Are Iraq and Afghanistan veterans using mental health services? New data from a national random-sample survey

Psychiatric Services

Volumn 64, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 134-141

  Elbogen, Eric B ^a,b   Wagner, H Ryan ^b,c   Johnson, Sally C ^a   Kinneer, Patricia ^a   Kang, Han ^d   Vasterling, Jennifer J ^e,f   Timko, Christine ^g,h   Beckham, Jean C ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b DURHAM VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS   (United States)

^e VA BOSTON HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^f BOSTON UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^g VA PALO ALTO HEALTH CARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^h STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFGHANISTAN; AGED; ALCOHOL ABUSE; ARTICLE; AWARENESS; COMPREHENSION; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; IRAQ; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT; SEX DIFFERENCE; VETERAN; ADULT; MENTAL DISEASE; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RISK; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SEX RATIO; SOCIAL STIGMA; STATISTICAL MODEL; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES; UTILIZATION REVIEW; WAR;

ADULT; AFGHAN CAMPAIGN 2001-; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; IRAQ WAR, 2003 - 2011; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES; ODDS RATIO; PATIENT ACCEPTANCE OF HEALTH CARE; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SEX DISTRIBUTION; SOCIAL STIGMA; UNITED STATES; VETERANS;

MLCS; MLOWN;

EID: 84876040030     PISSN: 10752730     EISSN: 15579700     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.004792011     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, et al: Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine 351:13-22, 2004
2. Thomas JL, Wilk JE, Riviere LA, et al: Prevalence of mental health problems and functional impairment among active component and National Guard soldiers 3 and 12 months following combat in Iraq. Archives of General Psychiatry 67:614-623, 2010
3. Smith TC, Ryan MAK, Wingard DL, et al; Millennium Cohort Study Team: new onset and persistent symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder self reported after deployment and combat exposures: prospective population based US military cohort study. British Medical Journal 336:366-371, 2008
4. Tanielian T, Jaycox L (eds): Invisible Wounds of War: Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery. Santa Monica, Calif, RAND Corp, 2008. Available at www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG720
5. Iversen AC, van Staden L, Hughes JH, et al: The prevalence of common mental disorders and PTSD in the UK military: using data from a clinical interview-based study. BMC Psychiatry 9:68, 2009
6. Fear NT, Jones M, Murphy D, et al: What are the consequences of deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan on the mental health of the UK armed forces? A cohort study. Lancet 375:1783-1797, 2010
7. Bray RM, Hourani LL: Substance use trends among active duty military personnel: findings from the United States Department of Defense Health Related Behavior Surveys, 1980-2005. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 102:1092-1101, 2007
8. Burnett-Zeigler I, Ilgen M, Valenstein M, et al: Prevalence and correlates of alcohol misuse among returning Afghanistan and Iraq veterans. Addictive Behaviors 36: 801-806, 2011
9. Sayer NA, Friedemann-Sanchez G, Spoont M, et al: A qualitative study of determinants of PTSD treatment initiation in veterans. Psychiatry 72:238-255, 2009
10. Seal KH, Metzler TJ, Gima KS, et al: Trends and risk factors for mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans using Department of Veterans Affairs health care, 2002-2008. American Journal of Public Health 99:1651-1658, 2009
11. Milliken CS, Auchterlonie JL, Hoge CW: Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq war. JAMA 298:2141-2148, 2007
12. Ouimette P, Vogt D, Wade M, et al: Perceived barriers to care among Veterans Health Administration patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Services 8:212-223, 2011
13. Kim PY, Thomas JL, Wilk JE, et al: Stigma, barriers to care, and use of mental health services among active duty and National Guard soldiers after combat. Psychiatric Services 61:582-588, 2010
14. Wright KM, Cabrera OA, Bliese PD, et al: Stigma and barriers to care in soldiers postcombat. Psychological Services 6: 108-116, 2009
15. Eaton KM, Hoge CW, Messer SC, et al: Prevalence of mental health problems, treatment need, and barriers to care among primary care-seeking spouses of military service members involved in Iraq and Afghanistan deployments. Military Medicine 173:1051-1056, 2008
16. Drapalski AL, Milford JG, Goldberg RW, et al: Perceived barriers to medical care and mental health care among veterans with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services 59:921-924, 2008
17. Kim PY, Britt TW, Klocko RP, et al: Stigma, negative attitudes about treatment, and utilization of mental health care among soldiers.Military Psychology 23:65-81, 2011
18. Bryan CJ, Morrow CE: Circumventing mental health stigma by embracing the warrior culture: lessons learned from the Defender's Edge program. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice 42: 16-23, 2011
19. Stecker T, Fortney JC, Hamilton F, et al: An assessment of beliefs about mental health care among veterans who served in Iraq. Psychiatric Services 58:1358-1361, 2007
20. Bray RM, Hourani LL, Rae KL, et al: 2002 Department of Defense Survey of Health Related Behaviors Among Military Personnel. Research Triangle Park, NC, RTI International, 2003
21. Westphal RJ: Fleet leaders' attitudes about subordinates' use of mental health services. Military Medicine 172:1138-1143, 2007
22. Iversen AC, van Staden L, Hughes JH, et al: Help-seeking and receipt of treatment among UK service personnel. British Journal of Psychiatry 197:149-155, 2010
23. Oishi SM, Rose DE, Washington DL, et al: National variations in VA mental health care for women veterans. Women's Health Issues 21(suppl):S130-S137, 2011
24. Washington DL, Bean-Mayberry B, Mitchell MN, et al: Tailoring VA primary care to women veterans: association with patient-rated quality and satisfaction.Women's Health Issues 21(suppl):S112-S119, 2011
25. Washington DL, Bean-Mayberry B, Riopelle D, et al: Access to care for women veterans: delayed healthcare and unmet need. Journal of General Internal Medicine 26(suppl 2): 655-661, 2011
26. Yano EM, Hayes P, Wright S, et al: Integration of women veterans into VA quality improvement research efforts: what researchers need to know. Journal of General Internal Medicine 25(suppl 1): 56-61, 2010
27. Gray GC, Smith TC, Kang HK, et al: Are Gulf War veterans suffering war-related illnesses? Federal and civilian hospitalizations examined, June 1991 to December 1994. American Journal of Epidemiology 151:63-71, 2000
28. Beckham JC, Becker ME, Hamlett-Berry KW, et al: Preliminary findings from a clinical demonstration project for veterans returning from Iraq or Afghanistan. Military Medicine 173:448-451, 2008
29. Dillman DA, Smyth JD, Christian LM: Internet, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method, 3rd ed. New York, Wiley, 2009
30. Burnam MA, Meredith LS, Helmus TC, et al: Systems of care: challenges and opportunities to improve access to high-quality care; in Wounds of War: Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery. Edited by Tanielian T, Jaycox L. Santa Monica, Calif, RAND Corp, 2008. Available at www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG720/
31. Davidson JRT, Book SW, Colket JT, et al: Assessment of a new self-rating scale for post-traumatic stress disorder: the Davidson Trauma Scale. Psychological Medicine 27: 153-160, 1997
32. McDonald SD, Beckham JC, Morey RA, et al: The validity and diagnostic efficiency of the Davidson Trauma Scale in military veterans who have served since September 11, 2001. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 23: 247-255, 2009
33. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW: The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine 16:606-613, 2001
34. Bradley KA, Bush KR: Screening for problem drinking: comparison of CAGE and AUDIT. Journal of General Internal Medicine 13:379-388, 1998
35. FY2009 Annual Demographic Profile of Military Members in the Department of Defense and US Coast Guard. Statistical Series pamphlet 08-10. Satellite Beach, Fla, Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute, 2010
36. Dutra L, Grubbs K, Greene C, et al: Women at war: implications for mental health. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation 12:25-37, 2011
37. Katz LS, Bloor LE, Cojucar G, et al: Women who served in Iraq seeking mental health services: relationships between military sexual trauma, symptoms, and readjustment. Psychological Services 4: 239-249, 2007
38. Street AE, Vogt D, Dutra L: A new generation of women veterans: stressors faced by women deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. Clinical Psychology Review 29: 685-694, 2009
39. Hoge CW, Clark JC, Castro CA: Commentary: women in combat and the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. International Journal of Epidemiology 36:327-329, 2007
40. Schneiderman AI, Braver ER, Kang HK: Understanding sequelae of injury mechanisms and mild traumatic brain injury incurred during the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan: persistent postconcussive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Epidemiology 167:1446-1452, 2008
41. Maguen S, Ren L, Bosch JO, et al: Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in Veterans Affairs health care. American Journal of Public Health 100: 2450-2456, 2010
42. Grant BF, Dawson DA, Stinson FS, et al: The 12-month prevalence and trends in DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: United States, 1991-1992 and 2001-2002. Alcohol Research and Health 29:79-91, 2006
43. Nunnink SE, Goldwaser G, Heppner PS, et al: Female veterans of the OEF/OIF conflict: concordance of PTSD symptoms and substance misuse. Addictive Behaviors 35:655-659, 2010