Clinical implication of hypovascular hepatocellular carcinoma studied in 4,474 patients with solitary tumour equal or less than 3 cm

Liver International

Volumn 33, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 762-770

  Takayasu, Kenichi ^a   Arii, Shigeki ^b   Sakamoto, Michiie ^c   Matsuyama, Yutaka ^d   Kudo, Masatoshi ^e   Ichida, Takafumi ^f   Nakashima, Osamu ^g   Matsui, Osamu ^h   Izumi, Namiki ⁱ   Ku, Yonson ^j   Kokudo, Norihiro ^k   Makuuchi, Masatoshi ^l  

^a NATIONAL CANCER CENTER HOSPITAL   (Japan)

^b HAMAMATSU ROSAI HOSPITAL   (Japan)

^c KEIO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^e KINKI UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^f JUNTENDO UNIVERSITY SHIZUOKA HOSPITAL   (Japan)

^g KURUME UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Japan)

^h KANAZAWA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE   (Japan)

ⁱ MUSASHINO RED CROSS HOSPITAL   (Japan)

^j KOBE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^k UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^l JAPANESE RED CROSS MEDICAL CENTER   (Japan)

more..

Author keywords

Arterial tumour hypervascularization; Des carboxy prothrombin (DCP); Histologic differentiation; Hypovascular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); Multistep hepatocarcinogenesis

Indexed keywords

ALPHA FETOPROTEIN; DECARBOXYPROTHROMBIN; HEPATITIS C ANTIBODY;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CANCER GRADING; CANCER INVASION; CANCER SIZE; CHILD PUGH SCORE; DISTANT METASTASIS; FEMALE; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PREDICTION;

ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR; HEPATITIS C ANTIBODIES; HUMANS; JAPAN; LIVER NEOPLASMS; LOGISTIC MODELS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; PROTEIN PRECURSORS; PROTHROMBIN;

EID: 84876086158     PISSN: 14783223     EISSN: 14783231     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/liv.12130     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Kamangar F, Dores GM, Anderson WF. Patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across five continents: defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 2137-50.
2. The Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan. Report of the 14th follow-up survey of primary liver cancer. Kyoto: Shinkou-insatsu Press, 2000 (in Japanese): 38.
3. Ikai I, Kudo M, Arii S, et al. Report of the 18th follow-up survey of primary liver cancer in Japan. Hepatol Res 2010; 40: 1043-59.
4. Takayasu K, Shima Y, Muramatsu Y, et al. Angiography of small hepatocellular carcinomas: analysis of 105 resected tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1986; 147: 525-9.
5. Matsui O, Kadoya M, Kameyama T, et al. Benign and malignant nodules in cirrhotic livers: distinction based on blood supply. Radiology 1991; 178: 493-7.
6. Kudo M, Tomita S, Tochio H, et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma: diagnosis with US angiography with intraarterial CO2 microbubbles. Radiology 1992; 182: 155-60.
7. Bolondi L, Gaiani S, Celli N, et al. Characterization of small nodules in cirrhosis by assessment of vascularity: the problem of hypovascular hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2005; 42: 27-34.
8. Yoon SH, Lee JM, So YH, et al. Multiphasic MDCT enhancement pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than 3 cm in diameter: tumor size and cellular differentiation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 193: W482-9.
9. Makuuchi M, Kokudo N, Arii S, et al. Development of evidence-based clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan. Hepatol Res 2008; 38: 37-51.
10. Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2005; 42: 1208-36.
11. Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 2011; 53: 1020-2.
12. Hayashi M, Matsui O, Ueda K, et al. Correlation between the blood supply and grade of malignancy of hepatocellular nodules associated with liver cirrhosis: evaluation by CT during intraarterial injection of contrast medium. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999; 172: 969-76.
13. Kenmochi K, Sugihara S, Kojiro M. Relationship of histologic grade of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to tumor size, and demonstration of tumor cells of multiple different grades in single small HCC. Liver 1987; 7: 18-26.
14. Kanai T, Hirohashi S, Upton MP, et al. Pathology of small hepatocellular carcinoma. A proposal for a new gross classification. Cancer 1987; 60: 810-19.
15. Sakamoto M, Hirohashi S, Shimosato Y. Early stages of multistep hepatocarcinogenesis: adenomatous hyperplasia and early hepatocellular carcinoma. Hum Pathol 1991; 22: 172-8.
16. The Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan. The General Rules for the Clinical and Pathological Study of Primary Liver Cancer. 2nd English ed. Tokyo, Japan: Kanehara & Co., Ltd., 2003.
17. International Consensus Group for Hepatocellular Neoplasia. Pathologic diagnosis of early hepatocellular carcinoma: a report of the international consensus group for hepatocellular neoplasia. Hepatology 2009; 49: 658-64.
18. Takayasu K, Furukawa H, Wakao F, et al. CT diagnosis of early hepatocellular carcinoma: sensitivity, findings, and CT-pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995; 164: 885-90.
19. Takayasu K, Muramatsu Y, Furukawa H, et al. Early hepatocellular carcinoma: appearance at CT during arterial portography and CT arteriography with pathologic correlation. Radiology 1995; 194: 101-5.
20. Arii S, Sata M, Sakamoto M, et al. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: Report of Consensus Meeting in the 45th Annual Meeting of the Japan Society of Hepatology (2009). Hepatol Res 2010; 40: 667-85.
21. Takayama T, Makuuchi M, Hirohashi S, et al. Early hepatocellular carcinoma as an entity with a high rate of surgical cure. Hepatology 1998; 28: 1241-6.
22. Edmondson HA, Steiner PE. Primary carcinoma of the liver: a study of 100 cases among 48, 900 necropsies. Cancer 1954; 7: 462-503.
23. The Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan. The General Rules for the Clinical and Pathological Study of Primary Liver Cancer. 3rd English ed. Tokyo, Japan: Kanehara & Co., Ltd., 2010.
24. Sangiovanni A, Manini MA, Iavarone M, et al. The diagnostic and economic impact of contrast imaging techniques in the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Gut 2010; 59: 638-44.
25. Forner A, Vilana R, Ayuso C, et al. Diagnosis of hepatic nodules 20 mm or smaller in cirrhosis: Prospective validation of the noninvasive diagnostic criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2008; 47: 97-104.
26. Kogita S, Imai Y, Okada M, et al. Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance images of hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation with histological grading and portal blood flow. Eur Radiol 2010; 20: 2405-13.
27. Golfieri R, Renzulli M, Lucidi V, et al. Contribution of the hepatobiliary phase of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI to dynamic MRI in the detection of hypovascular small (≤2 cm) HCC in cirrhosis. Eur Radiol 2011; 21: 1233-42.
28. Oikawa T, Ojima H, Yamasaki S, et al. Multistep and multicentric development of hepatocellular carcinoma: histological analysis of 980 resected nodules. J Hepatol 2005; 42: 225-9.
29. Imamura H, Matsuyama Y, Tanaka E, et al. Risk factors contributing to early and late phase intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. J Hepatol 2003; 38: 200-7.
30. Jonas S, Bechstein WO, Steinmuller T, et al. Vascular invasion and histopathologic grading determine outcome after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2001; 33: 1080-6.
31. Motosugi U, Ichikawa T, Sano K, et al. Outcome of hypovascular hepatic nodules revealing no gadoxetic acid uptake in patients with chronic liver disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 34: 88-94.
32. Kumada T, Toyoda H, Tada T, et al. Evolution of hypointense hepatocellular nodules observed only in the hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011; 197: 58-63.
33. Tochio H, Tomita S, Kudo M, et al. Growth speed of hepatocellular carcinoma - relationship with arterial vascularity evaluated by US angiography. Kanzo (in Japanese)1992; 33: 758-65.
34. Llovet JM, Vilana R, Bru C, et al. Increased risk of tumor seeding after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for single hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2001; 33: 1124-9.
35. Imamura J, Tateishi R, Shiina S, et al. Neoplastic seeding after radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 3057-62.
36. Kudo M, Arii S, Ikai I, et al. Report of the 18th follow-up survey of primary liver cancer in Japan. Kanzo (in Japanese)2010; 51: 460-84.
37. Koike Y, Shiratori Y, Sato S, et al. Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin as a useful predisposing factor for the development of portal venous invasion in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective analysis of 227 patients. Cancer 2001; 91: 561-9.
38. Sakon M, Monden M, Gotoh M, et al. Relationship between pathologic prognostic factors and abnormal levels of des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and alpha-fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Surg 1992; 163: 251-6.
39. Okuda H, Nakanishi T, Takatsu K, et al. Serum levels of des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin measured using the revised enzyme immunoassay kit with increased sensitivity in relation to clinicopathologic features of solitary hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2000; 88: 544-9.
40. Ikai I, Arii S, Kojiro M, et al. Reevaluation of prognostic factors for survival after liver resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a Japanese nationwide survey. Cancer 2004; 101: 796-802.
41. Imamura H, Matsuyama Y, Miyagawa Y, et al. Prognostic significance of anatomical resection and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 1999; 86: 1032-8.
42. Sano K, Ichikawa T, Motosugi U, et al. Imaging study of early hepatocellular carcinoma: usefulness of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 2011; 261: 834-44.