Systematic Review and Consensus Guidelines for Environmental Sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2013, Pages

  Limmathurotsakul, Direk ^a   Dance, David A B ^b,c   Wuthiekanun, Vanaporn ^a   Kaestli, Mirjam ^d   Mayo, Mark ^d   Warner, Jeffrey ^e   Wagner, David M ^f   Tuanyok, Apichai ^f   Wertheim, Heiman ^c,g   Yoke Cheng, Tan ^h   Mukhopadhyay, Chiranjay ⁱ   Puthucheary, Savithiri ^j   Day, Nicholas P J ^a,c   Steinmetz, Ivo ^k   Currie, Bart J ^d   Peacock, Sharon J ^a,l  

^a MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

^b MAHOSOT HOSPITAL   (Laos)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^d ROYAL DARWIN HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^e JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^f NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g OXFORD UNIVERSITY CLINICAL RESEARCH UNIT   (Viet Nam)

^h DSO NATIONAL LABORATORIES   (Singapore)

ⁱ KASTURBA MEDICAL COLLEGE   (India)

^j DUKE NUS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Singapore)

^k UNIVERSITY OF GREIFSWALD   (Germany)

^l UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR SAMPLING; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; BURKHOLDERIA PSEUDOMALLEI; CONSENSUS; GENOTYPING TECHNIQUE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST; MELIOIDOSIS; NONHUMAN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; SEASONAL VARIATION; SOIL ANALYSIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

EID: 84876012642     PISSN: 19352727     EISSN: 19352735     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002105     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Whitmore A, Krishnaswami CS, (1912) An account of the discovery of a hitherto undescribed infective disease occuring among the population of Rangoon. Indian Med Gazette 47: 262-267.
2. Limmathurotsakul D, Wongratanacheewin S, Teerawattanasook N, Wongsuvan G, Chaisuksant S, et al. (2010) Increasing incidence of human melioidosis in Northeast Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 1113-1117.
3. Currie BJ, Fisher DA, Howard DM, Burrow JN, Selvanayagam S, et al. (2000) The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Acta Trop 74: 121-127.
4. Currie BJ, Dance DA, Cheng AC, (2008) The global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and melioidosis: an update. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102 Suppl 1: S1-4.
5. John TJ, Jesudason MV, Lalitha MK, Ganesh A, Mohandas V, et al. (1996) Melioidosis in India: the tip of the iceberg? Indian J Med Res 103: 62-65.
6. Weissert C, Dollenmaier G, Rafeiner P, Riehm J, Schultze D, (2009) Burkholderia pseudomallei misidentified by automated system. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1799-1801.
7. Deepak RN, Crawley B, Phang E, (2008) Burkholderia pseudomallei identification: a comparison between the API 20NE and VITEK2GN systems. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102 Suppl 1: S42-44.
8. Cheng AC, Currie BJ, (2005) Melioidosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev 18: 383-416.
9. Wuthiekanun V, Mayxay M, Chierakul W, Phetsouvanh R, Cheng AC, et al. (2005) Detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil within the Lao People's Democratic Republic. J Clin Microbiol 43: 923-924.
10. Phetsouvanh R, Phongmany S, Newton P, Mayxay M, Ramsay A, et al. (2001) Melioidosis and Pandora's box in the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Clin Infect Dis 32: 653-654.
11. Limmathurotsakul D, Wuthiekanun V, Chantratita N, Wongsuvan G, Amornchai P, et al. (2010) Burkholderia pseudomallei is spatially distributed in soil in northeast Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e694.
12. Wertheim HFL, (2012) Melioidosis. Atlas of Human Infectious Diseases. 1st edition. Wiley-Blackwell pp. 75.
13. Leclerc H, Sureau P, (1956) [Research on bacteriophages of the Whitmore bacillus in stagnant waters of Hanoi]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 49: 874-882.
14. Galimand M, Dodin A, (1982) [Focus on melioidosis throughout the world]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 75: 375-383.
15. Achana V, Silpapojakul K, Thininta W, Kalnaowakul S, (1985) Acute Pseudomonas pseudomallei pneumonia and septicemia following aspiration of contaminated water: a case report. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 16: 500-504.
16. Nachiangmai N, Patamasucon P, Tipayamonthein B, Kongpon A, Nakaviroj S, (1985) Pseudomonas pseudomallei in southern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 16: 83-87.
17. Golledge CL, Chin WS, Tribe AE, Condon RJ, Ashdown LR, (1992) A case of human melioidosis originating in south-west Western Australia. Med J Aust 157: 332-334.
18. Merianos A, Patel M, Lane JM, Noonan CN, Sharrock D, et al. (1993) The 1990-1991 outbreak of melioidosis in the Northern Territory of Australia: epidemiology and environmental studies. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 24: 425-435.
19. Van Phung L, Quynh HT, Yabuuchi E, Dance DA, (1993) Pilot study of exposure to Pseudomonas pseudomallei in northern Vietnam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87: 416.
20. Brook MD, Currie B, Desmarchelier PM, (1997) Isolation and identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei from soil using selective culture techniques and the polymerase chain reaction. J Appl Microbiol 82: 589-596.
21. Zanetti F, De Luca G, Stampi S, (2000) Recovery of Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. cepacia from drinking water. Int J Food Microbiol 59: 67-72.
22. Smith MD, Angus BJ, Wuthiekanun V, White NJ, (1997) Arabinose assimilation defines a nonvirulent biotype of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Infect Immun 65: 4319-4321.
23. Brett PJ, DeShazer D, Woods DE, (1998) Burkholderia thailandensis sp. nov., a Burkholderia pseudomallei-like species. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48 Pt 1: 317-320.
24. Thomas AD, Norton JH, Forbes-Faulkner JC, Woodland G, (1981) Melioidosis in an intensive piggery. Aust Vet J 57: 144-145.
25. Levy A, Merritt AJ, Aravena-Roman M, Hodge MM, Inglis TJ, (2008) Expanded range of Burkholderia species in Australia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 599-604.
26. Vaucel M, (1937) Presence probable du bacille de Whitmore dans l'eau de mare au Tonkin. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 30: 10-15.
27. Laws LH, (1964) WTK (1964) Melioidosis in animals in north queensland IV. Epidemiology. Aust Vet J 40: 309-315.
28. Strauss JM, Jason S, Mariappan M, (1967) Pseudomonas pseudomallei in soil and surface water of Sabah, Malaysia. Med J Malaya 22: 31-32.
29. Galimand M, Dodin A, (1982) Repartition de Pseudomonas pseudomallei en france et dans le monde la melioidose. Bull Soc Vet Prat de France 66: 651-657.
30. Mollaret H, (1988) L'affaire du jardin des plantes. Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses pp. 643-654.
31. Kinoshita R (2003) Epidemiology of melioidosis in an oceanarium: a clinical, environmental and molecular study. University of Hong Kong. Available: http://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/30476 Accessed 20 Oct 2012.
32. Dodin A, Galimand M, (1986) [Origin, course and recession of an infectious disease, melioidosis, in temperate countries]. Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis 63: 69-73.
33. Inglis TJ, O'Reilly L, Merritt AJ, Levy A, Heath CH, (2011) The aftermath of the Western Australian melioidosis outbreak. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 851-857.
34. Dance DA, (2000) Ecology of Burkholderia pseudomallei and the interactions between environmental Burkholderia spp. and human-animal hosts. Acta Trop 74: 159-168.
35. Thomas AD, Forbes-Faulkner J, Parker M, (1979) Isolation of Pseudomonas pseudomallei from clay layers at defined depths. Am J Epidemiol 110: 515-521.
36. Wuthiekanun V, Smith MD, Dance DA, Walsh AL, Pitt TL, et al. (1996) Biochemical characteristics of clinical and environmental isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei. J Med Microbiol 45: 408-412.
37. Trakulsomboon S, Vuddhakul V, Tharavichitkul P, Na-Gnam N, Suputtamongkol Y, et al. (1999) Epidemiology of arabinose assimilation in Burkholderia pseudomallei isolated from patients and soil in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 30: 756-759.
38. Currie B, Smith-Vaughan H, Golledge C, Buller N, Sriprakash KS, et al. (1994) Pseudomonas pseudomallei isolates collected over 25 years from a non-tropical endemic focus show clonality on the basis of ribotyping. Epidemiol Infect 113: 307-312.
39. Trung TT, Hetzer A, Gohler A, Topfstedt E, Wuthiekanun V, et al. (2011) Highly sensitive direct detection and quantification of Burkholderia pseudomallei bacteria in environmental soil samples by using real-time PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 77: 6486-6494.
40. Dodin A, Ferry R, (1974) [Epidemiological studies of the bacillus of Whitmore in Africa]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 67: 121-126.
41. Godoy D, Randle G, Simpson AJ, Aanensen DM, Pitt TL, et al. (2003) Multilocus sequence typing and evolutionary relationships among the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei. J Clin Microbiol 41: 2068-2079.
42. Ketterer PJ, Webster WR, Shield J, Arthur RJ, Blackall PJ, et al. (1986) Melioidosis in intensive piggeries in south eastern Queensland. Aust Vet J 63: 146-149.
43. Batchelor BI, Paul J, Trakulsomboon S, Mgongo M, Dance DA, (1994) Melioidosis survey in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88: 181.
44. McCormick JB, Weaver RE, Hayes PS, Boyce JM, Feldman RA, (1977) Wound infection by an indigenous Pseudomonas pseudomallei-like organism isolated from the soil: case report and epidemiologic study. J Infect Dis 135: 103-107.
45. Glass MB, Steigerwalt AG, Jordan JG, Wilkins PP, Gee JE, (2006) Burkholderia oklahomensis sp. nov., a Burkholderia pseudomallei-like species formerly known as the Oklahoma strain of Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56: 2171-2176.
46. Rolim DB, Vilar DC, Sousa AQ, Miralles IS, de Oliveira DC, et al. (2005) Melioidosis, northeastern Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1458-1460.
47. Rolim DB, Rocha MF, Brilhante RS, Cordeiro RA, Leitao NP Jr, et al. (2009) Environmental isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Ceara State, northeastern Brazil. Appl Environ Microbiol 75: 1215-1218.
48. Yang S, Tong S, Lu Z, (1995) Geographical distribution of Pseudomonas pseudomallei in China. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 26: 636-638.
49. Ma G, Zheng D, Cai Q, Yuan Z, (2010) Prevalence of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Guangxi, China. Epidemiol Infect 138: 37-39.
50. Pourtaghva M, Machoun A, Dodin A, (1975) [Demonstration of Pseudomonas pseudomallei (Whitmore's bacillus) in the mud of Iranian ricefields (author's transl)]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 68: 367-370.
51. Inglis TJ, Merritt A, Montgomery J, Jayasinghe I, Thevanesam V, et al. (2008) Deployable laboratory response to emergence of melioidosis in central Sri Lanka. J Clin Microbiol 46: 3479-3481.
52. Chen YS, Lin HH, Mu JJ, Chiang CS, Chen CH, et al. (2010) Distribution of melioidosis cases and viable Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil: evidence for emerging melioidosis in Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol 48: 1432-1434.
53. Kao CM, Chen SC, Chen YS, Lin HM, Chen YL, (2003) Detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei in rice fields with PCR-based technique. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 48: 521-524.
54. Su HP, Yang HW, Chen YL, Ferng TL, Chou YL, et al. (2007) Prevalence of melioidosis in the Er-Ren River Basin, Taiwan: implications for transmission. J Clin Microbiol 45: 2599-2603.
55. Lin HH, Chen YS, Li YC, Tseng IL, Hsieh TH, et al. (2011) Burkholderia multivorans acts as an antagonist against the growth of Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil. Microbiol Immunol 55: 616-624.
56. Tomaso H, Pitt TL, Landt O, Al Dahouk S, Scholz HC, et al. (2005) Rapid presumptive identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei with real-time PCR assays using fluorescent hybridization probes. Mol Cell Probes 19: 9-20.
57. Finkelstein RA, Atthasampunna P, Chulasamaya M, (2000) Pseudomonas (Burkholderia) pseudomallei in Thailand, 1964-1967: geographic distribution of the organism, attempts to identify cases of active infection, and presence of antibody in representative sera. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 232-239.
58. Strauss JM, Ellison DW, Gan E, Jason S, Marcarelli JL, et al. (1969) Melioidosis in Malaysia. IV. Intensive ecological study of Carey Island, Selangor, for Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Med J Malaya 24: 94-100.
59. Baker A, Tahani D, Gardiner C, Bristow KL, Greenhill AR, et al. (2011) Groundwater seeps facilitate exposure to Burkholderia pseudomallei. Appl Environ Microbiol 77: 7243-7246.
60. Wuthiekanun V, Smith MD, Dance DA, White NJ, (1995) Isolation of Pseudomonas pseudomallei from soil in north-eastern Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89: 41-43.
61. Kaestli M, Mayo M, Harrington G, Ward L, Watt F, et al. (2009) Landscape changes influence the occurrence of the melioidosis bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil in northern Australia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e364.
62. Kaestli M, Mayo M, Harrington G, Watt F, Hill J, et al. (2007) Sensitive and specific molecular detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, in the soil of tropical northern Australia. Appl Environ Microbiol 73: 6891-6897.
63. Rattanavong S, Wuthiekanun V, Langla S, Amornchai P, Sirisouk J, et al. (2011) Randomized soil survey of the distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in rice fields in Laos. Appl Environ Microbiol 77: 532-536.
64. Chantratita N, Wuthiekanun V, Limmathurotsakul D, Vesaratchavest M, Thanwisai A, et al. (2008) Genetic diversity and microevolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in the environment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e182.
65. Wuthiekanun V, Limmathurotsakul D, Chantratita N, Feil EJ, Day NP, et al. (2009) Burkholderia Pseudomallei is genetically diverse in agricultural land in Northeast Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e496.
66. Trung TT, Hetzer A, Topfstedt E, Gohler A, Limmathurotsakul D, et al. (2011) Improved culture-based detection and quantification of Burkholderia pseudomallei from soil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 105: 346-351.
67. Warner JM, Pelowa DB, Gal D, Rai G, Mayo M, et al. (2008) The epidemiology of melioidosis in the Balimo region of Papua New Guinea. Epidemiol Infect 136: 965-971.
68. Ellison DW, Baker HJ, Mariappan M, (1969) Melioidosis in Malaysia. I. A method for isolation of Pseudomonas pseudomallei from soil and surface water. Am J Trop Med Hyg 18: 694-697.
69. Ashdown LR, (1979) An improved screening technique for isolation of Pseudomonas pseudomallei from clinical specimens. Pathology 11: 293-297.
70. Inglis TJ, Levy A, Merritt AJ, Hodge M, McDonald R, et al. (2009) Melioidosis risk in a tropical industrial environment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 78-84.
71. Thomas AD, (1977) The isolation of Pseudomonas pseudomallei from soil in North Queensland. Aust Vet J 53: 408.
72. Inglis TJ, Garrow SC, Henderson M, Clair A, Sampson J, et al. (2000) Burkholderia pseudomallei traced to water treatment plant in Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 6: 56-59.
73. Currie BJ, Mayo M, Anstey NM, Donohoe P, Haase A, et al. (2001) A cluster of melioidosis cases from an endemic region is clonal and is linked to the water supply using molecular typing of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 177-179.
74. Mayo M, Kaesti M, Harrington G, Cheng AC, Ward L, et al. (2011) Burkholderia pseudomallei in unchlorinated domestic bore water, Tropical Northern Australia. Emerging infectious diseases 17: 1283-1285.
75. Inglis TJ, Foster NF, Gal D, Powell K, Mayo M, et al. (2004) Preliminary report on the northern Australian melioidosis environmental surveillance project. Epidemiol Infect 132: 813-820.
76. Draper AD, Mayo M, Harrington G, Karp D, Yinfoo D, et al. (2010) Association of the melioidosis agent Burkholderia pseudomallei with water parameters in rural water supplies in Northern Australia. Appl Environ Microbiol 76: 5305-5307.
77. Strauss JM, Groves MG, Mariappan M, Ellison DW, (1969) Melioidosis in Malaysia. II. Distribution of Pseudomonas pseudomallei in soil and surface water. Am J Trop Med Hyg 18: 698-702.
78. Thin RN, Groves M, Rapmund G, Mariappan M, (1971) Pseudomonas pseudomallei in the surface water of Singapore. Singapore Med J 12: 181-182.
79. Klironomos JN, Rillig MC, Allen MF, (1999) Designing belowground field experiments with the help of semi-variance and power analyses. Appl Soil Ecol 12: 227-238.
80. Cressie N, (1993) Statistics for Spatial Data. Wiley-Interscience.
81. Modis K, Papaodysseus K, (2008) Theoretical estimation of the critical sampling size for homogeneous ore bodies with small nugget effect. Math Geol 38: 12.
82. Kaestli M, Schmid M, Mayo M, Rothballer M, Harrington G, et al. (2011) Out of the ground: aerial and exotic habitats of the melioidosis bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei in grasses in Australia. Environ Microbiol 14: 2058-2070.
83. U'Ren JM, Hornstra H, Pearson T, Schupp JM, Leadem B, et al. (2007) Fine-scale genetic diversity among Burkholderia pseudomallei soil isolates in northeast Thailand. Appl Environ Microbiol 73: 6678-6681.
84. Palasatien S, Lertsirivorakul R, Royros P, Wongratanacheewin S, Sermswan RW, (2008) Soil physicochemical properties related to the presence of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102 Suppl 1: S5-9.
85. Limmathurotsakul D, Wuthiekanun V, Amornchai P, Wongsuwan G, Day NP, et al. (2011) Effectiveness of a simplified method for the isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei from soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 78: 876-877.
86. Tong S, Yang S, Lu Z, He W, (1996) Laboratory investigation of ecological factors influencing the environmental presence of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Microbiol Immunol 40: 451-453.
87. Ashdown LR, Clarke SG, (1992) Evaluation of Culture Techniques for Isolation of Pseudomonas pseudomallei from Soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 58: 4011-4015.
88. Chen YS, Chen SC, Kao CM, Chen YL, (2003) Effects of soil pH, temperature and water content on the growth of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 48: 253-256.
89. Wuthiekanun V, Anuntagool N, White NJ, Sirisinha S, (2002) Short report: a rapid method for the differentiation of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 759-761.
90. Kunakorn M, Markham RB, (1995) Clinically practical seminested PCR for Burkholderia pseudomallei quantitated by enzyme immunoassay with and without solution hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 33: 2131-2135.
91. U'Ren JM, Van Ert MN, Schupp JM, Easterday WR, Simonson TS, et al. (2005) Use of a real-time PCR TaqMan assay for rapid identification and differentiation of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei. J Clin Microbiol 43: 5771-5774.
92. Merritt A, Inglis TJ, Chidlow G, Harnett G, (2006) PCR-based identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 48: 239-244.
93. Dharakul T, Tassaneetrithep B, Trakulsomboon S, Songsivilai S, (1999) Phylogenetic analysis of Ara+ and Ara- Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates and development of a multiplex PCR procedure for rapid discrimination between the two biotypes. J Clin Microbiol 37: 1906-1912.
94. Payne GW, Vandamme P, Morgan SH, Lipuma JJ, Coenye T, et al. (2005) Development of a recA gene-based identification approach for the entire Burkholderia genus. Applied and environmental microbiology 71: 3917-3927.
95. Novak RT, Glass MB, Gee JE, Gal D, Mayo MJ, et al. (2006) Development and evaluation of a real-time PCR assay targeting the type III secretion system of Burkholderia pseudomallei. J Clin Microbiol 44: 85-90.
96. Steinmetz I, Reganzerowski A, Brenneke B, Haussler S, Simpson A, et al. (1999) Rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei by latex agglutination based on an exopolysaccharide-specific monoclonal antibody. J Clin Microbiol 37: 225-228.
97. United States Deparment of Agriculture (USDA) (2001) Soil Quality Test Kit Guide. Available: http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/assessment/files/test_kit_complete.pdf. Accessed 20 Oct 2011.
98. Wuthiekanun V, Pheaktra N, Putchhat H, Sin L, Sen B, et al. (2008) Burkholderia pseudomallei antibodies in children, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 301-303.
99. Yap EH, Thong TW, Tan AL, Yeo M, Tan HC, et al. (1995) Comparison of Pseudomonas pseudomallei from humans, animals, soil and water by restriction endonuclease analysis. Singapore Med J 36: 60-62.
100. Smith MD, Wuthiekanun V, Walsh AL, White NJ, (1995) Quantitative recovery of Burkholderia pseudomallei from soil in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89: 488-490.
101. Vuddhakul V, Tharavichitkul P, Na-Ngam N, Jitsurong S, Kunthawa B, et al. (1999) Epidemiology of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 458-461.
102. Chambon L, (1955) Isolation of Whitmore's bacillus from external environment. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 89: 229-235.
103. Parry CM, Wuthiekanun V, Hoa NT, Diep TS, Thao LT, et al. (1999) Melioidosis in Southern Vietnam: clinical surveillance and environmental sampling. Clin Infect Dis 29: 1323-1326.
104. Ashdown LR, (1979) Nosocomial infection due to Pseudomonas pseudomallei: two cases and an epidemiologic study. Rev Infect Dis 1: 891-894.
105. Amornchai P, Chierakul W, Wuthiekanun V, Mahakhunkijcharoen Y, Phetsouvanh R, et al. (2007) Accuracy of Burkholderia pseudomallei identification using the API 20NE system and a latex agglutination test. J Clin Microbiol 45: 3774-3776.