Resource allocation patterns

Resource Allocation Theory Applied to Farm Animal Production

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 22-43

  Glazier, D S ^a  

^a JUNIATA COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84876074852     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (177)

1. Alonso-Alvarez, C., Bertrand, S., Faivre, B. and Sorci, G. (2007) Increased susceptibility to oxidative damage as a cost of accelerated somatic growth in zebra finches. Functional Ecology 21, 873-879.
2. Arendt, J.D. (1997) Adaptive intrinsic growth rates: an integration across taxa. Quarterly Review of Biology 72, 149-177.
3. Badyaev, A.V. (2005) Role of stress in evolution: from individual adaptability to evolutionary adaptation. In: Hallgrimsson, B. and Hall, B.K. (eds) Variation. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 277-302.
4. Bashey, F. (2006) Cross-generational environmental effects and the evolution of offspring size in the Trinidadian guppy Poecilia reticulata. Evolution 60, 348-361.
5. Bauer, G. (1998) Allocation policy of female freshwater pearl mussels. Oecologia 117, 90-94.
6. Begon, M., Townsend, C.R. and Harper, J.L. (2006) Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems. Blackwell, Malden, Massachusetts.
7. Bernardo, J. and Reagan-Wallin, N.L. (2002) Plethodontid salamanders do not conform to "general rules" for ectotherm life histories: insights from allocation models about why simple models do not make accurate predictions. Oikos 97, 398-414.
8. Billerbeck, J.M., Lankford, T.E. and Conover, D.O. (2001) Evolution of intrinsic growth and energy acquisition rates. I. Trade-offs with swimming performance in Menidia menidia. Evolution 55, 1863-1872.
9. Biro, P.A., Post, J.R. and Abrahams, M.V. (2005) Ontogeny of energy allocation reveals selective pressure promoting risk-taking behaviour in young fish cohorts. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 272, 1443-1448.
10. Biro, P.A., Abrahams, M.V., Post, J.R. and Parkinson, E.A. (2006) Behavioural trade-offs between growth and mortality explain evolution of submaximal growth rates. Journal of Animal Ecology 75, 1165-1171.
11. Boggs, C.L. (1992) Resource allocation: exploring connections between foraging and life history. Functional Ecology 6, 508-518.
12. Boggs, C.L. (1994) The role of resource allocation in understanding reproductive patterns. In: Leather, S.R., Watt, A.D., Mills, N. J. and Walters, K.F.A. (eds) Individuals, Populations and Patterns in Ecology. Intercept Ltd, Andover, UK, pp. 25-33.
13. Boire, D. and Baron, G. (1994) Allometric comparison of brain and main brain subdivisions in birds. Journal für Hirnforschung 35, 49-66.
14. Bronson, F.H. (1989) Mammalian Reproductive Biology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
15. Bronson, F.H. (2000) Puberty and energy reserves: a walk on the wild side. In: Wallen, K. and Schneider, J.E. (eds) Reproduction in Context: Social and Environmental Influences on Reproductive Physiology and Behavior. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 15-33.
16. Brown, C.A. (2003) Offspring size-number trade-offs in scorpions: an empirical test of the van Noordwijk and De Jong model. Evolution 57, 2184-2190.
17. Brown, G.P. and Shine, R. (2007) Repeatability and heritability of reproductive traits in free-ranging snakes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20, 588-596.
18. Brown, W.H., Pearce, L. and Van Allen, C.M. (1926) Effects of spontaneous disease on organ weights of rabbits. Journal of Experimental Medicine 43, 241-262.
19. Bruinzeel, L.W. and Piersma, T. (1998) Cost reduction in the cold: heat generated by terrestrial locomotion partly substitutes for thermoregulation in Knot Calidrus canutus. Ibis 140, 323-328.
20. Bryant, P.J. and Simpson, P. (1984) Intrinsic and extrinsic control of growth in developing organs. Quarterly Review of Biology 59, 387-415.
21. Calow, P. (1979) The cost of reproduction - a physiological approach. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 54, 23-40.
22. Calow, P. (1994) From physiological ecology to population and evolutionary ecology with speculation on the importance of storage processes. In: Leather, S.R., Watt, A.D., Mills, N. J. and Walters, K.F.A. (eds) Individuals, Populations and Patterns in Ecology. Intercept Ltd, Andover, UK, pp. 349-358.
23. Chadio, S.E., Kotsampasi, B., Papadomichelakis, G., Deligeorgis, S., Kalogiannis, D., Menegatos, I. and Zervas, G. (2007) Impact of maternal undernutrition on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness in sheep at different ages. Journal of Endocrinology 192, 495-503.
24. Cheverud, J.M., Falk, D., Vannier, M., Konisberg, L., Helmkamp, R.C. and Hildebolt, C. (1990) Heritability of brain size and surface features in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Heredity 81, 51-57.
25. Christians, J.K. (2000) Trade-offs between egg size and number in waterfowl: an interspecific test of the van Noordwijk and De Jong model. Functional Ecology 14, 497-501.
26. Cody, M. (1966) A general theory of clutch size. Evolution 20, 174-184.
27. Constância, M., Kelsey, G. and Reik, W. (2004) Resourceful imprinting. Nature 432, 53-57.
28. Cuervo, J. J. and Møller, A.P. (1999) Evolutionary rates of secondary sexual and non-sexual characters among birds. Evolutionary Ecology 13, 283-303.
29. Darwin, C. (1859) On the Origin of Species. John Murray, London.
30. Darwin, C. (1874) The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. Merrill and Baker, New York.
31. Darwin, C. (1899) The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, Volume II. Appleton, New York.
32. Deaner, R.O. and Nunn, C.L. (1999) How quickly do brains catch up with bodies? A comparative method for detecting evolutionary lag. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 266, 687-694.
33. De Blasio, M. J., Gatford, K.L., Robinson, J.S. and Owens, J.A. (2007) Placental restriction of fetal growth reduces size at birth and alters postnatal growth, feeding activity, and adiposity in the young lamb. American Journal of Physiology, 292, R875-R886.
34. De Jong, G. (1993) Covariances between traits deriving from successive allocations of a resource. Functional Ecology 7, 75-83.
35. Desai, M., Crowther, N. J., Lucas, A. and Hales, C.N. (1996) Organ-selective growth in the offspring of protein-restricted mothers. British Journal of Nutrition 76, 591-603.
36. Ebinger, P. (1995) Domestication and plasticity of brain organization in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Brain, Behavior and Evolution 45, 286-300.
37. Egerton, F.N. (1973) Changing concepts of the balance of nature. Quarterly Review of Biology 48, 322-350.
38. Emlen, D. J. and Allen, C.E. (2004) Genotype to phenotype: physiological control of trait size and scaling in insects. Integrative and Comparative Biology 43, 617-634.
39. Feeny, P. (1976) Plant apparency and chemical defence. Recent Advances in Phytochemistry 10, 1-40.
40. Friedman, L., Gaines, D.W., Newell, R.F., Smith, M.C., Braunberg, R.C., Flynn, T. J. and O'Donnell, M.W. (1995) Growth patterns in selected organs of the miniature swine as determined by gross macromolecular composition. Journal of Animal Science 73, 1340-1350.
41. Fuller, J.L. (1979) Fuller BWS lines: history and results. In: Hahn, M.E., Jensen, C. and Dudek, B.C. (eds) Development and Evolution of Brain Size. Academic Press, New York, pp. 190-204.
42. Gericke, A., Gille, U., Trautvetter, T. and Salomon, F.-V. (2005) Postnatal growth in male Dunkin- Hartley guinea pigs (Cavia cutleri f. porcellus). Journal of Experimental Animal Science 43, 87-99.
43. Ghosh, P.K. (1975) Thermo-regulation and water economy in Indian desert rodents. In: Prakash, I. and Ghosh, P.K. (eds) Rodents in Desert Environments. Dr W. Junk, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp. 397-412.
44. Glazier, D.S. (1980) Ecological shifts and the evolution of geographically restricted species of North American Peromyscus. Journal of Biogeography 7, 63-83.
45. Glazier, D.S. (1985) Energetics of litter size in five species of Peromyscus with generalizations for other mammals. Journal of Mammalogy 66, 629-642.
46. Glazier, D.S. (1992) Effects of food, genotype, and maternal size and age on offspring investment in Daphnia magna. Ecology 73, 910-926.
47. Glazier, D.S. (1998) Springs as model systems for ecology and evolutionary biology: a case study of Gammarus minus Say (Amphipoda) in mid-Appalachian springs differing in pH and ionic content. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Studies in Crenobiology: The Biology of Springs and Springbrooks. Backhuys, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 49-62.
48. Glazier, D.S. (1999) Trade-offs between reproductive and somatic (storage) investments in animals: a comparative test of the Van Noordwijk and De Jong model. Evolutionary Ecology 13, 539-555.
49. Glazier, D.S. (2002a) Parental care. In: Pagel, M. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Evolution, Volume 2. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 860-865.
50. Glazier, D.S. (2002b) Resource-allocation rules and the heritability of traits. Evolution 56, 1696-1700.
51. Glazier, D.S. and Calow, P. (1992) Energy allocation rules in Daphnia magna: clonal and age differences in the effects of food limitation. Oecologia 90, 540-549.
52. Glazier, D.S. and Eckert, S.E. (2002) Competitive ability, body size and geographical range size in small mammals. Journal of Biogeography 29, 81-92.
53. Glazier, D.S., Wolf, J.F. and Kelly, C. J. (2003) Reproductive investment of aquatic and terrestrial isopods in central Pennsylvania. In: Sfenthourakis, S., De Aruajo, P.B., Hornung, E., Schmalfuss, H., Taiti, S. and Szlavecz, K. (eds) Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on the Biology of Terrestrial Isopods. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 151-179.
54. Glore, S.R. and Layman, D.K. (1985) Loss of tissues in female rats subjected to food restriction during lactation or during both gestation and lactation. Journal of Nutrition 115, 233-242.
55. Gomendio, M., Malo, A.F., Soler, A. J., Fernández-Santos, M.R., Esteso, M.C., García, A. J., Roldan, E.R.S. and Garde, J. (2006) Male fertility and sex ratio at birth in red deer. Science 314, 1445-1447.
56. Goss, R. J. (1966) Hypertrophy versus hyperplasia. Science 153, 1615-1620.
57. Haig, D. (1993) Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy. Quarterly Review of Biology 68, 495-532.
58. Hammett, F.S. (1929) Thyroid and growth. Quarterly Review of Biology 4, 353-372.
59. Hammond, J. (1947) Animal breeding in relation to nutrition and environmental conditions. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 22, 195-213.
60. Hammond, J. (1952) Physiological limits to intensive production in animals. British Agricultural Bulletin 4, 222-224.
61. Hart, J.S. (1971) Rodents. In: Whittow, G.C. (ed.) Comparative Physiology of Thermoregulation. Academic Press, New York, pp. 1-149.
62. Harvey, P.H. and Krebs, J.R. (1990) Comparing brains. Science 249, 140-146.
63. Heino, M. and Kaitala, V. (1999) Evolution of resource allocation between growth and reproduction in animals with indeterminate growth. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 12, 423-429.
64. Hewison, A. J.M. and Gaillard, J.-M. (1999) Successful sons or advantaged daughters? The Trivers- Willard model and sex-biased maternal investment in ungulates. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14, 229-234.
65. Hilton, G.M., Lilliendahl, K., Solmundsson, J., Houston, D.C. and Furness, R.W. (2000) Geographical variation in the size of body organs in seabirds. Functional Ecology 14, 369-379.
66. Houdijk, J.G.M., Kyriazakis, I., Jackson, F., Huntley, J.F. and Coop, R.L. (2003) Is the allocation of metabolisable protein prioritized to milk production rather than to immune functions in Teladorsagia circumcincta-infected lactating ewes?. International Journal of Parasitology 33, 327-338.
67. Houle, D. (1992) Comparing evolvability and variability of quantitative traits. Genetics 130, 195-204.
68. Houle, D., Morikawa, B. and Lynch, M. (1996) Comparing mutational variabilities. Genetics 143, 1467-1483.
69. Hughes, K.A., Rodd, F.H. and Reznick, D.N. (2005) Genetic and environmental effects on secondary sex traits in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18, 35-45.
70. Huxley, J.S. (1932) Problems of Relative Growth. Methuen, London.
71. Isaac, J.L., Krockenberger, A.K. and Johnson, C.N. (2005) Adaptive sex allocation in relation to life history in the common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula. Journal of Animal Ecology 74, 552-558.
72. Isler, K. and van Schaik, C. (2006) Costs of encephalization: the energy trade-off hypothesis tested on birds. Journal of Human Evolution 51, 228-243.
73. Jackson, C.M. (1913) Postnatal growth and variability of the body and of the various organs in the albino rat. American Journal of Anatomy 15, 1-68.
74. Jackson, C.M. (1915) Effects of acute and chronic inanition upon the relative weights of the various organs and systems of adult albino rats. American Journal of Anatomy 18, 75-111.
75. Jackson, C.M. and Stewart, C.A. (1920) The effects of inanition in the young upon the ultimate size of the body and of the various organs in the albino rat. Journal of Experimental Zoology 30, 97-128.
76. Jackson, D.C. (1987) Assigning priorities among interacting physiological systems. In: Feder, M.E., Bennett, A.F., Burggren, W.W. and Huey, R.B. (eds) New Directions in Ecological Physiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 310-327.
77. Jackson, S. and Diamond, J. (1996) Metabolic and digestive responses to artificial selection in chickens. Evolution 50, 1638-1650.
78. Jeffery, W.R. (2005) Adaptive evolution of eye degeneration in the Mexican blind catfish. Journal of Heredity 96, 185-196.
79. Jokela, J. (1996) Within-season reproductive and somatic energy allocation in a freshwater clam, Anodonta piscinalis. Oecologia 105, 167-174.
80. Kaitala, A. (1991) Phenotypic plasticity in reproductive behaviour of waterstriders: trade-offs between reproduction and longevity during food stress. Functional Ecology 5, 12-18.
81. Kaseloo, P.A. and Lovvorn, J.R. (2006) Substitution of heat from exercise and digestion by ducks diving for mussels at varying depths and temperatures. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 176, 265-275.
82. Kingsolver, J.G., Hoekstra, H.E., Hoekstra, J.M., Berrigan, D., Vignieri, N., Hill, C.E., Hoang, A., Gibert, P. and Beerli, P. (2001) The strength of phenotypic selection in natural populations. American Naturalist 157, 245-261.
83. Kinnison, M.T. and Hendry, A.P. (2001) The pace of modern life II. From rates of contemporary microevolution to pattern and process. Genetica 112-113, 145-164.
84. Kleiber, M. (1961) The Fire of Life, 1st edn. Wiley, New York.
85. Kooijman, S.A.L.M. (2000) Dynamic Energy and Mass Budgets in Biological Systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
86. Kramer, A.W. (1964) Body and organ weights and linear measurements of the adult Mongolian gerbil. Anatomical Record 150, 343-348.
87. Krockenberger, A. (2003) Meeting the energy demands of reproduction in female koalas, Phascolarctos cinereus, evidence for energetic compensation. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 173, 531-540.
88. Król, E., Johnson, M.S. and Speakman, J.R. (2003) Limits to sustained energy intake. VIII. Resting metabolic rate and organ morphology of laboratory mice lactating at thermoneutrality. Journal of Experimental Biology 206, 4283-4291.
89. Kruska, D. (1975) Comparative quantitative study on brains of wild and laboratory rats. I. Comparison of volume of total brain and classical brain parts. Journal für Hirnforschung 16, 469-483.
90. Kruska, D. (1987) How fast can total brain size change?. Journal für Hirnforschung 28, 59-70.
91. Kruska, D. (1996) The effect of domestication on brain size and composition in the mink (Mustela vison). Journal of Zoology 239, 645-661.
92. Lack, D. (1954) The Natural Regulation of Animal Numbers. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
93. Langer, P. (2002) The digestive tract and life history of small mammals. Mammal Review 32, 107-131.
94. Larson, S.G. (1985) Organ weight scaling in primates. In: Jungers, W.L. (ed.) Size and Scaling in Primate Biology. Plenum, New York, pp. 91-113.
95. Lee, C.-J. and Dubos, R. (1971) Lasting biological effects of early environmental influences: VI. Effects of early environmental stresses on metabolic activity and organ weights. Journal of Experimental Medicine 133, 147-155.
96. Love, O.P., Chin, E.H., Wynne-Edwards, K.E. and Williams, T.D. (2005) Stress hormones: a link between maternal condition and sex-biased reproductive investment. American Naturalist 166, 751-766.
97. Lumma, V. and Clutton-Brock, T. (2002) Early development, survival and reproduction in humans. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17, 141-147.
98. MacArthur, R.H. and Wilson, E.O. (1967) The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
99. Mauck, R.A., Matson, K.D., Philipsborn, J. and Ricklefs, R.E. (2005) Increase in the constitutive innate humoral immune system in Leach's Storm Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) chicks is negatively correlated with growth rate. Functional Ecology 19, 1001-1007.
100. McCauley, E., Murdoch, W.W., Nisbet, R.M. and Gurney, W.S.C. (1990) The physiological ecology of Daphnia; development of a model of growth and reproduction. Ecology 71, 703-715.
101. McManus, M.G. and Travis, J. (1998) Effects of temperature and salinity on the life history of the sailfin molly (Pisces: Poeciliidae): lipid storage and reproductive allocation. Oecologia 114, 317-325.
102. McNamara, J.M., Ekman, J. and Houston, A.I. (2004) The effect of thermoregulatory substitution on optimal energy reserves of small birds in winter. Oikos 105, 192-196.
103. Merilä, J. and Sheldon, B.C. (1999) Genetic architecture of fitness and nonfitness traits: empirical patterns and development of ideas. Heredity 83, 103-109.
104. Metcalfe, N.B. and Monaghan, P. (2001) Compensation for a bad start: grow now, pay later?. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16, 254-260.
105. Miller, G.F. and Penke, L. (2007) The evolution of human intelligence and the coefficient of additive genetic variance in human brain size. Intelligence 35, 97-114.
106. Mink, J.W., Blumenschine, R. J. and Adams, D.B. (1981) Ratio of central nervous system to body metabolism in vertebrates - its constancy and functional basis. American Journal of Physiology 241, R203-R212.
107. Møller, A.P. and Szép, T. (2005) Rapid evolutionary change in a secondary sexual character linked to climatic change. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18, 481-495.
108. Monaghan, P. (2004) Resource allocation and life history strategies in birds. Acta Zoologica Sinica 50, 942-947.
109. Morris, D.W. (1987) Optimal allocation of parental investment Oikos 49, 290-292.
110. Nealen, P.M. and Ricklefs, R.E. (2001) Early diversification of the avian brain-body relationship. Journal of Zoology 253, 391-404.
111. Niewiarowski, P.H. (2001) Energy budgets, growth rates, and thermal constraints: toward an integrative approach to the study of life histories. American Naturalist 157, 421-433.
112. Nogueira, A. J.A., Baird, D. J. and Soares, A.M.V.M. (2004) Testing physiologically-based resource allocation rules in laboratory experiments with Daphnia magna Straus. Annales de Limnologie 40, 257-267.
113. Perrigo, G. (1990) Food, sex, time, and effort in a small mammal: energy allocation strategies for survival and reproduction. Behaviour 114, 191-205.
114. Perrin, N. (1992) Optimal resource allocation and the marginal value of organs. American Naturalist 139, 1344-1369.
115. Pianka, E.R. (1976) Natural selection of optimal reproductive tactics. American Zoologist 16, 775-784.
116. Piersma, T. and Lindström, Å. (1997) Rapid reversible changes in organ size as a component of adaptive behaviour. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12, 134-138.
117. Pitnick, S., Jones, K.E. and Wilkinson, G.S. (2006) Mating system and brain size in bats. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 273, 719-724.
118. Pomiankowski, A. and Møller, A.P. (1995) A resolution of the lek paradox. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 260, 21-29.
119. Pucek, Z. (1965) Seasonal and age changes in the weight of internal organs of shrews. Acta Theriologica 26, 369-438.
120. Purohit, K.G., Purohit, A. and Chhabra, A. (1986) Effects of starvation on tissue glycogen and blood glucose levels in the Indian Gerbil Tatera indica indica (Hardwicke). Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 33, 205-207.
121. Rensch, B. (1959) Evolution Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York.
122. Ricklefs, R.E. (1991) Structures and transformations of life histories. Functional Ecology 5, 174-183.
123. Ricklefs, R.E. (2004) The cognitive face of avian life histories. Wilson Bulletin 116, 119-133.
124. Ricklefs, R.E. (2006) Embryo development and ageing in birds and mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 273, 2077-2082.
125. Ricklefs, R.E. and Marks, H.L. (1984) Insensitivity of brain growth to selection of four-week body mass in Japanese quail. Evolution 38, 1180-1185.
126. Rieck, O., Gille, U., Salomon, F.-V., Gericke, A. and Ludwig, B. (1996) Growth in rats (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout) 2. Growth of internal organs. Journal of Experimental Animal Science 37, 200-215.
127. Risch, T.S., Michener, G.R. and Dobson, F.S. (2007) Variation in litter size: a test of hypotheses in Richardson's ground squirrels. Ecology 88, 306-314.
128. Riska, B. and Atchley, W.R. (1985) Genetics of growth predict patterns of brain size evolution. Science 229, 668-671.
129. Røed, K.H., Holand, Ø., Mysterud, A., Tverdal, A., Kumpula, J. and Nieminen, M. (2007) Male phenotypic quality influences offspring sex ratio in a polygynous ungulate. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 274, 727-733.
130. Roff, D.A. (1992) The Evolution of Life Histories: Theory and Analysis. Chapman & Hall, New York.
131. Roff, D.A. (2002) Life History Evolution. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
132. Roff, D.A. and Fairbairn, D. J. (2007) The evolution of trade-offs: where are we?. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20, 433-447.
133. Rolff, J. (1999) Parasitism increases offspring size in a damselfly: experimental evidence for parasitemediated maternal effects. Animal Behaviour 58, 1105-1108.
134. Rollo, C.D. (1995) Phenotypes: Their Epigenetics, Ecology and Evolution. Chapman & Hall, London.
135. Rollo, C.D. (2002) Growth negatively impacts the life span of mammals. Evolution and Development 4, 55-61.
136. Rollo, C.D., Rintoul, J. and Kajiura, L. J. (1997) Lifetime reproduction of giant transgenic mice: the energy stress paradigm. Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, 1336-1345.
137. Romer, A.S. (1972) The vertebrate as a dual organism: the somato-visceral animal. Evolutionary Biology 6, 121-156.
138. Rosenfeld, C.S. and Roberts, R.M. (2004) Maternal diet and other factors affecting offspring sex ratio: a review. Biology of Reproduction 71, 1063-1070.
139. Rosso, P. (1981) Nutrition and maternal-fetal exchange. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34, 744-755.
140. Rowe, L. and Houle, D. (1996) The lek paradox and the capture of genetic variance by condition dependent traits. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 263, 1415-1421.
141. Rubner, M. (1910) Über Kompensation und Summation von funktionellen Leistungen des Körpers. Sitzungsberichte Koniglich Preussichen der Akademie der Wissenshaften (Berlin) 16, 316-324.
142. Sakai, S. and Harada, Y. (2001) Sink-limitation and the size-number trade-off of organs: production of organs using a fixed amount of reserves. Evolution 55, 467-476.
143. Sawabe, M., Saito, M., Naka, M., Kasahara, I., Saito, Y., Arai, T., Hamamatsu, A. and Shirasawa, T. (2006) Standard organ weights among elderly Japanese who died in hospital, including 50 centenarians. Pathology International 56, 315-323.
144. Schillaci, M.A. (2006) Sexual selection and the evolution of brain size in primates. PLoS ONE 1(1): e62 (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000062).
145. Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1984) Scaling: Why is Animal Size So Important? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
146. Schneider, J.E. and Wade, G.N. (2000) Inhibition of reproduction in service of energy balance. In: Wallen, K. and Schneider, J.E. (eds) Reproduction in Context: Social and Environmental Influences on Reproductive Physiology and Behavior. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 35-82.
147. Sheldon, B.C. (2000) Differential allocation: tests, mechanisms and implications. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15, 397-402.
148. Sibly, R.M. (1991) The life history approach to physiological ecology. Functional Ecology 5, 184-191.
149. Sibly, R.M. and Calow, P. (1986) Physiological Ecology of Animals. Blackwell, Oxford.
150. Southwood, T.R.E. (1988) Tactics, strategies and templets. Oikos 52, 3-18.
151. Sol, D., Székely, T., Liker, A. and Lefebvre, L. (2007) Big-brained birds survive better in nature. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 274, 763-769.
152. Sparkman, A.M., Arnold, S. J. and Bronikowski, A.M. (2007) An empirical test of evolutionary theories for reproductive senescence and reproductive effort in the garter snake Thamnophis elegans. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 274, 943-950.
153. Spencer, K.A. and Bryant, D.M. (2001) State-dependent behaviour in breeding barn swallows (Hirundo rustica): consequences for reproductive effort. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 269, 403-410.
154. Stanger, B.Z., Tanaka, A. J. and Melton, D.A. (2007) Organ size is limited by the number of embryonic progenitor cells in the pancreas but not the liver. Nature 445, 886-891.
155. Starck, J.M. (1999) Structural flexibility of the gastro-intestinal tract of vertebrates - implications for evolutionary morphology. Zoologischer Anzeiger 238, 87-101.
156. Stearns, S.C. (1992) The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
157. Stevens, C.E. and Hume, I.D. (1995) Comparative Physiology of the Vertebrate Digestive System. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
158. Stewart, S.A. and German, R.Z. (1999) Sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic allometry of soft tissues in Rattus norvegicus. Journal of Morphology 242, 57-66.
159. Swan, L.W. (1990) The concordance of ontogeny with phylogeny. BioScience 40, 376-384.
160. Trivers, R.L. and Willard, D.E. (1973) Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science 179, 90-92.
161. Uller, T., Isaksson, C. and Olsson, M. (2006) Immune challenge reduces reproductive output and growth in a lizard. Functional Ecology 20, 873-879.
162. van Noordwijk, A. J. and De Jong, G. (1986) Acquisition and allocation of resources: their influence on variation in life history tactics. American Naturalist 128, 137-142.
163. Wade, G.N. and Schneider, J.E. (1992) Metabolic fuels and reproduction in female mammals. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 16, 235-272.
164. Wang, Z., O'Connor, T.P., Heshka, S. and Heymsfield, S.B. (2001) The reconstruction of Kleiber's law at the organ-tissue level. Journal of Nutrition 131, 2967-2970.
165. Wiens, J.A. (1984) Resource systems, populations, and communities. In: Price, P.W., Slobodchikoff, C.N. and Gaud, W.S. (eds) A New Ecology, Novel Approaches to Interactive Systems. Wiley, New York, pp. 397-436.
166. Wieser, W. (1985) A new look at energy conversion in ectothermic and endothermic animals. Oecologia 66, 506-510.
167. Wieser, W. (1989) Energy allocation by addition and by compensation: an old principle revisited. In: Wieser, W. and Gnaiger, E. (eds) Energy Transformations in Cells and Organisms. Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, New York, pp. 98-105.
168. Witter, M.S. and Cuthhill, I.C. (1993) The ecological costs of avian fat storage. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 340, 73-92.
169. Woolhead, A.S. (1983) Energy partitioning in semelparous and iteroparous triclads. Journal of Animal Ecology 52, 603-620.
170. Wootton, R. J. (1990) Ecology of Teleost Fishes. Chapman & Hall, London.
171. Worley, A.C., Houle, D. and Barrett, S.C.H. (2003) Consequences of hierarchical allocation for the evolution of life-history traits. American Naturalist 161, 153-167.
172. Worthman, C.M. and Kuzara, J. (2005) Life history and the early origins of health differentials. American Journal of Human Biology 17, 95-112.
173. Wright, R. (2000) Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny. Random House, New York.
174. Wunder, B.A. (1978) Implications of a conceptual model for the allocation of energy resources by small mammals. In: Snyder, D.P. (ed.) Populations of Small Mammals under Natural Conditions. Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology Special Publication Series, Volume 5, Linesville, Pennsylvania, pp. 68-75.
175. Yablokov, A.V. (1974) Variability of Mammals. Amerind, New Delhi.
176. Yaskin, V.A. (1984) Seasonal changes in brain morphology in small mammals. In: Merritt, J.F. (ed.) Winter Ecology of Small Mammals. Special Publication of Carnegie Museum of Natural History Number 10, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, pp. 183-191.
177. Zhou, F., Zhu, X., Castellani, R. J., Stimmelmayr, R., Perry, G., Smith, M.A. and Drew, K.L. (2001) Hibernation, a model of neuroprotection. American Journal of Pathology 158, 2145-2151.