Emotional and motivational uses of music in sports and exercise: A questionnaire study among athletes

Psychology of Music

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 198-215

  Laukka, Petri ^a,b   Quick, Lina ^b  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GÄVLE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

arousal; emotion; exercise; function of music; motivation; questionnaire; relaxation; sports

Indexed keywords

EID: 84876554519     PISSN: 03057356     EISSN: 17413087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0305735611422507     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Anshel M. H., Marisi D. Q.. Effects of music and rhythm on physical performance. Research Quarterly. 1978 ; 49: 109-113
2. Baldari C., Macone D., Bonavolontà V., Guidetti L.. Effects of music during exercise in different training status. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2010 ; 50: 281-287
3. Bandura A. Perspectives on motivation: Nebraska symposium on motivation. Dienstbier R. A., ed. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press ; 1991: 69-164.
4. Beedie C. J., Terry P. C., Lane A. M.. Distinctions between emotion and mood. Cognition and Emotion. 2005 ; 19: 847-878
5. Bergman L. R., El-Khouri B. M. Sleipner. A statistical package for pattern-oriented analyses (Version 2.1). Department of Psychology, Stockholm University ; 2002 :
6. Bernardi L., Porta C., Sleight P.. Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory changes induced by different types of music in musicians and non-musicians: The importance of silence. Heart. 2006 ; 92: 445-452
7. Bishop D. T., Karageorghis C. I. Sporting sounds: Relationships between sport and music. Bateman A. Bale J., ed. Oxon, UK: Routledge ; 2009: 59-84.
8. Bishop D. T., Karageorghis C. I., Loizou G.. A grounded theory of young tennis players' use of music to manipulate emotional state. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology. 2007 ; 29: 584-607
9. Bishop D. T., Karageorghis C. I., Kinrade N. P.. Effects of musically-induced emotions on choice reaction time performance. The Sport Psychologist. 2009 ; 23: 1-19
10. Boutcher S. H., Trenske M.. The effects of sensory deprivation and music on perceived exertion and affect during exercise. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology. 1990 ; 12: 167-176
11. Brownley K. A., McMurray R. G., Hackney A. C.. Effects of music on physiological and affective responses to graded treadmill exercise in trained and untrained runners. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 1995 ; 19: 193-201
12. Chamorro-Premuzic T., Furnham A.. Personality and music: Can traits explain how people use music in everyday life?. British Journal of Psychology. 2007 ; 98: 175-185
13. Copeland B. L., Franks B. D.. Effects of types and intensities of background music on treadmill endurance. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1991 ; 31: 100-103
14. Crust L.. Perceived importance of components of asynchronous music during circuit training. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2008 ; 26: 1547-1555
15. Crust L., Clough P. J.. The influence of rhythm and personality in the endurance response to motivational asynchronous music. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2006 ; 24: 187-195
16. Csikszentmihalyi M. Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York, NY: Harper and Row ; 1990 :
17. Deci E. L., Ryan R. M.. The 'what' and 'why' of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry. 2000 ; 11: 227-268
18. DeNora T. Music in everyday life. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press ; 2000 :
19. Edworthy J., Waring H.. The effects of music tempo and loudness level on treadmill exercise. Ergonomics. 2006 ; 49: 1597-1610
20. Gluch P.. The use of music in preparing for sport performance. Contemporary Thought on Performance Enhancement. 1993 ; 2: 33-53
21. Hanin Y. Handbook of sport psychology. 2007 ). Emotions in sport: Current issues and perspectives. In TenenbaumG.EklundR. C. (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed.) (pp. 31-58). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Tenenbaum G. Eklund R. C., ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley ; 2007: 31-58.
22. Huron D. Sweet anticipation: Music and the psychology of expectation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press ; 2006 :
23. Isen A. M. Handbook of emotions. 2008 ). Some ways in which positive affect influences decision making and problem solving. In LewisM.Haviland- JonesJ. M.BarrettL. F. (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed.) (pp. 548-573). New York, NY: Guilford. Lewis M. Haviland-Jones J. M. Barrett L. F., ed. New York, NY: Guilford ; 2008: 548-573.
24. Juslin P. N., Laukka P.. Expression, perception, and induction of musical emotions: A review and a questionnaire study of everyday listening. Journal of New Music Research. 2004 ; 33: 217-238
25. Juslin P. N., Liljeström S., Laukka P., Västfjäll D., Lundqvist L.-O.. Emotional reactions to music in a nationally representative sample of Swedish adults: Prevalence and causal influences. Musicae Scientiae. 2011 ; 15: 174-207
26. Juslin P. N., Liljeström S., Västfjäll D., Barradas G., Silva A.. An experience sampling study of emotional reactions to music: Listener, music, and situation. Emotion. 2008 ; 8: 668-683
27. Juslin P. N., Västfjäll D.. Emotional responses to music: The need to consider underlying mechanisms. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2008 ; 31: 559-621
28. Karageorghis C. I., Drew K. M., Terry P. C.. Effects of pretest stimulative and sedative music on grip strength. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1996 ; 83: 1347-1352
29. Karageorghis C. I., Jones L., Stuart D. P.. Psychological effects of music tempi during exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2008 ; 29: 613-619
30. Karageorghis C. I., Priest D. L., Terry P. C., Chatzisarantis N. L. D., Lane A. M.. Redesign and initial validation of an instrument to assess the motivational qualities of music in exercise: The Brunel Music Rating Inventory-2. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2006 ; 24: 899-909
31. Karageorghis C. I., Terry P. C. Sporting sounds: Relationships between sport and music. Bateman A. Bale J., ed. Oxon, UK: Routledge ; 2009: 13-36.
32. Laukka P.. Uses of music and psychological well-being among the elderly. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2007 ; 8: 215-241
33. Lienert G. A., Krauth J.. Configural frequency analysis as a statistical tool for defining types. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 1975 ; 35: 231-238
34. ListerS. (2005, October21). Why music makes you exercise 20% harder. The Times. Retrieved September 5, 2011, from http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/ uk/article581004.ece
35. Meyer L. B. Emotion and meaning in music. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press ; 1956 :
36. More questions with Michael Phelps. (2007, April19). Time. Retrieved September 5, 2011, from http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1612765,00. html
37. Nilsson U.. The anxiety- and pain-reducing effects of music interventions: A systematic review. AORN Journal. 2008 ; 87: 780-807
38. North A. C., Hargreaves D. J.. Musical preferences during and after relaxation and exercise. American Journal of Psychology. 2000 ; 113: 43-67
39. North A. C., Hargreaves D. J., Hargreaves J. J.. Uses of music in everyday life. Music Perception. 2004 ; 22: 41-77
40. Pates J., Karageorghis C. I., Fryer R., Maynard I.. Effects of asynchronous music on flow states and shooting performance among netball players. Psychology of Sports and Exercise. 2003 ; 4: 413-427
41. Pelletier C. L.. The effect of music on decreasing arousal due to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Music Therapy. 2004 ; 41: 192-214
42. Rawlings D., Leow S. H.. Investigating the role of psychoticism and sensation seeking in predicting emotional reactions to music. Psychology of Music. 2008 ; 36: 269-287
43. Rejeski W. J.. Perceived exertion: An active or passive process?. Journal of Sport Psychology. 1985 ; 75: 371-378
44. Rendi M., Szabo A., Szabo T.. Performance enhancement with music in rowing sprint. The Sport Psychologist. 2008 ; 22: 175-182
45. Rentfrow P. J., Gosling S. D.. The do re mi's of everyday life: The structure and personality correlates of music preferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003 ; 84: 1236-1256
46. Robinson M. D., Clore G. L.. Episodic and semantic knowledge in emotional self-report: Evidence for two judgment processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2002 ; 83: 198-215
47. Ruud E. Musikk og identitet. Oslo, Norway: Universitetsforlaget ; 1997 :
48. Saarikallio S., Erkkilä J.. The role of music in adolescents' mood regulation. Psychology of Music. 2007 ; 35: 88-109
49. Schäfer T., Sedlmeier P.. From the functions of music to music preference. Psychology of Music. 2009 ; 37: 279-300
50. Scherer K. R.. What are emotions? And how can they be measured?. Social Science Information. 2005 ; 44: 695-729
51. Schwartz K. D., Fouts G. T.. Music preferences, personality style, and developmental issues of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2003 ; 32: 205-213
52. Simpson S. D., Karageorghis C. I.. The effects of synchronous music on 400-m sprint performance. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2006 ; 24: 1095-1102
53. Sloboda J. A., O'Neill S. A., Ivaldi A.. Functions of music in everyday life: An exploratory study using the experience sampling method. Musicae Scientiae. 2001 ; 5: 9-32
54. StevensM. J.LaneA. M. (2001). Mood-regulating strategies used by athletes. Athletic Insight, 3(3), 1-12. Retrieved September 5, 2011, from http://www.athleticinsight.com/Vol3Iss3/MoodRegulation.htm
55. Szabo A., Small A., Leigh M.. The effects of slow- and fast-rhythm classical music on progressive cycling to physical exhaustion. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1999 ; 39: 220-225
56. Tenenbaum G. Handbook of sport psychology. Singer R. N. Hausenblas H. A. Janelle C., ed. New York, NY: Wiley ; 2001: 810-822.
57. Terry P. C., Karageorghis C. I.. Psychophysical effects of music in sport and exercise: An update on theory, research and application. Psychology bridging the Tasman: Science, culture, and practice - Proceedings of the 2006 Joint Conference of the Australian Psychological Society and the New Zealand Psychological Society ; 2006 ; 2006. 415.
58. Terry P. C., Dinsdale S. L., Karageorghis C. I., Lane A. M.. Use and perceived effectiveness of pre-competition mood regulation strategies among athletes. Psychology bridging the Tasman: Science, culture, and practice - Proceedings of the 2006 Joint Conference of the Australian Psychological Society and the New Zealand Psychological Society ; 2006 ; 2006. 420.
59. Thayer R. E., Newman J. R., McClain T. M.. Self-regulation of mood: Strategies for changing a bad mood, raising energy, and reducing tension. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1994 ; 67: 910-925
60. Tulving E. Elements of episodic memory. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press ; 1983 :
61. Waterhouse J., Hudson P., Edwards B.. Effects of music tempo upon submaximal cycling performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. 2010 ; 20: 662-669
62. Wells A., Hakanen E. A.. The emotional uses of popular music by adolescents. Journalism Quarterly. 1991 ; 68: 445-454
63. Yamashita S., Iwai K., Akimoto T., Sugawara J., Kono I.. Effects of music during exercise on RPE, heart rate and the autonomic nervous system. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2006 ; 46: 425-430