Detection experiments with humans implicate visual predation as a driver of colour polymorphism dynamics in pygmy grasshoppers

BMC Ecology

Volumn 13, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Karpestam, Einat ^a   Merilaita, Sami ^b   Forsman, Anders ^a  

^a LINNAEUS UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b ÅBO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY   (Finland)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Camouflage; Colour polymorphism; Crypsis; Evolution; Predation; Tetrix subulata

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; COLOR MORPH; CRYPSIS; DETECTION METHOD; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; GRASSHOPPER; HABITAT TYPE; LOCAL ADAPTATION; NATURAL SELECTION; POLYMORPHISM; PREDATION; SURVIVAL; WILD POPULATION;

ANIMALIA; CAELIFERA; TETRIGIDAE; TETRIX SUBULATA;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CAELIFERA; COLOR; EVOLUTION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC SELECTION; GENETICS; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PREDATION;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; COLOR; GRASSHOPPERS; HUMANS; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PREDATORY BEHAVIOR; SELECTION, GENETIC;

EID: 84876882438     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14726785     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-13-17     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Mappes J, Marples N, Endler JA. The complex business of survival by aposematism. Trends Ecol Evol 2005, 20(11):598-603. 10.1016/j.tree.2005.07.011, 16701442.
2. Ruxton GD, Sherratt TN, Speed M. Avoiding attack: the evolutionary ecology of crypsis, warning signals and mimicry 2004, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3. Stevens M, Merilaita S. Animal camouflage: current issues and new perspectives. Phil Trans R Soc B 2009, 364:423-427. 10.1098/rstb.2008.0217, 2674078, 18990674.
4. Hoekstra HE, Drumm KE, Nachman MW. Ecological genetics of adaptive color polymorphism in pocket mice: geographic variation in selected and neutral genes. Evolution 2004, 58(6):1329-1341.
5. Forsman A. Opposing fitness consequences of color pattern in male and female snakes. J Evol Biol 1995, 8(1):53-70.
6. Pellissier L, Wassef J, Bilat J, Brazzola G, Buri P, Colliard C, Fournier B, Hausser J, Yannic G, Perrin N. Adaptive colour polymorphism of Acrida ungarica H. (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in a spatially heterogeneous environment. Acta Oecol 2011, 37(2):93-98.
7. Forsman A, Karlsson M, Wennersten L, Johansson J, Karpestam E. Rapid evolution of fire melanism in replicated populations of pygmy grasshoppers. Evolution 2011, 65(9):2530-2540. 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01324.x, 21884054.
8. Kettlewell HBD. A resume of investigations on the evolution of melanism in the lepidoptera. Proc R Soc B 1956, 145(920):297-303.
9. Cook LM, Cowie RH, Jones JS. Change in morph frequency in the snail Cepaea nemoralis on the Marlborough Downs. Heredity 1999, 82:336-342. 10.1038/sj.hdy.6884920, 10336709.
10. Ozgo M. Rapid evolution in unstable habitats: a success story of the polymorphic land snail Cepaea nemoralis (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Biol J Linn Soc 2011, 102(2):251-262.
11. Roberts JL, Brown JL, Schulte R, Arizabal W, Summers K. Rapid diversification of colouration among populations of a poison frog isolated on sky peninsulas in the central cordilleras of Peru. J Biogeogr 2007, 34(3):417-426.
12. Hughes JM, Mather PB. Evidence for predation as a factor in determining shell color frequencies in a mangrove snail littorina sp (prosobranchia, littorinidae). Evolution 1986, 40(1):68-77.
13. Bonte D, Maelfait JP. Colour variation and crypsis in relation to habitat selection in the males of the crab spider Xysticus sabulosus (Hahn, 1832) (Araneae : Thomisidae). Belg J Zool 2004, 134(2):3-7.
14. Merilaita S. Habitat heterogeneity, predation and gene flow: colour polymorphism in the isopod. Idotea baltica. Evol Ecol 2001, 15(2):103-116.
15. Nosil P, Sandoval CP, Crespi BJ. The evolution of host preference in allopatric vs. parapatric populations of Timema cristinae walking-sticks. J Evol Biol 2006, 19(3):929-942. 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01035.x, 16674589.
16. Sandoval CP. Differential visual predation on morphs of Timema cristinae (phasmatodeae, timemidae) and its consequences for host-range. Biol J Linn Soc 1994, 52(4):341-356.
17. Tsurui K, Honma A, Nishida T. Camouflage effects of various colour-marking morphs against different microhabitat backgrounds in a polymorphic pygmy grasshopper tetrix japonica. PLoS One 2010, 5(7):e11446. 10.1371/journal.pone.0011446, 2897885, 20625405.
18. Bond AB, Kamil AC. Visual predators select for crypticity and polymorphism in virtual prey. Nature 2002, 415(6872):609-613. 10.1038/415609a, 11832937.
19. Byers BA. Habitat-choice polymorphism associated with cryptic shell-color polymorphism in the limpet lottia-digitalis. Veliger 1989, 32(4):394-402.
20. Endler JA. Natural-selection on color patterns in poecilia-reticulata. Evolution 1980, 34(1):76-91.
21. Endler JA. Natural selection in the wild 1986, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
22. Kawecki TJ, Ebert D. Conceptual issues in local adaptation. Ecol Lett 2004, 7:1225-1241.
23. Arnold SJ, Wade MJ. On the measurement of natural and sexual selection: theory. Evolution 1984, 38(4):709-719.
24. Gendron RP, Staddon JER. A laboratory simulation of foraging behavior: the effect of search rate on the probability of detecting prey. Am Nat 1984, 124(3):407-415.
25. Penney HD, Hassall C, Skevington JH, Abbott KR, Sherratt TN. A comparative analysis of the evolution of imperfect mimicry. Nature 2012, 483(7390):461-464. 10.1038/nature10961, 22437614.
26. Beatty CD, Bain RS, Sherratt TN. The evolution of aggregation in profitable and unprofitable prey. Anim Behav 2005, 70:199-208.
27. Todd PA. Testing for camouflage using virtual prey and human 'predators'. J Biol Edu 2009, 43:81-84.
28. Karpestam E, Merilaita S, Forsman A. Reduced predation risk for melanistic pygmy grasshoppers in post-fire environments. Ecol & Evol 2012, 2:2204-2212. 10.1002/ece3.338, 23649754.
29. Forsman A, Appelqvist S. Experimental manipulation reveals differential effects of colour pattern on survival in male and female pygmy grasshoppers. J Evol Biol 1999, 12(2):391-401.
30. Holst KT. The Saltatoria of Northern Europe. Fauna Entomol Scand 1986, 16:1-127.
31. Rehn JAG, Grant HJJ. Tetrix subulata (Orthoptera; Acridoidea; Tetrigidae) as occurring in North America. Proc Acad Nat Sci Phila 1955, 107:145-165.
32. Forsman A, Appelqvist S. Visual predators impose correlational selection on prey color pattern and behavior. Behav Ecol 1998, 9(4):409-413.
33. Civantos E, Ahnesjö J, Forsman A, Martin J, Lopez P. Indirect effects of prey coloration on predation risk: pygmy grasshoppers versus lizards. Evol Ecol Res 2004, 6(2):201-213.
34. Merilaita S, Tuomi J, Jormalainen V. Optimization of cryptic coloration in heterogeneous habitats. Biol J Linn Soc 1999, 67:151-161.
35. Levene H. Genetic equilibrium when more than one niche is available. Am Nat 1953, 87:331-333.
36. Levins R. Evolution in changing environments 1968, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
37. Hedrick PW. Genetic polymorphism in heterogeneous environments: The age of genomics. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 2006, 37:67-93.
38. Frank SA, Slatkin M. Evolution in a variable environment. Am Nat 1990, 136(2):244-260.
39. Merilaita S. Crypsis through disruptiv coloration in an isopod. Proc R Soc B 1998, 265:1059-1064.
40. Cuthill IC, Stevens M, Sheppard J, Maddocks T, Párraga CA, Troscianko TS. Disruptive coloration and background pattern matching. Nature 2005, 434:72-74. 10.1038/nature03312, 15744301.
41. Skelhorn J, Rowland HM, Ruxton GD. The evolution and ecology of masquerade. Biol J Linn Soc 2010, 99(1):1-8.
42. Kjernsmo K, Merilaita S. Background choice as an anti-predator strategy: the roles of background matching and visual complexity in the habitat choice of the least killifish. Proc R Soc B 2012, 279:4192-4198. 10.1098/rspb.2012.1547, 22915675.
43. Gillis JE. Substrate color-matching cues in the cryptic grasshopper Circotettix rabula rabula (Rehn and Hebard). Anim Behav 1982, 30:113-116.
44. Ahnesjö J, Forsman A. Differential habitat selection by pygmy grasshopper color morphs; interactive effects of temperature and predator avoidance. Evol Ecol 2006, 20(3):235-257.
45. Karpestam E, Forsman A. Dietary differences among colour morphs of pygmy grasshoppers revealed by behavioural experiments and stable isotopes. Evol Ecol Res 2011, 13:461-477.
46. Caesar S, Karlsson M, Forsman A. Diversity and relatedness enhance survival in colour polymorphic grasshoppers. PLoS One 2010, 5(5):e10880. 10.1371/journal.pone.0010880, 2878323, 20526364.
47. Bock CE, Bock JH, Grant MC. Effects of bird predation on grasshopper densities in an arizona grassland. Ecology 1992, 73(5):1706-1717.
48. King RB. Colour pattern polymorphism in the Lake Erie water snake, Nerodia sipedon insularum. Evolution 1987, 41:241-255.