메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 141-151

Chronotype modulates sleep duration, sleep quality, and social jet lag in shift-workers

Author keywords

age; chronotype; circadian misalignment; MCTQShift; shift work; sleep duration; sleep quality; social jet lag

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; FEMALE; GERMANY; HUMAN; JET LAG; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE; SLEEP; TIME; WORK SCHEDULE;

EID: 84876534434     PISSN: 07487304     EISSN: 15524531     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0748730412475042     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (241)

References (71)
  • 1
    • 0000689053 scopus 로고
    • A questionnaire study of sleep/wake disturbances and irregular work hours
    • Åkerstedt T. A questionnaire study of sleep/wake disturbances and irregular work hours. Sleep Res. 1983 ; 12: 358
    • (1983) Sleep Res , vol.12 , pp. 358
    • Åkerstedt, T.1
  • 2
    • 0001928134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shift work and disturbed sleep/wakefulness
    • Åkerstedt T. Shift work and disturbed sleep/wakefulness. Sleep Med Rev. 1998 ; 2: 117-128
    • (1998) Sleep Med Rev , vol.2 , pp. 117-128
    • Åkerstedt, T.1
  • 3
    • 0037351488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shift work and disturbed sleep/wakefulness
    • Åkerstedt T. Shift work and disturbed sleep/wakefulness. Occup Med. 2003 ; 53: 89-94
    • (2003) Occup Med , vol.53 , pp. 89-94
    • Åkerstedt, T.1
  • 4
    • 0029551611 scopus 로고
    • Work hours and sleepiness
    • Akerstedt T. Work hours and sleepiness. Neurophysiol Clin. 1995 ; 25: 367-375
    • (1995) Neurophysiol Clin , vol.25 , pp. 367-375
    • Akerstedt, T.1
  • 5
    • 0019480282 scopus 로고
    • The circadian variation of experimentally displaced sleep
    • Åkerstedt T, Gillberg M. The circadian variation of experimentally displaced sleep. Sleep. 1981 ; 4: 159-169
    • (1981) Sleep , vol.4 , pp. 159-169
    • Åkerstedt, T.1    Gillberg, M.2
  • 6
    • 34548475776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sleep and sleepiness in relation to stress and displaced work hours
    • Åkerstedt T, Kecklund G, Gillberg M. Sleep and sleepiness in relation to stress and displaced work hours. Physiol Behav. 2007 ; 92: 250-255
    • (2007) Physiol Behav , vol.92 , pp. 250-255
    • Åkerstedt, T.1    Kecklund, G.2    Gillberg, M.3
  • 7
    • 0019556121 scopus 로고
    • Shift work: Shift-dependent well-being and individual differences
    • Åkerstedt T, Torsvall L. Shift work: shift-dependent well-being and individual differences. Ergonomics. 1981 ; 24 (4). 265-273
    • (1981) Ergonomics , vol.24 , Issue.4 , pp. 265-273
    • Åkerstedt, T.1    Torsvall, L.2
  • 8
    • 15444362426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of the diurnal rhythm and 24 h of sleep deprivation on dichotic temporal order judgment
    • Babkoff H, Zukerman GIL, Fostick L, Ben-Artzi E. Effect of the diurnal rhythm and 24 h of sleep deprivation on dichotic temporal order judgment. J Sleep Res. 2005 ; 14: 7-15
    • (2005) J Sleep Res , vol.14 , pp. 7-15
    • Babkoff, H.1    Zukerman, G.I.L.2    Fostick, L.3    Ben-Artzi, E.4
  • 9
    • 0029128694 scopus 로고
    • The Standard Shiftwork Index: A battery of questionnaires for assessing shiftwork-related problems
    • Barton J, Spelten E, Totterdell P, Smith L, Folkard S, Costa G. The Standard Shiftwork Index: a battery of questionnaires for assessing shiftwork-related problems. Work Stress. 1995 ; 9: 4-30
    • (1995) Work Stress , vol.9 , pp. 4-30
    • Barton, J.1    Spelten, E.2    Totterdell, P.3    Smith, L.4    Folkard, S.5    Costa, G.6
  • 11
    • 33750117904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of shift work on the health and safety of nurses and patients
    • Berger A, Hobbs B. Impact of shift work on the health and safety of nurses and patients. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2006 ; 10: 465-471
    • (2006) Clin J Oncol Nurs , vol.10 , pp. 465-471
    • Berger, A.1    Hobbs, B.2
  • 12
    • 65749093055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of 40 h constant wakefulness on task-switching efficiency
    • Bratzke D, Rolke B, Steinborn MB, Ulrich R. The effect of 40 h constant wakefulness on task-switching efficiency. J Sleep Res. 2009 ; 18: 167-172
    • (2009) J Sleep Res , vol.18 , pp. 167-172
    • Bratzke, D.1    Rolke, B.2    Steinborn, M.B.3    Ulrich, R.4
  • 13
    • 0018026431 scopus 로고
    • Tolerance to shift of sleep, as related to the individual's circadian phase position
    • Breithaupt H, Hildebrandt G, Dhre D, Josch R, Sieber U, Werner M. Tolerance to shift of sleep, as related to the individual's circadian phase position. Ergonomics. 1978 ; 21: 767-774
    • (1978) Ergonomics , vol.21 , pp. 767-774
    • Breithaupt, H.1    Hildebrandt, G.2    Dhre, D.3    Josch, R.4    Sieber, U.5    Werner, M.6
  • 14
    • 24744459837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dim light melatonin onset following fixed and free sleep schedules
    • Burgess HJ, Eastman CI. The dim light melatonin onset following fixed and free sleep schedules. J Sleep Res. 2005 ; 14: 229-237
    • (2005) J Sleep Res , vol.14 , pp. 229-237
    • Burgess, H.J.1    Eastman, C.I.2
  • 15
    • 15244354489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between dim light melatonin onset and sleep on a regular schedule in young healthy adults
    • Burgess HJ, Savic N, Sletten T, Roach G, Gilbert SS, Dawson D. The relationship between dim light melatonin onset and sleep on a regular schedule in young healthy adults. Behav Sleep Med. 2003 ; 1 (2). 102-114
    • (2003) Behav Sleep Med , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 102-114
    • Burgess, H.J.1    Savic, N.2    Sletten, T.3    Roach, G.4    Gilbert, S.S.5    Dawson, D.6
  • 16
    • 0019473135 scopus 로고
    • Cumulative effects of sleep restriction on daytime sleepiness
    • Carskadon MA, Dement WC. Cumulative effects of sleep restriction on daytime sleepiness. Psychophysiology. 1981 ; 18: 107-113
    • (1981) Psychophysiology , vol.18 , pp. 107-113
    • Carskadon, M.A.1    Dement, W.C.2
  • 17
    • 0023220245 scopus 로고
    • Daytime sleepiness: Quantification of a behavioral state
    • Carskadon MA, Dement WC. Daytime sleepiness: quantification of a behavioral state. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1987 ; 11: 307-317
    • (1987) Neurosci Biobehav Rev , vol.11 , pp. 307-317
    • Carskadon, M.A.1    Dement, W.C.2
  • 18
    • 0024644188 scopus 로고
    • Circadian characteristics influencing interindividual differences in tolerance and adjustment to shiftwork
    • Costa G, Lievore F, Casaletti G, Gaffuri E, Folkard S. Circadian characteristics influencing interindividual differences in tolerance and adjustment to shiftwork. Ergonomics. 1989 ; 32: 373-385
    • (1989) Ergonomics , vol.32 , pp. 373-385
    • Costa, G.1    Lievore, F.2    Casaletti, G.3    Gaffuri, E.4    Folkard, S.5
  • 22
    • 0034778398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Profile of 24-h light exposure and circadian phase of melatonin secretion in night workers
    • Dumont M, Benhaberou-Brun D, Paquet J. Profile of 24-h light exposure and circadian phase of melatonin secretion in night workers. J Biol Rhythms. 2001 ; 16: 502-511
    • (2001) J Biol Rhythms , vol.16 , pp. 502-511
    • Dumont, M.1    Benhaberou-Brun, D.2    Paquet, J.3
  • 23
    • 47349093160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do permanent night workers show circadian adjustment? A review based on the endogenous melatonin rhythm
    • Folkard S. Do permanent night workers show circadian adjustment? A review based on the endogenous melatonin rhythm. Chronobiol Int. 2008 ; 25: 215-224
    • (2008) Chronobiol Int , vol.25 , pp. 215-224
    • Folkard, S.1
  • 24
    • 0027446443 scopus 로고
    • Does the 'forbidden zone' for sleep onset influence morning shift sleep duration?
    • Folkard S, Barton T. Does the 'forbidden zone' for sleep onset influence morning shift sleep duration?. Ergonomics. 1993 ; 36 (1-3). 85-91
    • (1993) Ergonomics , vol.36 , Issue.13 , pp. 85-91
    • Folkard, S.1    Barton, T.2
  • 26
    • 10944255515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a "risk index" to assess work schedules
    • Folkard S, Lombardi DA. Toward a "risk index" to assess work schedules. Chronobiol Int. 2004 ; 21: 1063-1072
    • (2004) Chronobiol Int , vol.21 , pp. 1063-1072
    • Folkard, S.1    Lombardi, D.A.2
  • 27
    • 0021837371 scopus 로고
    • Chronobiology and shift work: Current issues and trends
    • Folkard S, Minors DS, Waterhouse JM. Chronobiology and shift work: current issues and trends. Chronobiologia. 1985 ; 12: 31-54
    • (1985) Chronobiologia , vol.12 , pp. 31-54
    • Folkard, S.1    Minors, D.S.2    Waterhouse, J.M.3
  • 28
    • 0037352167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shift work, safety and productivity
    • Folkard S, Tucker P. Shift work, safety and productivity. Occup Med. 2003 ; 53: 95-101
    • (2003) Occup Med , vol.53 , pp. 95-101
    • Folkard, S.1    Tucker, P.2
  • 29
    • 0028371784 scopus 로고
    • Long-term stability and psychometric properties of the Composite Scale of Morningess
    • Greenwood KM. Long-term stability and psychometric properties of the Composite Scale of Morningess. Ergonomics. 1992 ; 37 (2). 377-383
    • (1992) Ergonomics , vol.37 , Issue.2 , pp. 377-383
    • Greenwood, K.M.1
  • 30
    • 0343986440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sleepiness at work among commercial truck drivers
    • Häkkänen H, Summala H. Sleepiness at work among commercial truck drivers. Sleep. 2000 ; 23: 49-57
    • (2000) Sleep , vol.23 , pp. 49-57
    • Häkkänen, H.1    Summala, H.2
  • 31
    • 0027511153 scopus 로고
    • Individual differences in tolerance to shiftwork: A review
    • Härmä M. Individual differences in tolerance to shiftwork: a review. Ergonomics. 1993 ; 36 (1-3). 101-109
    • (1993) Ergonomics , vol.36 , Issue.13 , pp. 101-109
    • Härmä, M.1
  • 32
    • 0029620324 scopus 로고
    • Sleepiness and shiftwork: Individual differences
    • Härmä M. Sleepiness and shiftwork: individual differences. J Sleep Res. 1995 ; 4: 57-61
    • (1995) J Sleep Res , vol.4 , pp. 57-61
    • Härmä, M.1
  • 33
    • 0031666393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined effects of shift work and life-style on the prevalence of insomnia, sleep deprivation and daytime sleepiness
    • Härmä M, Tenkanen L, Sjöblom T, Alikoski T, Heinsalmi P. Combined effects of shift work and life-style on the prevalence of insomnia, sleep deprivation and daytime sleepiness. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1998 ; 24: 300-307
    • (1998) Scand J Work Environ Health , vol.24 , pp. 300-307
    • Härmä, M.1    Tenkanen, L.2    Sjöblom, T.3    Alikoski, T.4    Heinsalmi, P.5
  • 34
    • 0032079384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in cortisol secretion during shiftwork: Implications for tolerance to shiftwork?
    • Hennig J, Kieferdorf P, Moritz C, Huwe S, Netter P. Changes in cortisol secretion during shiftwork: implications for tolerance to shiftwork?. Ergonomics. 1998 ; 41: 610-621
    • (1998) Ergonomics , vol.41 , pp. 610-621
    • Hennig, J.1    Kieferdorf, P.2    Moritz, C.3    Huwe, S.4    Netter, P.5
  • 35
    • 0017028456 scopus 로고
    • A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms
    • Horne JA, Østberg O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol. 1976 ; 4: 97-110
    • (1976) Int J Chronobiol , vol.4 , pp. 97-110
    • Horne, J.A.1    Østberg, O.2
  • 36
    • 33748796064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sleep deprivation and activation of morning levels of cellular and genomic markers of inflammation
    • Irwin MR, Wang M, Campomayor CO, Collado-Hidalgo A, Cole S. Sleep deprivation and activation of morning levels of cellular and genomic markers of inflammation. Arch Int Med. 2006 ; 166: 1756-1762
    • (2006) Arch Int Med , vol.166 , pp. 1756-1762
    • Irwin, M.R.1    Wang, M.2    Campomayor, C.O.3    Collado-Hidalgo, A.4    Cole, S.5
  • 39
    • 84876282662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Munich ChronoType Questionnaire for shift-workers (MCTQShift)
    • Juda M, Vetter C, Roenneberg T. The Munich ChronoType Questionnaire for shift-workers (MCTQShift). J Biol Rhythms. 2013 ; 28: 130-140
    • (2013) J Biol Rhythms , vol.28 , pp. 130-140
    • Juda, M.1    Vetter, C.2    Roenneberg, T.3
  • 41
    • 0027510109 scopus 로고
    • The reliability and stability of various individual difference and tolerance to shiftwork measures
    • Kaliterna L, Vidaček S, Radošević-Vidaček B, Prizmić Z. The reliability and stability of various individual difference and tolerance to shiftwork measures. Ergonomics. 1993 ; 36: 183-189
    • (1993) Ergonomics , vol.36 , pp. 183-189
    • Kaliterna, L.1    Vidaček, S.2    Radošević-Vidaček, B.3    Prizmić, Z.4
  • 42
    • 36048991770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The human circadian clock's seasonal adjustment is disrupted by daylight saving time
    • Kantermann T, Juda M, Merrow M, Roenneberg T. The human circadian clock's seasonal adjustment is disrupted by daylight saving time. Curr Biol. 2007 ; 17: 1996-2000
    • (2007) Curr Biol , vol.17 , pp. 1996-2000
    • Kantermann, T.1    Juda, M.2    Merrow, M.3    Roenneberg, T.4
  • 44
    • 0030064411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Designing better shift systems
    • Knauth P. Designing better shift systems. Appl Ergon. 1996 ; 27 (1). 39-44
    • (1996) Appl Ergon , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 39-44
    • Knauth, P.1
  • 45
    • 0028414650 scopus 로고
    • Different patterns of light exposure in relation to melatonin and cortisol rhythms and sleep of night workers
    • Koller M, Härma M, Laitinen JT, Kundi M, Piegler B, Haider M. Different patterns of light exposure in relation to melatonin and cortisol rhythms and sleep of night workers. J Pineal Res. 1994 ; 16: 127-135
    • (1994) J Pineal Res , vol.16 , pp. 127-135
    • Koller, M.1    Härma, M.2    Laitinen, J.T.3    Kundi, M.4    Piegler, B.5    Haider, M.6
  • 47
    • 0036251023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Driver fatigue: Electroencephalography and psychological assessment
    • Lal SKL, Craig A. Driver fatigue: electroencephalography and psychological assessment. Psychophysiology. 2002 ; 39: 313-321
    • (2002) Psychophysiology , vol.39 , pp. 313-321
    • Lal, S.K.L.1    Craig, A.2
  • 48
    • 0141857852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sleep enhances the human antibody response to hepatitis A vaccination
    • Lange T, Perras B, Fehm HL, Born J. Sleep enhances the human antibody response to hepatitis A vaccination. Psychosom Med. 2003 ; 65: 831-835
    • (2003) Psychosom Med , vol.65 , pp. 831-835
    • Lange, T.1    Perras, B.2    Fehm, H.L.3    Born, J.4
  • 49
    • 0036022383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sleep logs of young adults with self-selected sleep times predict the dim light melatonin onset
    • Martin SK, Eastman CI. Sleep logs of young adults with self-selected sleep times predict the dim light melatonin onset. Chronobiol Int. 2002 ; 19: 695-707
    • (2002) Chronobiol Int , vol.19 , pp. 695-707
    • Martin, S.K.1    Eastman, C.I.2
  • 50
    • 14644409106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhoof to old age in healthy individuals: Developing normative sleep values across the human life span
    • Ohayon MM, Carskadon MA, Guilleminault C, Vitiello MV. Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhoof to old age in healthy individuals: developing normative sleep values across the human life span. Sleep. 2004 ; 27 (7). 1255-1273
    • (2004) Sleep , vol.27 , Issue.7 , pp. 1255-1273
    • Ohayon, M.M.1    Carskadon, M.A.2    Guilleminault, C.3    Vitiello, M.V.4
  • 53
    • 0027272608 scopus 로고
    • The circadian melatonin and cortisol secretion pattern in permanent night shift workers
    • Roden M, Koller M, Pirich K, Vierhapper H, Waldhauser F. The circadian melatonin and cortisol secretion pattern in permanent night shift workers. Am J Physiol. 1993 ; 265: R261 - R267
    • (1993) Am J Physiol , vol.265
    • Roden, M.1    Koller, M.2    Pirich, K.3    Vierhapper, H.4    Waldhauser, F.5
  • 54
  • 57
    • 33846190531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The human circadian clock entrains to sun time
    • Roenneberg T, Kumar CJ, Merrow M. The human circadian clock entrains to sun time. Curr Biol. 2007b ; 17 (2). R44
    • (2007) Curr Biol , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 44
    • Roenneberg, T.1    Kumar, C.J.2    Merrow, M.3
  • 58
    • 0012206723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life between clocks: Daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes
    • Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Merrow M. Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes. J Biol Rhythms. 2003 ; 18: 80-90
    • (2003) J Biol Rhythms , vol.18 , pp. 80-90
    • Roenneberg, T.1    Wirz-Justice, A.2    Merrow, M.3
  • 59
    • 8544273751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of work breaks on staff nurse performance
    • Rogers AE, Hwang W-T, Scott LD. The effects of work breaks on staff nurse performance. J Nurs Adm. 2004 ; 34: 512-519
    • (2004) J Nurs Adm , vol.34 , pp. 512-519
    • Rogers, A.E.1    Hwang, W.-T.2    Scott, L.D.3
  • 60
    • 0033136218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daytime consequences and correlates of insomnia in the United States: Results of the 1991 National Sleep Foundation Survey II
    • Roth T, Ancoli-Israel S. Daytime consequences and correlates of insomnia in the United States: results of the 1991 National Sleep Foundation Survey II. Sleep. 1999 ; 22 (Suppl 2). S354 - S358
    • (1999) Sleep , vol.22 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Roth, T.1    Ancoli-Israel, S.2
  • 61
    • 0034530153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between sleep and shift system, age and chronotype in shift workers
    • Seo Y-J, Matsumoto K, Park Y-M, Shinkoda H, Noh T-J. The relationship between sleep and shift system, age and chronotype in shift workers. Biol Rhythms Res. 2000 ; 31 (5). 559-579
    • (2000) Biol Rhythms Res , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 559-579
    • Seo, Y.-J.1    Matsumoto, K.2    Park, Y.-M.3    Shinkoda, H.4    Noh, T.-J.5
  • 62
    • 0037174361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of sleep deprivation on response to immunization
    • Spiegel K, Sheridan JF, Van Cauter E. Effect of sleep deprivation on response to immunization. JAMA. 2002 ; 288: 1471-1472
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 1471-1472
    • Spiegel, K.1    Sheridan, J.F.2    Van Cauter, E.3
  • 64
    • 0023201917 scopus 로고
    • Circadian pacemaker interferes with sleep onset at specific times each day: Role in insomnia
    • Strogatz SH, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA. Circadian pacemaker interferes with sleep onset at specific times each day: role in insomnia. Am J Physiol. 1987 ; 253: R172 - R178
    • (1987) Am J Physiol , vol.253
    • Strogatz, S.H.1    Kronauer, R.E.2    Czeisler, C.A.3
  • 65
    • 0022952640 scopus 로고
    • Circadian regulation dominates homeostatic control of sleep length and prior wake length in humans
    • Strogatz SH, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA. Circadian regulation dominates homeostatic control of sleep length and prior wake length in humans. Sleep. 1986 ; 9: 353-364
    • (1986) Sleep , vol.9 , pp. 353-364
    • Strogatz, S.H.1    Kronauer, R.E.2    Czeisler, C.A.3
  • 67
    • 0019156417 scopus 로고
    • A diurnal type scale: Construction, consistency and validation in shift work
    • Torsvall L, Åkerstedt T. A diurnal type scale: construction, consistency and validation in shift work. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1980 ; 6: 283-290
    • (1980) Scand J Work Environ Health , vol.6 , pp. 283-290
    • Torsvall, L.1    Åkerstedt, T.2
  • 68
    • 0041331455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigating the interaction between the homeostatic and circadian processes of sleep-wake regulation for the prediction of waking neurobehavioural performance
    • Van Dongen HPA, Dinges DF. Investigating the interaction between the homeostatic and circadian processes of sleep-wake regulation for the prediction of waking neurobehavioural performance. J Sleep Res. 2003 ; 12: 181-187
    • (2003) J Sleep Res , vol.12 , pp. 181-187
    • Van Dongen, H.P.A.1    Dinges, D.F.2
  • 69
    • 84866285643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of internal time, time awake, and sleep duration on cognitive performance in shiftworkers
    • Vetter C, Juda M, Roenneberg T. The influence of internal time, time awake, and sleep duration on cognitive performance in shiftworkers. Chronobiol Int. 2012 ; 29: 1127-1138
    • (2012) Chronobiol Int , vol.29 , pp. 1127-1138
    • Vetter, C.1    Juda, M.2    Roenneberg, T.3
  • 71
    • 33646679168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social jetlag: Misalignment of biological and social time
    • Wittmann M, Dinich J, Merrow M, Roenneberg T. Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time. Chronobiol Int. 2006 ; 23: 497-509
    • (2006) Chronobiol Int , vol.23 , pp. 497-509
    • Wittmann, M.1    Dinich, J.2    Merrow, M.3    Roenneberg, T.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.