Islam and democracy in East Africa

Democratization

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 490-507

  Haynes, Jeffrey ^a  

^a LONDON METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Democratization; Islam; Militancy; Politics

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRACY; DEMOCRATIZATION; ISLAMISM;

AFRICA; EAST AFRICA; KENYA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; TANZANIA; UGANDA;

EID: 33744923701     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: 1743890X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510340600579433     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. It is worth noting, however, that two of seven African countries that held national democratization conferences in the early 1990s, Mali and Niger, are Muslim-majority nations.
2. S. Bromley, Rethinking Middle East Politics (Cambridge, Polity Press, 1994), p. 42.
3. J.-L.Triaud, 'L'Islam et l'etat en republique du Niger', Le Mois en Afrique, Nos 194-5 (1982), p. 38.
4. C. Coulon, Les musulmans et le pouvoir en Afrique noire (Paris: Karthala, 1983), p. 163.
5. Ibid., pp. 153-4.
6. O. Kane, 'Les mouvements religieux et le champ politique au Nigeria septentrional', Islam et Societés au Sud du Sahara, Vol. 4, No. 1 (1990), pp. 7-8.
7. J.-F. Bayart, The State in Africa (London: Longman, 1993), p. 190.
8. Jamestown Foundation, 'Tanzania: Al Qaeda's East African Beachhead? Part 1', Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 1, No. 5 (7 November 2003), p. 1.
9. For accounts of Islam and politics in Tanzania, see B. Heilman and P. Kaiser, 'Religion, Identity and Politics in Tanzania', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 4 (2002), pp. 691-709
10. A. Y. Lodhi and D. Westerlund, 'African Islam in Tanzania', available at: http://www.islamtz.org/articles/islam2.htm.
11. Ibid., pp. 697-8.
12. F. Shaikh (ed.), Islam and Islamic Groups. A Worldwide Reference Guide (Harlow: Longman, 1992), p. 240.
13. 'Tanzania Threatening Mwalimu's Ghosts', Africa Confidential, Vol. 35, No. 13 (1 July 1994), p. 8.
14. M. B. Bakari and Ndumbaro Laurean, 'State-Religion Relations in Tanzania: The Post-liberalization Era', paper presented at Religion and Democracy in Tanzania conference, University of Dar es Salaam, 26-28 November 2001, p. 5.
15. D. Shinn, 'The Horn of Africa and International Terrorism', lecture delivered at The Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University, 29 January 2002.
16. Jamestown Foundation, 'Tanzania: Islamic Extremism's Next Beachhead? Part 2', Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 1, No. 8 (18 December 2003), pp. 1-3.
17. 'Zanzibar on Red Alert After Threats of Terrorist Attack', The East African, 20 January 2003, available at: http://www.nationaudio.com/News/EastAfrican/27012003/Regional/ Regional13.html
18. Jamestown Foundation (note 8) pp. (1-3)
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., p. 4.
21. Amnesty International, 'Tanzania', 2003, available at: http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/tzasummary-eng/$FILE/ tanzania.pdf.
22. W. Dalrymple, 'The terror the West cannot face', The Tablet, 3 July 2004, available at: http://www.thetablet.co.uk/cgi-bin/archive_db.cgi/tablet-00912.
23. For accounts of the relationship between Islam and politics in Kenya, see D. B. Cruise O'Brien, 'Coping with the Christians. The Muslim Predicament in Kenya', in H. B. Hansen and M. Twaddle (eds), Religion and Politics in East Africa (London: James Currey, 1995), pp. 200-19
24. A. Oded, Islam and Politics in Kenya (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000).
25. 'Kenya: A Murderous Majimboism', Africa Confidential, Vol. 34, No. 21 (22 October 1993), pp. 2-3.
26. F. Bowers, 'Attacks in Kenya signal Al Qaeda's expanding war', Christian Science Monitor, 2 December 2002, available at: http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/1202/p04s01-usgn.html.
27. M. A. Mohamed Salih, 'Islamic NGOs in Africa: The Promise and Peril of Islamic Voluntarism', Occasional Paper, Centre of African Studies, University of Copenhagen, March 2002, pp. 24-5.
28. ILAPK communiqué in Arabic, published in London on 11 August 1998 and quoted (in English) in P. Marchesin, 'The Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism in East Africa', African Geopolitics [no issue number provided] (2003), p. 2, available at: http://www.african-geopolitics.org/show.aspx?ArticleId=3497.
29. 'Al Qaeda hiding in plain sight', 11 January 2004, available at: http://www.jihadwatch.org/archives/000607.php.
30. Quoted in D. Harman, 'Why radicals find fertile ground in moderate Kenya', Christian Science Monitor, 6 December 2002, pp. 1-3, available at: http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/1206/p07s02-woaf.html.
31. http://www.jihadwatch.org/archives/000607.php.
32. Associated Press (2004) 'Al Qaida infiltrates East African society', 12 January, available at: http://www.bradenton.com/mld/bradentonherald/7688477.htm.
33. Harman (note 28), p. 1.
34. Al-Ittihad is on the US list of terror groups, and has been watched closely since 9/11. In 1993, members of al-Ittihad killed 18 American soldiers in Somalia, speeding up the withdrawal of the United States from that country. According to Marchesin (note 26), al-Itahaad provided logistical support to those who committed the 1998 attack in Nairobi. The organization is also suspected of having cooperated with al Qaeda during the dual attack in Mombasa in 2002.
35. Quoted in Harman (note 28).
36. Concerned with the influence of Somali Islamic radicals in Kenya, the then president, Daniel arap Moi, engaged actively in peace efforts in Somalia from the early 1990s. During the 1990s Kenya organized numerous peace conferences, as the government was concerned that continuing instability in Somalia could lead to regionwide instability. In July 2001, Kenyan officials closed the border with Somalia because of illegal arms smuggling into Kenya.
37. P. Lyman, 'The Terrorist Threat in Africa', testimony before the House Committee on International Relations Subcommittee on Africa Hearing on 'Fighting Terrorism in Africa', 1 April 2004, p. 2, available at: http://www.cfr.org/publication_print.php?id=6912&content=.
38. For accounts of Islam and politics in Uganda, see F. Constantin, 'The Attempts to Create Muslim National Organizations in Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya', in H. B. Hansen and M. Twaddle (note 22), 1995, pp. 19-31
39. A. Oded, Religion and Politics in Uganda: A Study of Islam and Judaism (Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers, 1995).
40. P. Mutibwa, Uganda Since Independence (London: Hurst & Co., 1992), p. 68.
41. Ibid., pp. 109-10.
42. M. Pirouet, 'Religion in Uganda under Amin', Journal of Religion in Africa, Vol. 11, No. 1 (1980), p. 19. The Kakwa people amount to less than 1 percent of the total population of Uganda.
43. According to A. Chande, 'Radicalism and Reform in East Africa', in N. Levtzion and R. Pouwels (eds), The History of Islam in Africa (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press), p. 355, 'The Salafi reputation rests on their scholarly activities and the challenge they pose (given their skills in the Arabic language) to the monopoly on religious education held by traditional scholars. Their efforts have made Islamic education more accessible.'
44. Ibid.
45. Marchesin (note 26).
46. Sallie Simba Kayunga, Islamic Fundamentalism in Uganda: A Case of the Tabliq Youth Movement (Kampala: Centre for Basic Research, 1993).
47. Marchesin (note 26), p. 4.
48. 'Allied Democratic Forces: National Army for the Libertion of Uganda (NALU)', GlobalSecurity.org, available at: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/adf.htm.
49. European Intelligence Agency, Al Qaeda Infrastructure in Sudan, 2001, p. 10
50. quoted in Marchesin (note 26), p. 4.
51. Shinn (note 14).
52. Although, note the continued conflict between the government and the Lord's Resistance Army that has seriously affected parts of the Acholi-dominated north.
53. P. Marshall, 'Radical Islam's move on Africa', The Washington Post, 16 October 2003.