and Minds? Examining the relationship between aid and security in Kenya. Medford, MA: Feinstein International Center.
7. Branch, A. 2007. 'The Political Dilemmas of Global Justice: anti-civilian violence and the violence of humanitarianism, the case of northern Uganda', unpublished PhD thesis, Columbia University.
8. Brookings Institution. 2009. 'Contemporary Development Challenges in Kenya', roundtable panel held 1 October 2009.
9. Bush, G.W. 2003. 'President Bush and President Kibaki toast, remarks', 6.10.2003. 〈http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/ 10/20031006-16.html〉, accessed 1.12.2011.
10. Bush, G.W. 2007. 'President Bush meets with President Museveni', 30.10.2007, 〈http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/ 10/20071030-1.html〉, accessed 1.12.2011.
11. Channel 4 (UK). 1997. 'The Bank, the President and the Pearl of Africa', documentary film, broadcast in two parts. Chlopak, Leonard, Schechter and Associates. 2011. 〈http://www.fara.gov/docs/5774-Supplemental-Statement- 201111 i8-i2.pdf〉, accessed 1.12.2011.
12. Council on Foreign Relations. 2003. 'Freedom from fear: forging US-Africa partnerships against terror, 13.6.2003', 〈http://allafrica.com/stories/ printable/200306120002.html〉, accessed 1.12.2011.
13. Council on Foreign Relations. 2005. 'A Conversation with Yoweri Museveni, 21.9.2005', 〈http://www.cfr.org/uganda/conversation-yoweri-kaguta- museveni-rush-transcript-federal-news-service-inc/p89io〉, accessed 1.12.2011.
14. Dagne, T. 2009. Kenya: Current Conditions and the Challenges Ahead. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
15. Dagne, T. 2011. Uganda: Current Conditions and the Challenges Ahead. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
16. Davis, J. 2007. 'The Bush Model: US special forces, Africa and the War on Terror', in J. Davis, ed., Africa and the War on Terrorism. Aldershot: Ashgate, 143-62.
17. Department of State (DoS) (US) 2001. FY 2002 Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations. Washington, DC: Department of State.
18. Department of State (DoS) (US). 2003a. 'Kenya Public Announcement, March 2003', 〈http://www. expatexchange.com/trv-rd.cfm?articleid= io6i&networkid=64〉, accessed 1.12.2011.
19. Department of State (DoS) (US). 2003b. 'Kenya Public Announcement, December 2003', 〈http://www.expatexchange.com/trv-rd.cfm?articleid= 133g&networkid=64〉, accessed 1.12.2011.
20. Department of State (DoS) (US). 2004. Patterns of Global Terrorism 2003. Washington, DC: Department of State.
21. Department of State (DoS) (US). 2005. Country Reports on Terrorism 2004. Washington, DC: Department of State.
22. Department of State (DoS) (US). 2006a. The Antiterrorism Assistance Program: Report to Congress for Fiscal Year 2005. Washington, DC: Department of State.
23. Department of State (DoS) (US). 2006b. Country Reports on Terrorism 2005. Washington, DC: Department of State.
24. Department of State (DoS) (US). 2007. Country Reports on Terrorism 2006. Washington, DC: Department of State.
25. Department of State (DoS) (US), 2008. Country Reports on Terrorism 2009. Washington, DC: Department of State.
26. Department of State (DoS) (US). 2009. Country Reports on Terrorism 2008. Washington, DC: Department of State.
27. Department of State (DoS) (US). 2010a. Country Reports on Terrorism 20og. Washington, DC: Department of State
28. Department of State (DoS) (US). 2010b. 'Uganda Travel Warning, July 2010', 〈http://www. expatexchange.com/trv.cfm?networkID= 15g&articleID=3622 〉, accessed 1.12.2011.
29. Dolan, C. 2009. Social Torture: The Case of Northern Uganda 1986-2006. London: Berghahn Books.
30. Doom, R. & Vlassenroot, K 1999. 'Kony's Message: A New Koine? The Lord's Resistance Army in northern Uganda', African Affairs, 98, 390: 5-36.
31. Dunn, K. 2004. 'Narrating identity: constructing the Congo during the i960 crisis?', in P. Goff & K Dunn, eds. Identity and Global Politics: theoretical and empirical elaborations. London: Macmillan, 123-44.
32. Finnström, S. 2003. Living with Bad Surroundings; war and existential uncertainty in Acholiland. Uppsala: Uppsala University Press.
33. Fisher, J. 2012. 'Managing donor perceptions and securing agency: contextualizing Uganda's 2007 intervention in Somalia', African Affairs, 111, 444: 404-23.
34. Fisher, J. forthcoming 2013. 'Image management and Ugandan agency: Ugandan regional diplomacy and donor relations under Museveni', in S. Harman & W. Brown, eds. African Agency in International Politics. London: Routledge, forthcoming.
35. Harmony Project. 2007. Al Qa'idas Misadventures in the Horn of Africa. New York, NY: Combating Terrorism Centre.
36. Haynes, J. 2006. 'Islam and democracy in East Africa', Democratization, 13, 3: 490-507.
37. Heilman, B. & Ndumbaro, L. 2004. 'International context', in P. Kaiser & W. Okumu, eds. Democratic Transitions in East Africa. Aldershot: Ashgate, 142-63.
38. Hills, A. 2006. 'Trojan horses? USAID, counter-terrorism and Africa's police', Third World Quarterly, 27, 4: 629-43.
39. Kampala cable. 23.2.2007. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2007/02/ 07KAMPALA312.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
40. Kampala cable. 18.5.2007. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2007/05/ 07KAMPALA854.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
41. Kampala cable. 11.3.2009. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2009/03/ 09KAMPALA271.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
42. Khadiagala, G. 2004. 'Kenya: haven or helpless victim of terrorism', in Special Report 113: Terrorism in the Horn of Africa. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace.
43. Lind, J. &J. Howell. 2008. Aid, Civil Society and the State in Kenya since 9/11. Non-Governmental Public Action Working Paper 21. London: London School of Economics.
44. Lind, J. &J. Howell. 2010. 'Counter-terrorism and the politics of aid: civil society responses in Kenya', Development and Change, 41, 2: 335-53 .
45. Mueller, S. 2008. 'The political economy of Kenya's crisis', Journal of Eastern African Studies, 2, 2: 185-210.
46. Muhula, R. 2007. 'Kenya and the Global War on Terror: searching for a new role in a new war', in Davis, J., ed., Africa and the War on Terrorism. Aldershot: Ashgate, 43-62.
47. Mukwaya, A. 2004. 'The politics of international terrorism in the security complex in the Greater Horn of Africa', African Journal of International Affairs, 1 & 2: 35-56.
48. Nairobi cable. 25.5.2005. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2005/05/ 05NAIROBI2166.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
49. Nairobi cable. g.6.2005. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2005/06/ 05NAIROBI2409.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
50. Nairobi cable. 10.6.2005. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2005/06/ 05NAIROBI2424.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
51. Nairobi cable. 17·6·2005. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/ 2005/06/05NAIROBI2515.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
52. Nairobi cable. 20.6.2005. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2005/06/ 05NAIROBI2519.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
53. Nairobi cable. 1.7.2005. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2005/07/ 05NAIROBI2695.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
54. Nairobi cable. 26.9.2005. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2005/09/ 05NAIROBI4002.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
55. Nairobi cable. 8.12.2005. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2005/12/ 05NAIROBI5075.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
56. Nairobi cable. 23.12.2005. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2005/12/ 05NAIROBI5240.html〉, accessed 1·5·2012.
57. Nairobi cable. 12.1.2006. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2006/01/ 06NAIROBI1157.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
58. Nairobi cable. 20.4.2006. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2006/04/ 06NAIROBI1701.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
59. Nairobi cable. 5.6.2006. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2006/06/ 06NAIROBI2453.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
60. Nairobi cable. 25.6.2006. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2006/06/ 06NAIROBI2757.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
61. Nairobi cable. 27.2.2007. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2007/02/ 07NAIROBI927.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
62. Nairobi cable. 19.4.2007. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2007/04/ 07NAIROBI1748.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
63. Nairobi cable. 18.6.2007. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2007/06/ 07NAIROBI2525.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
64. Nairobi cable. 2.12.2008. 〈htttp://wikileaks.org/cable/20o8/i2/ o8NAIROBI27oi.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
65. Nairobi cable. 2.6.2009. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2009/06/ 09NAIROBI1080.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
66. Nairobi cable. 11.6.2009. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2009/06/ 09NAIROBI1172.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
67. Nairobi cable. 22.6.2009. 〈http://wikileaks.org/cable/2009/06/ 09NAIROBI245.html〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
68. Naluswa, E. 2004. 'A critical analysis of Uganda's foreign policy towards Sudan', unpublished MA dissertation. Kampala: Makerere University.
69. Ngoga, P. 1998. 'Uganda: The National Resistance Army', in C. Clapham, ed., African Guerillas, Oxford: James Currey, 91-106.
70. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 2001-2010. Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries. Paris: OECD.
71. Overseas Development Institute (ODI). 2005. Political Conditionality in Africa: an empirical study into its design, use and impact: DFID 1999-2000. London: ODI. Not publicly available, released to author under the UK Freedom of Information Act (Reference F201174).
72. Perrot, S. 2010. 'Northern Uganda: a forgotten conflict again? The role of external actors in the Northern Uganda conflict resolution', in T Allen & K Vlassenroot, eds. The Lord's Resistance Army: myths and realities. London: Zed Books, 187-204.
73. Pinkney, R. 2005. The Frontiers of Democracy: challenges in the West, theEast and the Third World. Aldershot: Ashgate.
74. Prestholdt, J. 2011. 'Kenya, the United States and counterterrorism', Africa Today, 57, 4: 3-27. Scribe Strategies. 2005. 〈http://www.fara.gov/ docs/5673-Exhibit-AB-20051020-2.pdf〉, accessed 1.12.2011.
75. Sheikh, F. 2005. 'New danger from Ugandan rebel group?', Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 〈http://iwpr.net/report-news/new-danger-ugandan- rebel-group-o〉, accessed 1.12.2011.
76. Simmons, B. 1998. 'Compliance with international agreements', Annual Review of Political Science, 1: 729-57.
77. State House, Entebbe. 2008. 〈http://www.statehouse.go.ug/news.php? catId=i&item=i68〉, accessed 1.12.2010.
78. Stiles, K & A. Thayne. 2006. 'Compliance with international law: international law on terrorism and the United Nations', Cooperation and Conflict, 41, 2: 153-76.
79. Tangri, R. & A. Mwenda. 2003. 'Military corruption and Ugandan politics since the late 1990s', Review of African Political Economy, 98, 30: 539-52.
80. Tangri, R. & A. Mwenda. 2006. 'Politics, donors and the ineffectiveness of anti-corruption institutions in Uganda', Journal of Modern African Studies, 44, 1: 101-24.
81. Tangri, R. & A. Mwenda. 2008. 'Elite corruption and politics in Uganda', Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 46, 2: 177-94.
82. Tangri, R. & A. Mwenda. 2010. 'President Museveni and the politics of presidential tenure in Uganda Journal of Contemporary African Studies.
83. Towns, E. 2005. 'Speech of Hon Edolphus Towns of New York in the House of Representatives. Wednesday, September 14 2005-Extension of Remarks. E1842', Congressional Record, 109th Congress (2005-2006). Washington, DC: United States Congress. 〈http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2005-09-i4/pdf/CREC-2005-09- 14-pti-PgEi842.pdf〉, accessed 1.5.2012.
84. Tripp, A.M. 2010. Museveni's Uganda: Paradoxes of Power in a Hybrid Regime. Boulder, CA: Lynne Rienner.
85. US Agency for International Development (USAID). 2005. 'Uganda profile', 〈http://www.usaid. gov/policy/budget/cbj2005/afr/ug.html〉, accessed 1.12.2011.
86. Whitaker, B. 2008. 'Reluctant partners: fighting terrorism and promoting democracy in Kenya', International Studies Perspective, 9, 3: 254-71.
87. Whitaker, B. 2010. 'Compliance among weak states: Africa and the counter-terrorism regime', Review of International Studies, 36, 3: 639-62.
88. Whitaker Group. 2003. 〈http://www.fara.gov/docs/5539-Supplemental- Statement-20030828-HPCiD8o3.pdf〉, accessed 1.12.2011.
89. Woodrow Wilson Center. 2002. 'Speech by His Excellency Yoweri Museveni, President of the Republic of Uganda', 14.5.2002, 〈http://www.wilsoncenter. org〉, accessed 1.12.2011.
90. Wrong, M. 2009. It's our Turn to Eat: the story of a Kenyan whistle blower. London: Harper Collins.