A review of gastric processing in decapod crustaceans

Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology

Volumn 183, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 443-465

  McGaw, Iain J ^a,b   Curtis, Daniel L ^c  

^a MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

^b BAMFIELD MARINE SCIENCES CENTRE   (Canada)

^c PACIFIC BIOLOGICAL STATION   (Canada)

Author keywords

Crustacean; Digestion; Foregut; Gastric; Stomatogastric; Transit rate

Indexed keywords

EID: 84876436530     PISSN: 01741578     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00360-012-0730-3     Document Type: Review

References (204)

1. Ahrens MJ, Hertz J, Lamoureux EM, Lopez GR, McElroy AE, Brownawell BJ (2001) The role of digestive surfactants in determining bioavailability of sediment-bound hydrophobic organic contaminants to two deposit-feeding polychaetes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 212: 145-157.
2. Ahvenharju T, Ruohonen K (2005) Individual food intake measurement of freshwater crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus Dana) juveniles. Aquac Res 36: 1304-1312.
3. Airriess CN, McMahon BR (1994) Cardiovascular adaptations enhance tolerance of environmental hypoxia in the crab Cancer magister. J Exp Biol 190: 23-41.
4. Aldrich JC (1974) Studies on energy relationships in the spider crab Libinia emarginata (Leach). Biol Bull 147: 257-273.
5. Allardyce BJ, Linton SM (2010) Functional morphology of the gastric mills of carnivorous, omnivorous, and herbivorous land crabs. J Morphol 271: 61-72.
6. Al-Mohanna SY (1983) The structure and function of the hepatopancreas of the shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan (Crustacea Decapoda). PhD Thesis, University of Wales, pp 1-391.
7. Baars MA, Oosterhuis SS (1984) Diurnal feeding rhythms in North Sea copepods measured by gut fluorescence, enzyme activity and grazing on labelled food. Neth J Sea Res 18: 97-119.
8. Balss H (1944) Crustacea, Decapoda. In: Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreiches. Band 5, Abteilung 1, Buch 7, Lieferung 3, pp 419-470.
9. Barker PL, Gibson R (1977) Observations on the feeding mechanism, structure of the gut and digestive physiology of the European lobster Homarus gammarus (L.). (Decapoda: Nephropidae). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 26: 234-297.
10. Barker PL, Gibson R (1978) Observations on the structure of the mouthparts, histology of the alimentary tract and digestive physiology of the mud crab Scylla serrata (Forskal) (Decapoda: Portunidae). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 32: 177-196.
11. Bautista MN (1986) The response of Penaeus monodon juveniles to varying protein/energy ratios in test diets. Aquaculture 53: 229-242.
12. Bayer RC, Gallagher ML, Leavitt DF, Rittenburg JH (1979) A radiographic study of the lobster (Homarus americanus) alimentary canal. In: Proceedings of 10th Annual World Mariculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA, pp 561-564.
13. Beseres JJ, Lawrence AL, Feller RJ (2005) Variation in fiber, protein and lipid content of shrimp feed-effects of gut passage time measured in the field. J Shell Res 24: 301-308.
14. Beseres JJ, Lawrence AL, Feller RJ (2006) Practical equivalence of laboratory and field measurements of gut passage time in two penaeid shrimp species. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 309: 221-231.
15. Brenner TL, Wilkens JL (2001) Physiology and excitation contraction coupling in the intestinal muscle of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. J Comp Physiol 171: 613-621.
16. Brosing A (2010) Recent developments on the morphology of the brachyuran foregut ossicles and gastric teeth. Zootaxa 2510: 1-44.
17. Brunson JF, Romaire RP, Reigh RC (1997) Apparent digestibility of selected ingredients in diets for white shrimp Penaeus setiferus L. Aquac Nutr 3: 9-16.
18. Bucher D, Taylor AL, Marder E (2006) Central pattern generating neurons simultaneously express fast and slow rhythmic activities in the stomatogastric ganglion. J Neurophysiol 95: 3617-3632.
19. Calman WT (1909) Crustacea. Part 7. Third fascicle. In: Lankester ER (ed) A treatise on zoology. Adam and Black, London, p 346.
20. Carefoot TH (1990) Specific dynamic action (SDA) in the supralittoral isopod, Ligia pallasii: identification of components of apparent SDA and effects of dietary amino acid quality and content on SDA. Comp Biochem Physiol 95A: 309-316.
21. Carter CG, McCarthy ID, Houlihan DF, Fonesca N, Perera WMK, Sillah ABS (1995) The application of radiograph to the study of fish nutrition. J Appl Icthy 11: 231-239.
22. Carvalho DA, Collins PA, De Bonis CJ (2011) Gut Evacuation time of Macrobrachium borellii (Caridea: Palaemonidae) feeding on three types of prey from the littoral-benthic community. J Crust Biol 31: 630-634.
23. Ceccaldi HJ (1997) Anatomy and physiology of the digestive system. In: Abramo LR, Conklin DE, Akiyama DM (eds) Advances in world aquaculture, Crustacean nutrition. The world aquaculture society, vol 6. Louisiana state university, Baton Rouge, pp 261-291.
24. Choy SC (1986) Natural diet and feeding habits of the crabs Liocarcinus puber and L. holsatus (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 31: 87-99.
25. Christie AE (2011) Crustacean neuroendocrine systems and their signaling agents. Cell Tiss Res 120: 1011-1023.
26. Christie AE, Skiebe P, Marder E (1995) Matrix of neuromodulators in neurosecretory structures of the crab Cancer borealis. J Exp Biol 198: 2431-2439.
27. Christie AE, Stemmler EA, Dickinson PS (2010) Crustacean neuropeptides. Cell Mol Life Sci 67: 4135-4169.
28. Clemens S, Combes D, Meyrand P, Simmers J (1998a) Long term expression of two interacting motor pattern generating networks in the stomatogastric system of freely behaving lobster. J Neurophysiol 79: 1396-1408.
29. Clemens S, Massabuau JC, Legeay A, Meyrand P, Simmers J (1998b) In vivo modulation of interacting central pattern generators in lobster stomatogastric ganglion: influence of feeding and partial pressure of oxygen. J Neurosci 18: 2788-2799.
30. Clemens S, Meyrand P, Simmers J (1998c) Feeding induced changes in temporal patterning of muscle activity in the lobster stomatogastric system. Neurosci Lett 254: 65-68.
31. Cockcroft A, McLachlan A (1986) Food and feeding habits of the surf zone penaeid prawn Macropetasma africanus (Balss). PSZNI Mar Ecol 7: 345-357.
32. Conklin DE (1995) Digestive Physiology and nutrition. In: Factor J (ed) The lobster Homarus americanus. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 441-464.
33. Costa DP, Sinervo B (2004) Field physiology: physiological insights from animals in nature. Ann Rev Physiol 66: 209-238.
34. Cox SL, Bruce MP, Ritar AJ (2009) Ingestion of artificial diets with different textures as determined by the inert marker ytterbium oxide during culture of early stage pyllostoma of the spiny lobster Jasus edwardsii. Aquac Nutrit 17: 152-158.
35. Cristo M (2001) Gut evacuation rates in Nephrops norvegicus, (L. 1758), Laboratory and field estimates. Sci Mar 65: 341-346.
36. Cruz-Suárez LE, Tapia-Salazar M, Villarreal-Cavazos D, Beltran-Rocha J, Nieto-López MG, Lemme A, Ricque-Marie D (2009) Apparent dry matter, energy, protein and amino acid digestibility of four soybean ingredients in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles. Aquaculture 292: 87-94.
37. Curtis DL (2009) Integrated responses of crustaceans living in estuaries to the challenges of feeding and digestion in low salinity. PhD Thesis, University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
38. Curtis DL, McGaw IJ (2010) Respiratory and digestive responses of postprandial Dungeness crabs, Cancer magister and blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus during hyposaline exposure. J Comp Physiol B 180: 189-198.
39. Curtis DL, McGaw IJ (2011) A possible feeding control mechanism in Dungeness crabs during hyposaline exposure. J Crust Biol 31: 313-316.
40. Curtis DL, Jensen EK, McGaw IJ (2007) Behavioural influences on the physiological responses of the graceful crab, Cancer gracilis during hyposaline exposure. Biol Bull 212: 222-231.
41. Curtis DL, Vanier CH, McGaw IJ (2010) The effects of starvation and acute low salinity exposure on food intake in the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister. Mar Biol 157: 603-612.
42. Dagg MJ, Walser WEJ (1987) Ingestion, gut passage, and egestion by the copepod Neocalanus plumchrus in the laboratory and in the subarctic Pacific Ocean. Limnol Oceanogr 32: 178-188.
43. Dall W (1967) The functional anatomy of the digestive tract of a shrimp Metapaneus bennettae Racke and Dall (Crustacean, Decapoda, Penaeidae). Aust J Zool 15: 699-714.
44. Dall W, Moriarty DJW (1983) Nutrition and digestion. In: Bliss DE (ed) The Biology of Crustacea Vol. 5. Internal anatomy and physiological regulation. Academic Press, New York, pp 215-261.
45. Dam HJ, Peterson WT (1988) The effect of temperature on the gut clearance rate constant of planktonic copepods. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 123: 1-14.
46. DeWachter B, McMahon BR (1996) Haemolymph flow distribution, cardiac performance and ventilation during moderate walking activity in Cancer magister (Dana) (Decapoda, Crustacea). J Exp Biol 199: 627-633.
47. Diaz RJ, Rosenburg R (1995) Marine benthic hypoxia: a review of its ecological effects and the behavioural responses of benthic macrofauna. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 33: 245-303.
48. Dittrich BU (1992) Life under extreme conditions: aspects of evolutionary adaptation to temperature in crustacean proteases. Polar Biol 12: 269-274.
49. Dye AH, Lasiak TA (1987) Assimilation efficiencies of fiddler crabs and deposit-feeding gastropods from tropical mangrove sediments. Comp Biochem Physiol 87A: 341-344.
50. Ebara A (1969) Spontaneous activity of crayfish intestine. Annot Zool Jpn 42: 169-175.
51. Ellis SG, Small LF (1989) Comparison of gut evacuation rate of feeding and non-feeding Calanus marshallae. Mar Biol 103: 175-181.
52. Factor JR (1995) The digestive system. In: Factor JR (ed) Biology of the Lobster Homarus americanus. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 395-440.
53. Felgenhauer BE, Abele LG (1983) Phylogenetic relationships among the shrimp-like decapods. In: Schram F (ed) Crustacean Phylogeny. Crustacean Issues 1, pp 291-311.
54. Felgenhauer BE, Abele LG (1989) Evolution of the foregut in lower Decapoda. In: Felgenhauer BE, Watling L, Thistle AB (eds) Functional morphology of feeding and grooming in Crustacea. Crustacean Issues 6, pp 205-219.
55. Fenucci JL, Fenucci AC, Lawrence AL, Zein-Eldin ZP (1982) The assimilation of protein and carbohydrate from prepared diets by the shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris. Proc World Maricult Soc 13: 134-145.
56. Florey E (1961) A new test preparation for bio-assay of factor I and gamma-aminobutyric acid. J Physiol (Lond) 156: 1-7.
57. Forster JRM (1972) Some methods of binding prawn diets and their effects on growth and assimilation. J Cons Int Explor Mer 34: 200-216.
58. Forster JRM, Gabbott PA (1971) The assimilation of nutrients from compounded diets by the prawns Palaemon serratus and Pandalus platyceros. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 51: 943-961.
59. Gamperl AK (2011) Integrated responses of the circulatory system to temperature. In: Farrell AP (ed) Encyclopedia of fish physiology. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
60. Genodepa J, Southgate PC, Zeng C (2006) Determining ingestion of microbound diet particles by mud crab, Scylla serrata, larvae. J Fish Aquatic Sci 1: 244-252.
61. Gibson R (1983) Feeding and digestion in decapod crustaceans. In: Pruder G, Langdon CJ, Conklin DE (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on aquaculture nutrition: Biochemical and physiological approaches to shellfish nutrition. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, pp 59-70.
62. Gibson R, Barker PL (1979) The Decapod hepatopancreas. Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev 17: 285-346.
63. Goldstein DL, Pinshow P (2006) Taking physiology to the field: using physiological approaches to answer questions about animals in their environments. Physiol Biochem Zool 79: 237-241.
64. Grans A, Axelsson M, Pitsillides K, Olsson C, Hojesjo J, Kaufman RC, Cech JJ Jr (2009) A fully implantable multi-channel biotelemetry system for measurement of blood flow and temperature: a first evaluation in the green sturgeon. Hydrobiologia 619: 11-25.
65. Greenaway P, Linton SM (1995) Dietary assimilation and food retention time in the herbivorous terrestrial crab Gecarcoidea natalis. Physiol Zool 68: 1006-1028.
66. Greenaway P, Raghaven S (1998) Digestive strategies in two species of leaf-eating land crabs (Brachyura: Gecarcinidae) in a rain forest. Physiol Zool 71: 36-44.
67. Haddon M, Wear RG (1987) Biology of feeding in the New Zealand paddle crab Ovalipes catharus (Crustacea, Portunidae). New Zealand J Mar Fresh Res 21: 55-64.
68. Harris-Warrick RM, Marder E (1991) Modulation of neural networks for behavior. Annu Rev Neurosci 14: 39-57.
69. Harris-Warrick RM, Marder E, Selverston AI, Moulins M (1992) Dynamic biological networks: the stomatogastric nervous system. MIT Press, Cambridge.
70. Hartline DK, Maynard DM (1975) Motor patterns in the stomatogastric ganglion of the lobster Panulirus argus. J Exp Biol 62: 405-420.
71. Hartline DK, Russell DK, Raper JA, Graubard K (1988) Special cellular and synaptic mechanisms in motor pattern generation. Comp Biochem Physiol C 91: 115-131.
72. Heeren T, Mitchell BD (1997) Morphology of the mouthparts, gastric mill and digestive tract of the giant crab Pseudocarcinus gigas (Milne Edwards) (Decapoda, Oziidae). Mar Freshwater Res 48: 7-18.
73. Heinzel HG (1988) Gastric mill activity in the lobster. I. Spontaneous modes of chewing. J Neurophysiol 59: 528-550.
74. Heinzel HG, Weimann JM, Marder E (1993) The behavioral repertoire of the gastric mill in the crab, Cancer pagurus: an in situ endoscopic and electrophysiological examination. J Neurosci 13: 1793-1803.
75. Hermann A, Dando MR (1977) Mechanism of command fibre operation onto bursting pacemaker neurones in the stomatogastric ganglion of the crab, Cancer pagurus. J Comp Physiol 114A: 15-33.
76. Hewitt DR, Irving MG (1990) Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of the brown tiger prawn Penaeus esculentus fed diets of varying protein content. Comp Biochem Physiol 96A: 379-381.
77. Heyraud M (1979) Food ingestion and digestive transit time in the euphausiid Meganyctiphanes norvegica as a function of animal size. J Plank Res 4: 301-311.
78. Hill BJ (1976) Natural food, foregut clearance rate and activity of the crab Scylla serrata. Mar Biol 34: 109-116.
79. Hochachka PW, Somero GN (2002) Biochemical adaptation: mechanism and process in physiological evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
80. Holliday CW, Mykles DL, Terwilliger RC, Dangott LJ (1980) Fluid secretion by the midgut caeca of the crab, Cancer magister. Comp Biochem Physiol 67A: 259-263.
81. Hopkin SP, Nott JA (1980) Studies of the digestive cycle of the shore crab Carcinus maenas with special reference to the B cells in the hepatopancreas. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 60: 867-877.
82. Houlihan DF, Waring CP, Mathers E, Gray C (1990) Protein synthesis and oxygen consumption of the shore crab Carcinus maenas after a meal. Physiol Zool 63: 735-756.
83. Hoyt M, Fleeger JW, Siebeling R, Feller RJ (2000) Serological estimation of prey-protein gut-residence time and quantification of meal size for grass shrimp consuming meiofaunal copepods. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 248: 105-119.
84. Hunter CH, Rudy PR (1975) Osmotic and ionic regulation in the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister dana. Comp Biochem Physiol 51: 439-447.
85. Huxley TH (1880) The crayfish. An introduction to the study of zoology. International Scientific Series No. 28, C. Keagan Paul and Co., London, p 371.
86. Icely JD, Nott JA (1992) Digestion and absorption: digestive system and associated organs. In: Harrison FW, Humes AG (eds) Microscopic anatomy of the invertebrates Vol 10. Decapod Crustacea. Wiley, New York, pp 147-201.
87. Jobling M, Arnesen AM, Baardvik BM, Christiansen JS, Jorgensen EH (1995) Monitoring feeding behaviour and food intake: methods and application. Aquacult Nutr 1: 131-143.
88. Johnston DJ (2007) Feeding, morphology and digestive system of slipper lobsters. In: Lavalli KL and Spanier E (eds) Biology and fisheries of the slipper lobster. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 111-132.
89. Johnston DJ, Alexander CG (1999) Functional morphology of the mouthparts and alimentary tract of the slipper lobster Thenus orientalis (Decapoda: Scyllaridae). Mar Freshwater Res 50: 213-223.
90. Johnston D, Freeman J (2005) Dietary preference and digestive enzymes activities as indicators of trophic resource utilization by six species of crab. Biol Bull 208: 36-46.
91. Johnston DJ, Alexander CG, Yellowlees D (1998) Epithelial cytology and function in the digestive gland of Thenus orientalis (Decapoda: Scyllaridae). J Crust Biol 18: 271-278.
92. Joll LM (1982) Foregut evacuation of four foods by the western lobster Panulirus cygnus in aquaria. Aus J Mar Freshwater Res 33: 939-943.
93. Jones HC (1962) The action of l-glutamic acid and of structurally related compounds on the hind gut of the crayfish. J Physiol (Lond) 164: 295-300.
94. Jones PL, De Silva SS (1997) Influence of differential movement of the marker chromic oxide and nutrients on digestibility estimations in the Australian freshwater crayfish Cherax destructor. Aquaculture 154: 323-336.
95. Jones PL, De Silva SS (1998) Comparison of internal and external markers in digestibility studies involving the Australian freshwater crayfish Cherax destructor Clark (Decapoda, Parastacidae). Aquac Res 29: 487-493.
96. Jones DA, Kumlu M, LeVay L, Fletcher DJ (1997) The digestive physiology of herbivorous, omnivorous and carnivorous crustacean larvae: a review. Aquaculture 155: 285-295.
97. Kilman VL, Marder E (1996) Ultrastructure of the stomatogastric ganglion neuropil of the crab, Cancer borealis. J Comp Neurol 374: 362-375.
98. Kiorboe T, Mohlenberg F, Riisgard HU (1985) In situ feeding rates of planktonic copepods: a comparison of four methods. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 88: 67-81.
99. Kumlu M (1999) Feeding and digestion in larval decapod crustaceans. Tr J Biol 23: 215-229.
100. Kurmaly K, Jones DA, Yule AB (1990) Acceptability and digestion of diets fed to larval stages of Homarusgammarus and the role of dietary conditioning behaviour. Mar Biol 106: 181-190.
101. Kwok PW, Lee SY (1995) The growth performances of two mangrove crabs, Chiromanthes bidens and Parasesarma plicata under different leaf litter diets. Hydrobiologia 295: 141-148.
102. Landry MR, Hassett RP, Fagerness V, Downs J, Lorenzen CJ (1984) Effect of food acclimation on assimilation efficiency of Calanus pacificus. Limnol Oceanogr 29: 361-364.
103. Lasenby DC, Langford RR (1973) Feeding and assimilation of Mysis relicta. Limnol Oceanogr 18: 280-285.
104. Leavitt DF (1985) An evaluation of gravimetric and inert marker techniques to measure digestibility in the American lobster. Aquaculture 47: 131-142.
105. LeVay L, Jones DA, Puello-Cruz AC, Sangha RS, Ngamphongsai C (2001) Digestion in relation to feeding strategies exhibited by crustacean larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol 128A: 623-630.
106. Linton SM, Greenaway P (2007) A review of feeding and nutrition of herbivorous land crabs: adaptations to low quality plant diets. J Comp Physiol B 177: 269-286.
107. Linton SM, Allardyce BA, Hagen W, Wencke P, Saborowski R (2009) Food utilisation and digestive ability of aquatic and semi-terrestrial crayfishes, Cherax destructor and Engaeus sericatus (Astacidae, Parastacidae). J Comp Physiol B 179: 493-507.
108. Logan D, Epifanio C (1978) A laboratory energy balance for the larvae and juveniles of the American lobster Homarus americanus. Mar Biol 47: 381-389.
109. Lovett DL, Felder DL (1989) Ontogeny of gut morphology in the white shrimp Penaeus setiferus (Decapoda, Penaeidae). J Morphol 201: 253-272.
110. Lovett DL, Felder DL (1990) Ontogenic changes enzyme distribution and midgut function in developmental stages of Penaeus setiferus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae). Biol Bull 178: 144-159.
111. Loya-Javellana GN, Fielder DR, Thorne MJ (1995) Foregut evacuation, return of appetite and gastric fluid secretion in the tropical freshwater crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. Aquaculture 134: 295-306.
112. Mackas D, Bohrer R (1976) Fluorescence analysis of zooplankton gut contents and an investigation of diel feeding patterns. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 25: 77-85.
113. Mangum CP, Amende LM (1967) Blood osmotic concentration of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus, Rathbun), found in freshwater. Chesapeake Sci 13: 318-320.
114. Marder E (1976) Cholinergic motor neurones in the stomatogastric system of the lobster. J Physiol 257: 63-86.
115. Marder E, Bucher D (2007) Understanding circuit dynamics using the stomatogastric nervous system of lobsters and crabs. Annu Rev Physiol 69: 291-316.
116. Marder E, Eisen JS (1984) Transmitter identification of pyloric neurons: electrically coupled neurons use different neurotransmitters. J Neurophysiol 51: 1345-1361.
117. Marder E, Weimann JM (1992) Modulatory control of multiple task processing in the stomatogastric nervous system. Pergamon Press, New York.
118. Marder E, Bucher D, Schulz DJ, Taylor AL (2005) Invertebrate central pattern generation moves along. Curr Biol 15: R685-R699.
119. Marte CL (1980) The food and feeding habit of Penaeus monodon Fabricius collected from Makato River, Aklan, Philippines (Decapoda Natantia). Crustaceana 38: 225-236.
120. Massabuau JC, Meyrand P (1996) Modulation of a neural network by physiological levels of oxygen in lobster stomatogastric ganglion. J Neurosci 16: 3950-3959.
121. Maynard DM, Dando MR (1974) The structure of the stomatogastric neuromuscular system in Callinectes sapidus, Homarus americanus, and Panulirus argus (Decapoda Crustacea). Philos Trans Roy Soc Lond B 268: 161-220.
122. Maynou F, Cartes JE (1998) Daily ration estimates and comparative study of food consumption in nine species of deep-water decapod crustaceans of the NW Mediterranean. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 171: 221-231.
123. McGaw IJ (2005) Does feeding limit cardiovascular modulation in the Dungeness crab Cancer magister during hypoxia? J Exp Biol 208: 83-91.
124. McGaw IJ (2006) Feeding and digestion in low salinity in an osmoconforming crab, Cancer gracilis. II Gastric motility and evacuation. J Exp Biol 209: 3777-3785.
125. McGaw IJ (2007a) Gastric processing and evacuation during emersion in the red rock crab Cancer productus. Mar Fresh Behav Physiol 40: 117-131.
126. McGaw IJ (2007b) The interactive effects of exercise and feeding on oxygen uptake, activity levels and gastric processing in graceful crab, Cancer gracilis. Physiol Biochem Zool 80: 335-343.
127. McGaw IJ (2008) Gastric processing in the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, during hypoxia. Comp Biochem Physiol 150A: 458-463.
128. McGaw IJ, Reiber CL (2000) Integrated physiological responses during feeding and digestion in the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. J Exp Biol 203: 359-368.
129. McGaw IJ, Whiteley NM (2012) Effects of acclimation and acute temperature change on specific dynamic action and gastric processing in the green shore crab, Carcinus maenas. J Therm Biol 37: 570-578.
130. McGaw IJ, Reiber CL, Guadagnoli JA (1999) Behavioral physiology of four crab species in low salinity. Biol Bull 196: 163-176.
131. McGaw IJ, Curtis DL, Ede JD, Ong KJ, van Breukelen F, Goss GG (2009) Physiological responses of postprandial red rock crabs, Cancer productus, during emersion. Can J Zool 87: 1158-1169.
132. Mente E (2003) Nutrition, physiology and metabolism of crustaceans. Science Publishers Inc, Enfield, p 160.
133. Mente E, Legeay A, Houlihan DF, Massabuau JC (2003) Influence of oxygen partial pressure on protein synthesis in feeding crabs. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 284: R500-R510.
134. Mercier AJ, Lee J (2002) Differential effects of neuropeptides on circular and longitudinal muscles of the crayfish hindgut. Peptides 23: 1751-1757.
135. Mercier AJ, Lange AB, TeBrugge V, Orchard I (1997) Evidence for proctolin-like and RFamide-like neuropeptides associated with the hindgut of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Can J Zool 75: 1208-1225.
136. Mitra A, Flynn KJ (2007) Importance of interaction between food quality, quantity and gut transit time on consumer feeding growth and trophic dynamics. Am Nat 169: 632-646.
137. Mocquard F (1883) Recherches anatomiques sur l'estomac des Crustacés Podophtalmaires. Thése Fac Sc Paris 505: 315.
138. Momin MA, Rangneker PV (1974) Histochemical localization of acid and alkaline phosphatases and glucose-6-phosphatase of the hepatopancreas of the crab, Scylla serrata, (Forskal). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 14: 1-16.
139. Mootz CA, Epifanio CE (1974) An energy budget for Menippe mercenaria larvae fed artemia nauplii. Biol Bull 146: 44-55.
140. Moriarty DJW (1976) Quantitative studies on bacteria and algae in the food of the mullet Mugil cephalus L. and the prawn Metapenaeus bennettae (Racek and Dall). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 22: 131-143.
141. Morris J, Maynard DM (1970) Recordings from the stomatogastric system of intact lobsters. Comp Biochem Physiol 33: 969-974.
142. Murtaugh PA (1984) Variable gut residence time: problems in inferring feeding rate from stomach fullness of a mysid crustacean. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 41: 1287-1293.
143. Musolf BE, Spitzer N, Antonsen BL, Edwards DH (2009) Serotonergic modulation of crayfish hindgut. Biol Bull 217: 50-64.
144. Mykles DL (1979) Ultrastructure of alimentary epithelia of lobsters, Homarus americanus and H. gammarus, and crab Cancer magister. Zoo-Morphologie 92: 201-215.
145. Mykles DL, Ghalambor CK, Stillman JH, Tomanek L (2010) Grand challenges in comparative physiology: integration across disciplines and across biological levels of organization. Integ Comp Biol 50: 6-16.
146. Newman MW, Lutz PL, Snedaker SC (1982) Temperature effects on feed digestion and assimilation efficiency of nutrients by the Malaysian prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man). J World Maricul Soc 13: 95-103.
147. Ngoc-Ho N (1984) The functional anatomy of the foregut of Povcelfunu plutychehs and a comparison with Gulutheu squumifevu and Upogebia deltuuru (Crustacea: Decapoda). J Zool Lond 203: 511-535.
148. Nordhaus I, Wolff M (2007) Feeding ecology of the mangrove crab Ucides cordatus (Ocypodidae): food choice, food quality and assimilation efficiency. Mar Biol 151: 1665-1681.
149. Nordhaus I, Wolff M, Diele K (2006) Litter processing and population food intake of the mangrove crab Ucides cordatus in a high intertidal forest in northern Brazil. Est Coast Shelf Sci 67: 239-250.
150. Nunes AJP, Parsons GJ (2000) Size-related feeding and gastric evacuation measurements for the Southern brown shrimp Penaeus subtilis. Aquaculture 187: 133-151.
151. Nunes AJP, Gesteira TCV, Goddard S (1997) Food consumption and assimilation by the Southern brown shrimp Penaeus subtilis under semi-intensive culture in NE Brazil. Aquaculture 149: 121-136.
152. Pasternak AF (1994) Gut fluorescence in herbivorous copepods: an attempt to justify the method. Hydrobiologia 292(293): 241-248.
153. Pearson M (1908) Cancer, the edible crab. Liverpool Mar Biol Assoc Memoirs 16: 1-217.
154. Penry DL, Jumars PA (1986) Chemical reactor analysis and optimal digestion. Bioscience 36: 310-315.
155. Penry DL, Jumars PA (1987) Modeling animal guts as chemical reactors. Am Nat 129: 69-96.
156. Perissinotto R, Pakhomov EA (1996) Gut evacuation rates and pigment destruction in the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba. Mar Biol 125: 47-54.
157. Peterson W, Painting S, Barlow R (1990) Feeding rates of Calanoides carinatus: a comparison of five methods including evaluation of the gut fluorescence method. Mar Eco Prog Ser 63: 85-92.
158. Powers LW (1973) Gastric mill rhythms in intact crabs. Comp Biochem Physiol 46A: 767-783.
159. Reymond H, Lagardtre JP (1990) Feeding rhythms and food of Penaeusjaponicus Bate (Crustacea, Penaeidae) in salt water ponds: role of halophilic entomofauna. Aquaculture 81: 125-143.
160. Rezer E, Moulins M (1983) Expression of the crustacean pyloric pattern generator in the intact animal. J Comp Physiol 153: 17-28.
161. Rezer E, Moulins M (1992) Humoral induction of pyloric rhythmic in lobster stomatogastric ganglion: in vivo and in vitro studies. Biol Bull 163: 209-230.
162. Rivera JC, Marder E (1996) TNRNFLRFamide and SDRNFLRFamide modulate muscles of the stomatogastric system of the crab Cancer borealis. J Comp Physiol A 179: 741-751.
163. Robertson RF, Meagor J, Taylor EW (2002) Specific dynamic action in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L.), in relation to acclimation temperature and to the onset of the emersion response. Physiol Biochem Zool 75: 350-359.
164. Romero MC, Lovrich GA, Tapella F (2006) Seasonal Changes in dry mass and energetic content of Munida subrugosa (Crustacea Decapoda) in the Beagle Channel, Argentina. J Shell Res 25: 101-106.
165. Saborowski R (2013) Nutrition and digestion. In: Chang ES, Thiel M (eds) The natural history of Crustaceans, vol 4 (in press).
166. Sarda F, Valladares FJ (1990) Gastric evacuation of different foods by Nephrops norvegicus (Crustacea: Decapoda) and estimation of soft tissue ingested, maximum food intake and cannabalism in captivity. Mar Biol 104: 25-30.
167. Schwamborn R, Criales MM (2000) Feeding strategy and daily ration of pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarem) in a south Florida seagrass bed. Mar Biol 137: 139-147.
168. Secor SM (2009) Specific dynamic action: a review of the postprandial metabolic response. J Comp Physiol B 179: 1-56.
169. Selverston AI, Moulins M (1987) The crustacean stomatogastric system. Springer, Berlin.
170. Selverston AI, Russell DF, Miller JP, King DG (1976) The stomatogastric nervous system: structure and function of a small neural network. Prog Neurobiol NY 7: 215-290.
171. Serrano AE (2012) Changes in gut evacuation time of larval mud crab Scylla serrata (Crustacea: Portunidae) fed on artificial plankton or live food. AACL Bioflux 5: 240-248.
172. Simon CJ, Jeffs A (2008) Feeding and gut evacuation of cultured juvenile spiny lobsters, Jasus edwardsii. Aquaculture 280: 211-219.
173. Smith RI (1978) The midgut caeca and the limits of the hindgut of brachyura: a clarification. Crustaceana 35: 195-205.
174. Smith DM, Tabrett SJ (2004) Accurate measurement of in vivo digestibility in shrimp feeds. Aquaculture 46(232): 563-580.
175. Smith LL, Lee PG, Lawrence AL, Strawn K (1985) Growth and digestibility by three sizes of Penaeus vannamei Boone: effects of dietary protein level and protein source. Aquaculture 46: 85-96.
176. Soares R, Wasielesky W, Peixotob S, D'Incao F (2005) Food consumption and gastric emptying of Farfantepenaeus paulensis. Aquaculture 250: 283-290.
177. Somero GN (1978) Temperature adaptation of enzymes: biological optimization through structure-function compromises. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 9: 1-29.
178. Stein W (2009) Modulation of stomatogastric rhythms. J Comp Physiol A 195: 989-1009.
179. Stein W, Smarandache CR, Nickmann M, Hedrich UB (2006) Functional consequences of activity-dependent synaptic enhancement at a crustacean neuromuscular junction. J Exp Biol 209: 1285-1300.
180. Taghon GL (1981) Beyond selection: optimal ingestion rate as a function of food value. Am Nat 118: 202-214.
181. Talbot C, Higgins PJ (1983) A radiographic method for feeding studies on fish using metallic iron powder as a marker. J Fish Biol 23: 211-220.
182. Thomas CW, Carter CG, Crear BJ (2002) Potential use of radiography for measuring feed intake of southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 273: 289-298.
183. Thuma JB, Morris LG, Weaver AL, Hooper SL (2003) Lobster (Panulirus interruptus) pyloric muscles express the motor patterns of three neural networks, only one of which innervates the muscles. J Neurosci 23: 8911-8920.
184. Tirelli V, Mayzaud P (2005) Relationship between functional response and gut transit time in the calanoid copepod Acartia clausi: role of food quantity and quality. J Plank Res 27: 557-568.
185. Waddington K (2008) Variation in evacuation rates of different foods skew estimates of diet in the western rock lobster Panulirus cygnus. Mar Fresh Res 59: 347-350.
186. Wallace RL, Taylor WK (1992) Invertebrate zoology, a laboratory manual, 6th edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, p 356.
187. Ward LR, Carter CG, Crear BJ, Smith DM (2003) Optimal dietary protein level for juvenile southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, at two lipid levels. Aquaculture 217: 483-500.
188. Wassenberg TJ, Hill BJ (1987) Feeding by the sand crab Portunus pelagicus on material discarded from prawn trawlers in Moreton Bay, Australia. Mar Biol 95: 387-393.
189. Wassenberg TJ, Hill BJ (1993) Diet and feeding behaviour of juvenile and adult banana prawns Penaeus merguiensis in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 94: 287-295.
190. Weimann JM (1992) Multiple task processing in neural networks: numerous central pattern generators in the stomatogastric nervous system of the crab Cancer borealis. PhD Thesis, Brandies University.
191. Weimann JM, Marder E (1994) Switching neurons are integral members of multiple oscillatory networks. Curr Biol 4: 896-902.
192. Weimann JM, Meyrand P, Marder E (1991) Neurons that form multiple pattern generators: identification and multiple activity patterns of gastric/pyloric neurons in the crab stomatogastric system. J Neurophys 65: 111-122.
193. Whiteley NM, Faulkner LS (2005) Temperature influences whole-animal rates of metabolism but not protein synthesis in a temperate intertidal isopod. Physiol Biochem Zool 78: 227-238.
194. Whiteley NM, Robertson RF, Meagor J, El Haj AJ, Taylor EW (2001) Protein synthesis and specific dynamic action in crustaceans: effects of temperature. Comp Biochem Physiol 128A: 595-606.
195. Wilcox JR, Jeffries HP (1974) Feeding habits of the sand shrimp Crangon septemspinosa. Biol Bull 146: 424-434.
196. Wilde JE, Linton SM, Greenaway P (2004) Dietary assimilation and the digestive strategy of the omnivorous anomuran land crab Birgus latro (Coenobitidae). J Comp Physiol B 174: 299-308.
197. Williams MJ (1981) Methods for the analysis of natural diet in the portunid crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Portunidae). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 52: 103-113.
198. Willmer P, Stone G, Johnston I (2005) Environmental physiology of animals, 2nd edn. Blackwell, Malden, p 754.
199. Winlow W, Laverack MS (1972a) The control of hindgut motility in the lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.) 1. Analysis of hindgut movements and receptor activity. Mar Behav Physiol 1: 1-27.
200. Winlow W, Laverack MS (1972b) The control of hindgut motility in the lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.) 2. Motor output. Mar Behav Physiol 1: 29-47.
201. Winlow W, Laverack MS (1972c) The control of hindgut motility in the lobster Homarus gammarus (L.) 3. Structure of the sixth abdominal ganglion (6 A. G.) and associated ablation and microelectrode studies. Mar Behav Physiol 1: 93-121.
202. Wolcott DL, Wolcott TG (1984) Food quality and cannibalism in the red land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis. Physiol Zool 57: 318-324.
203. Wolcott DL, Wolcott TG (1987) Nitrogen limitation in the herbivorous land crab Cardisoma guanhumi. Physiol Zool 60: 262-268.
204. Wrong AD, Sammahin M, Richardson R, Mercier AJ (2003) Pharmacological properties of l-glutamate receptors associated with the crayfish hindgut. J Comp Physiol A 189: 371-378.