No bridge too high: Infants decide whether to cross based on the probability of falling not the severity of the potential fall

Developmental Science

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 336-351

  Kretch, Kari S ^a   Adolph, Karen E ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; CHILD BEHAVIOR; DECISION MAKING; DEPTH PERCEPTION; FEMALE; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; INFANT; LOCOMOTION; MALE;

ATTENTION; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT BEHAVIOR; LOCOMOTION; MALE; RISK-TAKING; SPACE PERCEPTION;

EID: 84876437468     PISSN: 1363755X     EISSN: 14677687     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/desc.12045     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Adolph, K.E. (1995). Psychophysical assessment of toddlers' ability to cope with slopes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 734-750.
2. Adolph, K.E. (1997). Learning in the development of infant locomotion. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 62 (3, Serial No. 251).
3. Adolph, K.E. (2000). Specificity of learning: why infants fall over a veritable cliff. Psychological Science, 11, 290-295.
4. Adolph, K.E., Cole, W.G., Komati, M., Garciaguirre, J.S., Badaly, D., Lingeman, J.M., Chan, G.L.Y., & Sotsky, R.B. (2012). How do you learn to walk? Thousands of steps and hundreds of falls per day. Psychological Science, 23, 1387-1394.
5. Adolph, K.E., Eppler, M.A., & Gibson, E.J. (1993). Crawling versus walking infants' perception of affordances for locomotion over sloping surfaces. Child Development, 64, 1158-1174.
6. Adolph, K.E., & Kretch, K.S. (2012). Infants on the edge: beyond the visual cliff. In A. Slater & P. Quinn (Eds.), Developmental psychology: Revisiting the classic studies (pp. 36-55). London: Sage Publications.
7. Berger, S.E. (2004). Demands on finite cognitive capacity cause infants' perseverative errors. Infancy, 5, 217-238.
8. Berger, S.E., & Adolph, K.E. (2003). Infants use handrails as tools in a locomotor task. Developmental Psychology, 39, 594-605.
9. Berger, S.E., Adolph, K.E., & Kavookjian, A.E. (2010). Bridging the gap: solving spatial means-ends relations in a locomotor task. Child Development, 81, 1367-1375.
10. Berger, S.E., Adolph, K.E., & Lobo, S.A. (2005). Out of the toolbox: toddlers differentiate wobbly and wooden handrails. Child Development, 76, 1294-1307.
11. Berthier, N.E., Bertenthal, B.I., Seaks, J.D., Sylvia, M.R., Johnson, R.L., & Clifton, R.K. (2001). Using object knowledge in visual tracking and reaching. Infancy, 2, 257-284.
12. Boudreau, J.P., & Bushnell, E.W. (2000). Spilling thoughts: configuring attentional resources in infants' goal directed actions. Infant Behavior and Development, 23, 543-566.
13. Brandt, T., Arnold, F., Bles, W., & Kapteyn, T.S. (1980). The mechanism of physiological height vertigo: I. Theoretical approach and psychophysics. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 89, 513-523.
14. Campos, J.J., Hiatt, S., Ramsay, D., Henderson, C., & Svejda, M. (1978). The emergence of fear on the visual cliff. In M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Eds.), The development of affect (pp. 149-182). New York: Plenum.
15. Coelho, C.M., & Wallis, G. (2010). Deconstructing acrophobia: physiological and psychological precursors to developing a fear of heights. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 864-870.
16. Cole, W.G., Chan, G.L.Y., & Adolph, K.E. (in press). Perceiving possibilities for action in different motor skills. Experimental Brain Research.
17. Davis, J.R., Campbell, A.D., Adkin, A.L., & Carpenter, M.G. (2009). The relationship between fear of falling and human postural control. Gait & Posture. 29, 275-279.
18. Franchak, J.M., & Adolph, K.E. (2012). What infants know and what they do: perceiving possibilities for walking through openings. Developmental Psychology, 48, 1254-1261.
19. Franchak, J.M., & Adolph, K.E. (in press). Affordances for action as probabilistic functions: implications for perception, learning, and development. Ecological Psychology.
20. Franchak, J.M., Kretch, K.S., Soska, K.C., & Adolph, K.E. (2011). Head-mounted eye tracking: a new method to describe infant looking. Child Development, 82, 1738-1750.
21. Giacalone, W.R., & Rarick, G.L. (1985). Dynamic balance of preschool children as reflected by performance on beam-walking tasks. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 146, 307-318.
22. Gibson, E.J. (1988). Exploratory behavior in the development of perceiving, acting, and the acquiring of knowledge. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 1-41.
23. Gibson, E.J., & Walk, R.D. (1960). The 'visual cliff'. Scientific American, 202, 64-71.
24. Gibson, J.J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
25. Huweler, R., Kandil, F.I., Alpers, G.W., & Gerlach, A.L. (2009). The impact of visual flow stimulation on anxiety, dizziness, and body sway in individuals with and without fear of heights. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 345-352.
26. Jiang, Y., & Mark, L.S. (1994). The effect of gap depth on the perception of whether a gap is crossable. Perception & Psychophysics, 56, 691-700.
27. Kording, K.P., & Wolpert, D.M. (2006). Bayesian decision theory in sensorimotor control. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 319-326.
28. Kretch, K.S., & Adolph, K.E. (in press). Cliff or step? Posture-specific learning at the edge of a drop-off. Child Development.
29. Kretch, K.S., Franchak, J.M., Brothers, J.L., & Adolph, K.E. (2012, May). What infants see depends on locomotor posture. Poster presented at the meeting of the Vision Sciences Society, Naples, FL.
30. Mathers, L.J., & Weiss, H.B. (1998). Incidence and characteristics of fall-related emergency department visits. Academic Emergency Medicine, 5, 1064-1070.
31. Pijpers, J.R., Oudejans, R.R.D, Bakker, F.C., & Beek, P.J. (2006). The role of anxiety in perceiving and realizing affordances. Ecological Psychology, 18, 131-161.
32. Tamis-LeMonda, C.S., Adolph, K.E., Lobo, S.A., Karasik, L.B., & Dimitropoulou, K.A. (2008). When infants take mothers' advice: 18-month-olds integrate perceptual and social information to guide motor action. Developmental Psychology, 44, 734-746.
33. Trommershäuser, J., Maloney, L.T., & Landy, M.S. (2003). Statistical decision theory and trade-offs in the control of motor response. Spatial Vision, 16, 255-275.
34. Trommershäuser, J., Maloney, L.T., & Landy, M.S. (2008). Decision making, movement planning, and statistical decision theory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 291-297.