Incidence of bloodstream infection: A review of population-based studies

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

Volumn 19, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 492-500

  Laupland, K B ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b ROYAL INLAND HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Antimicrobial resistance; Bacteraemia; Incidence; Population; Risk factor

Indexed keywords

ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; BLOOD CULTURE; BLOODSTREAM INFECTION; ESCHERICHIA COLI; ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTION; GEOGRAPHY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION RISK; KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE; KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE INFECTION; NONHUMAN; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE;

ESCHERICHIA COLI; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE;

BACTEREMIA; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE;

EID: 84876786433     PISSN: 1198743X     EISSN: 14690691     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12144     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Diekema DJ, Beekmann SE, Chapin KC, Morel KA, Munson E, Doern GV. Epidemiology and outcome of nosocomial and community-onset bloodstream infection. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 3655-3660.
2. Bearman GM, Wenzel RP. Bacteremias: a leading cause of death. Arch Med Res 2005; 36: 646-659.
3. Pedersen G, Schonheyder HC, Sorensen HT. Source of infection and other factors associated with case fatality in community-acquired bacteremia-a Danish population-based cohort study from 1992 to 1997. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003; 9: 793-802.
4. Madsen KM, Schonheyder HC, Kristensen B, Sorensen HT. Secular trends in incidence and mortality of bacteraemia in a Danish county 1981-1994. APMIS 1999; 107: 346-352.
5. Laupland KB, Gregson DB, Flemons WW, Hawkins D, Ross T, Church DL. Burden of community-onset bloodstream infection: a population-based assessment. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135: 1037-1042.
6. Uslan DZ, Crane SJ, Steckelberg JM, Cockerill FR 3rd, St Sauver JL, Wilson WR, et al. Age- and sex-associated trends in bloodstream infection: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:834-839.
7. Filice GA, Van Etta LL, Darby CP, Fraser DW. Bacteremia in Charleston County, South Carolina. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 123: 128-136.
8. Skogberg K, Lyytikainen O, Ruutu P, Ollgren J, Nuorti JP. Increase in bloodstream infections in Finland, 1995-2002. Epidemiol Infect 2008; 136: 108-114.
9. Friedman ND, Kaye KS, Stout JE, McGarry SA, Trivette SL, Briggs JP, et al. Health care-associated bloodstream infections in adults: a reason to change the accepted definition of community-acquired infections. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137: 791-797.
10. Lenz R, Leal JR, Church DL, Gregson DB, Ross T, Laupland KB. The distinct category of healthcare associated bloodstream infections. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12: 85.
11. Rodriguez-Bano J, Lopez-Prieto MD, Portillo MM, Retamar P, Natera C, Nuno E, et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of community-acquired, healthcare-associated and nosocomial bloodstream infections in tertiary-care and community hospitals. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 1408-1413.
12. Laupland KB. Population-based epidemiology of intensive care: critical importance of ascertainment of residency status. Crit Care 2004; 8: R431-R436.
13. Steckelberg JM, Melton LJ 3rd, Ilstrup DM, Rouse MS, Wilson WR. Influence of referral bias on the apparent clinical spectrum of infective endocarditis. Am J Med 1990; 88: 582-588.
14. Sogaard M, Norgaard M, Dethlefsen C, Schonheyder HC. Temporal changes in the incidence and 30-day mortality associated with bacteremia in hospitalized patients from 1992 through 2006: a population-based cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52: 61-69.
15. Sjoberg L, Fredlund H. Survey of blood culture isolates in an area of Sweden from 1980 to 1986. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1988; 7: 501-504.
16. Skogberg K, Lyytikainen O, Ollgren J, Nuorti JP, Ruutu P. Population-based burden of bloodstream infections in Finland. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: E170-E176.
17. Wilson J, Elgohari S, Livermore DM, Cookson B, Johnson A, Lamagni T, et al. Trends among pathogens reported as causing bacteraemia in England, 2004-2008. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 451-458.
18. Douglas MW, Lum G, Roy J, Fisher DA, Anstey NM, Currie BJ. Epidemiology of community-acquired and nosocomial bloodstream infections in tropical Australia: a 12-month prospective study. Trop Med Int Health 2004; 9: 795-804.
19. Einsiedel LJ, Woodman RJ. Two nations: racial disparities in bloodstream infections recorded at Alice Springs Hospital, central Australia, 2001-2005. Med J Aust 2010; 192: 567-571.
20. Reacher MH, Shah A, Livermore DM, Wale MC, Graham C, Johnson AP, et al. Bacteraemia and antibiotic resistance of its pathogens reported in England and Wales between 1990 and 1998: trend analysis. BMJ 2000; 320: 213-216.
21. Laupland KB, Kibsey PC, Gregson DB, Galbraith JC. Population-based laboratory assessment of the burden of community-onset bloodstream infection in Victoria, Canada. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 15: 1-7.
22. Kennedy KJ, Roberts JL, Collignon PJ. Escherichia coli bacteraemia in Canberra: incidence and clinical features. Med J Aust 2008; 188: 209-213.
23. Laupland KB, Gregson DB, Church DL, Ross T, Pitout JD. Incidence, risk factors and outcomes of Escherichia coli bloodstream infections in a large Canadian region. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14: 1041-1047.
24. Al-Hasan MN, Lahr BD, Eckel-Passow JE, Baddour LM. Antimicrobial resistance trends of Escherichia coli bloodstream isolates: a population-based study, 1998-2007. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64: 169-174.
25. Laupland KB, Lyytikainen O, Sogaard M, Kennedy KJ, Knudsen JD, Ostergaard C, et al. The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: a multinational population-based surveillance study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012; [Epub ahead of print].
26. Huggan PJ, Wells JE, Browne M, Richardson A, Murdoch DR, Chambers ST. Population-based epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection in Canterbury, New Zealand. Intern Med J 2010; 40: 117-125.
27. Lyytikainen O, Ruotsalainen E, Jarvinen A, Valtonen V, Ruutu P. Trends and outcome of nosocomial and community-acquired bloodstream infections due to Staphylococcus aureus in Finland, 1995-2001. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24: 399-404.
28. Tong SY, Bishop EJ, Lilliebridge RA, Cheng AC, Spasova-Penkova Z, Holt DC, et al. Community-associated strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus in indigenous Northern Australia: epidemiology and outcomes. J Infect Dis 2009; 199: 1461-1470.
29. Frimodt-Moller N, Espersen F, Skinhoj P, Rosdahl VT. Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in Denmark from 1957 to 1990. Clin Microbiol Infect 1997; 3: 297-305.
30. Collignon P, Nimmo GR, Gottlieb T, Gosbell IB. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11: 554-561.
31. Mc Donald P, Mitchell E, Johnson H, Rossney A, Humphreys H, Glynn G, et al. MRSA bacteraemia: North/South Study of MRSA in Ireland 1999. J Hosp Infect 2002;52:288-291.
32. Morgan M, Salmon R, Keppie N, Evans-Williams D, Hosein I, Looker DN. All Wales surveillance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): the first year's results. J Hosp Infect 1999; 41: 173-179.
33. Griffiths C, Lamagni TL, Crowcroft NS, Duckworth G, Rooney C. Trends in MRSA in England and Wales: analysis of morbidity and mortality data for 1993-2002. Health Stat Q 2004; 21: 15-22.
34. Jacobsson G, Dashti S, Wahlberg T, Andersson R. The epidemiology of and risk factors for invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections in western Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 2007; 39: 6-13.
35. Laupland KB, Ross T, Gregson DB. Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections: risk factors, outcomes, and the influence of methicillin resistance in Calgary, Canada, 2000-2006. J Infect Dis 2008; 198: 336-343.
36. Laupland KB, Church DL, Mucenski M, Sutherland LR, Davies HD. Population-based study of the epidemiology of and the risk factors for invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections. J Infect Dis 2003; 187: 1452-1459.
37. Rodriguez-Bano J, Angeles Dominguez M, Blas Millan A, Borraz C, Pau Gonzalez M, Almirante B, et al. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of community-acquired, healthcare-associated and nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Spain. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009;15:1111-1118.
38. Wilson J, Guy R, Elgohari S, Sheridan E, Davies J, Lamagni T, et al. Trends in sources of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia: data from the national mandatory surveillance of MRSA bacteraemia in England, 2006-2009. J Hosp Infect 2011; 79: 211-217.
39. Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, Petit S, Gershman K, Ray S, et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA 2007; 298: 1763-1771.
40. Lessa FC, Mu Y, Davies J, Murray M, Lillie M, Pearson A, et al. Comparison of incidence of bloodstream infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus between England and United States, 2006-2007. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51: 925-928.
41. Morin CA, Hadler JL. Population-based incidence and characteristics of community-onset Staphylococcus aureus infections with bacteremia in 4 metropolitan Connecticut areas, 1998. J Infect Dis 2001; 184: 1029-1034.
42. Vanderkooi OG, Gregson DB, Kellner JD, Laupland KB. Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections in children: a population-based assessment. Paediatr Child Health 2011; 16: 276-280.
43. Asgeirsson H, Gudlaugsson O, Kristinsson KG, Heiddal S, Kristjansson M. Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in Iceland, 1995-2008: changing incidence and mortality. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 513-518.
44. El Atrouni WI, Knoll BM, Lahr BD, Eckel-Passow JE, Sia IG, Baddour LM. Temporal trends in the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1998 to 2005: a population-based study. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49: e130-e138.
45. Frederiksen MS, Espersen F, Frimodt-Moller N, Jensen AG, Larsen AR, Pallesen LV, et al. Changing epidemiology of pediatric Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in Denmark from 1971 through 2000. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007; 26: 398-405.
46. Benfield T, Espersen F, Frimodt-Moller N, Jensen AG, Larsen AR, Pallesen LV, et al. Increasing incidence but decreasing in-hospital mortality of adult Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia between 1981 and 2000. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13: 257-263.
47. Allard C, Carignan A, Bergevin M, Boulais I, Tremblay V, Robichaud P, et al. Secular changes in incidence and mortality associated with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in Quebec, Canada, 1991-2005. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14: 421-428.
48. Hill PC, Birch M, Chambers S, Drinkovic D, Ellis-Pegler RB, Everts R, et al. Prospective study of 424 cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: determination of factors affecting incidence and mortality. Intern Med J 2001; 31: 97-103.
49. Yildirim I, Stevenson A, Hsu KK, Pelton SI. Evolving picture of invasive pneumococcal disease in Massachusetts children: a comparison of disease in 2007-2009 with earlier periods. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31: 1016-1021.
50. Riva E, Salvini F, Garlaschi ML, Radaelli G, Giovannini M. The status of invasive pneumococcal disease among children younger than 5 years of age in north-west Lombardy, Italy. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12: 106.
51. Benavides JA, Ovalle OO, Salvador GR, Gray S, Isaacman D, Rodgers GL. Population-based surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia in infants and young children in Bogota, Colombia. Vaccine 2012; 30: 5886-5892.
52. Arguedas A, Abdelnour A, Soley C, Jimenez E, Jimenez AL, Ramcharran D, et al. Prospective epidemiologic surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia in children in San Jose, Costa Rica. Vaccine 2012; 30: 2342-2348.
53. Andrade AL, Oliveira R, Vieira MA, Minamisava R, Pessoa V Jr, Brandileone MC, et al. Population-based surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia in infants and young children in Goiania, Brazil. Vaccine 2012; 30: 1901-1909.
54. Wenger JD, Zulz T, Bruden D, Singleton R, Bruce MG, Bulkow L, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease in Alaskan children: impact of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and the role of water supply. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010; 29: 251-256.
55. Pilishvili T, Lexau C, Farley MM, Hadler J, Harrison LH, Bennett NM, et al. Sustained reductions in invasive pneumococcal disease in the era of conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis 2010; 201: 32-41.
56. Castaneda E, Agudelo CI, Regueira M, Corso A, Brandileone MC, Brandao AP, et al. Laboratory-based surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive disease in children in 10 Latin American countries: a SIREVA II project, 2000-2005. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28: e265-e270.
57. Arifeen SE, Saha SK, Rahman S, Rahman KM, Rahman SM, Bari S, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease among children in rural Bangladesh: results from a population-based surveillance. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48(Suppl 2): S103-S113.
58. Bodle EE, Cunningham JA, Della-Latta P, Schluger NW, Saiman L. Epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacteria in patients without HIV infection, New York City. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14: 390-396.
59. Ho PL, Chiu SS, Cheung CH, Lee R, Tsai TF, Lau YL. Invasive pneumococcal disease burden in Hong Kong children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25: 454-455.
60. Liu Z, Nachamkin I, Edelstein PH, Lautenbach E, Metlay JP. Serotype emergence and genotype distribution among macrolide-resistant invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in the postconjugate vaccine (PCV-7) era. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56: 743-750.
61. Vila-Corcoles A, Ochoa-Gondar O, Gomez-Bertomeu F, Raga-Luria X. Invasive pneumococcal disease in Catalonian elderly people, 2002-2009: serotype coverage for different anti-pneumococcal vaccine formulations at the beginning of the new conjugate vaccines era. Vaccine 2011; 29: 7430-7434.
62. Deutscher M, Lewis M, Zell ER, Taylor TH Jr, Van Beneden C, Schrag S. Incidence and severity of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae, group A Streptococcus, and group B Streptococcus infections among pregnant and postpartum women. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53: 114-123.
63. Burckhardt I, Burckhardt F, van der Linden M, Heeg C, Reinert RR. Risk factor analysis for pneumococcal meningitis in adults with invasive pneumococcal infection. Epidemiol Infect 2010; 138: 1353-1358.
64. Plevneshi A, Svoboda T, Armstrong I, Tyrrell GJ, Miranda A, Green K, et al. Population-based surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease in homeless adults in Toronto. PLoS ONE 2009; 4: e7255.
65. Reinert RR, Haupts S, van der Linden M, Heeg C, Cil MY, Al-Lahham A, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease in adults in North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany, 2001-2003. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11: 985-991.
66. Feikin DR, Jagero G, Aura B, Bigogo GM, Oundo J, Beall BW, et al. High rate of pneumococcal bacteremia in a prospective cohort of older children and adults in an area of high HIV prevalence in rural western Kenya. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 186.
67. Stephens DS, Zughaier SM, Whitney CG, Baughman WS, Barker L, Gay K, et al. Incidence of macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae after introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: population-based assessment. Lancet 2005; 365: 855-863.
68. Rosen JB, Thomas AR, Lexau CA, Reingold A, Hadler JL, Harrison LH, et al. Geographic variation in invasive pneumococcal disease following pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53: 137-143.
69. Harboe ZB, Benfield TL, Valentiner-Branth P, Hjuler T, Lambertsen L, Kaltoft M, et al. Temporal trends in invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumococcal serotypes over 7 decades. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50: 329-337.
70. Ingels H, Rasmussen J, Andersen PH, Harboe ZB, Glismann S, Konradsen H, et al. Impact of pneumococcal vaccination in Denmark during the first 3 years after PCV introduction in the childhood immunization programme. Vaccine 2012; 30: 3944-3950.
71. Weatherholtz R, Millar EV, Moulton LH, Reid R, Rudolph K, Santosham M, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease a decade after pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use in an American Indian population at high risk for disease. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50: 1238-1246.
72. Lacapa R, Bliss SJ, Larzelere-Hinton F, Eagle KJ, McGinty DJ, Parkinson AJ, et al. Changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease among White Mountain Apache persons in the era of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 476-484.
73. Klemets P, Lyytikainen O, Ruutu P, Kaijalainen T, Leinonen M, Ollgren J, et al. Trends and geographical variation in invasive pneumococcal infections in Finland. Scand J Infect Dis 2008; 40: 621-628.
74. Motlova J, Benes C, Kriz P. Incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in the Czech Republic and serotype coverage by vaccines, 1997-2006. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 137: 562-569.
75. Hsieh YC, Lin PY, Chiu CH, Huang YC, Chang KY, Liao CH, et al. National survey of invasive pneumococcal diseases in Taiwan under partial PCV7 vaccination in 2007: emergence of serotype 19A with high invasive potential. Vaccine 2009; 27: 5513-5518.
76. Kellner JD, Vanderkooi OG, MacDonald J, Church DL, Tyrrell GJ, Scheifele DW. Changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in Canada, 1998-2007: update from the Calgary-area Streptococcus pneumoniae research (CASPER) study. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49: 205-212.
77. Einarsdottir HM, Erlendsdottir H, Kristinsson KG, Gottfredsson M. Nationwide study of recurrent invasive pneumococcal infections in a population with a low prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11: 744-749.
78. Bruce MG, Deeks SL, Zulz T, Bruden D, Navarro C, Lovgren M, et al. International Circumpolar Surveillance System for invasive pneumococcal disease, 1999-2005. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14: 25-33.
79. Andresen DN, Collignon PJ. Invasive pneumococcal disease in the Australian Capital Territory and Queanbeyan region: do high infant rates reflect more disease or better detection? J Paediatr Child Health 2004; 40: 184-188.
80. Heffernan HM, Martin DR, Woodhouse RE, Morgan J, Blackmore TK. Invasive pneumococcal disease in New Zealand 1998-2005: capsular serotypes and antimicrobial resistance. Epidemiol Infect 2008; 136: 352-359.
81. Baggett HC, Peruski LF, Olsen SJ, Thamthitiwat S, Rhodes J, Dejsirilert S, et al. Incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia requiring hospitalization in rural Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48(Suppl 2): S65-S74.
82. Al-Hasan MN, Lahr BD, Eckel-Passow JE, Baddour LM. Temporal trends in Enterobacter species bloodstream infection: a population-based study from 1998-2007. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 539-545.
83. Parkins MD, Gregson DB, Pitout JD, Ross T, Laupland KB. Population-based study of the epidemiology and the risk factors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection. Infection 2010; 38: 25-32.
84. Rantala S, Vuopio-Varkila J, Vuento R, Huhtala H, Syrjanen J. Clinical presentations and epidemiology of beta-haemolytic streptococcal bacteraemia: a population-based study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15: 286-288.
85. Meatherall BL, Gregson D, Ross T, Pitout JD, Laupland KB. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia. Am J Med 2009; 122: 866-873.
86. Engel HJ, Collignon PJ, Whiting PT, Kennedy KJ. Serratia sp. bacteremia in Canberra, Australia: a population-based study over 10 years. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 28: 821-824.
87. O'Loughlin RE, Roberson A, Cieslak PR, Lynfield R, Gershman K, Craig A, et al. The epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcal infection and potential vaccine implications: United States, 2000-2004. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45: 853-862.
88. Laupland KB, Ross T, Church DL, Gregson DB. Population-based surveillance of invasive pyogenic streptococcal infection in a large Canadian region. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12: 224-230.
89. Hollm-Delgado MG, Allard R, Pilon PA. Invasive group A streptococcal infections, clinical manifestations and their predictors, Montreal, 1995-2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11: 77-82.
90. Pitout JD, Hanson ND, Church DL, Laupland KB. Population-based laboratory surveillance for Escherichia coli-producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: importance of community isolates with blaCTX-M genes. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 1736-1741.
91. Laupland KB, Church DL, Vidakovich J, Mucenski M, Pitout JD. Community-onset extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli: importance of international travel. J Infect 2008; 57: 441-448.