Casting new light on late Quaternary environmental and palaeohydrological change in the Namib Desert: A review of the application of optically stimulated luminescence in the region

Journal of Arid Environments

Volumn 93, Issue , 2013, Pages 40-58

  Stone, A E C ^a   Thomas, D S G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Namib Desert; Optically stimulated luminescence dating; Palaeoenvironment; Palaeohydrology; Quaternary; Southern Africa

Indexed keywords

COASTAL ZONE; DUNE; GROUND PENETRATING RADAR; HYDROLOGICAL CHANGE; LITHOFACIES; LUMINESCENCE; OPTICAL METHOD; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PALEOHYDROLOGY; QUATERNARY; STRATIGRAPHY;

KUISEB RIVER; NAMIB DESERT; NAMIBIA; SOUTHERN AFRICA;

EID: 84875898179     PISSN: 01401963     EISSN: 1095922X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.01.009     Document Type: Article

References (180)

1. Aitken M.J. An Introduction to Optical Dating: The Dating of Quaternary Sediments by the use of Photon-Simulated Luminescence 1998, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
2. Allen J.R.L. Reaction, relaxation and lag in natural sedimentary systems: general principles, examples and lessons. Earth Science Reviews 1974, 10:263-342.
3. 14C content of carbonate in desert soils. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1994, 125(1-4):385-405.
4. Bailey R.M. Interpretation of quartz optically stimulated luminescence equivalent dose versus time plots. Radiation Measurements 2000, 32:129-140.
5. e distributions and an assessment of procedures for estimating burial dose. Quaternary Science Reviews 2006, 25(19-20):2475-2502.
6. Bailey R.M., McKeever S.W.S. The physical basis of luminescence dating. Luminescence Dating: An Introduction and Handbook 2009, Springer. M. Krbetschek (Ed.).
7. Bailey R.M., Smith B.W., Rhodes E.J. Partial bleaching and the decay form characteristics of quartz OSL. Radiation Measurements 1997, 27:123-136.
8. Bateman M.D., Frederick C.D., Jaiswal M.K., Singhvi A.L. Investigations into the potential effects of pedoturbation on luminescence dating. Quaternary Science Reviews 2003, 22(10-13):1169-1176.
9. Bateman M.D., Thomas D.S.G., Singhvi A.K. Extending the aridity record of the Southwest Kalahari: current problems and future perspectives. Quaternary International 2003, 111:37-49.
10. Bateman M.D., Boulter C.H., Carr A.S., Frederick C.D., Peter D., Wilder M. Detecting post-depositional sediment disturbance in sandy deposits using optical luminescence. Quaternary Geochronology 2007, 2(1-4):57-64.
11. Bateman M.D., Boulter C.H., Carr A.S., Frederick C.D., Peter D., Wilder M. Preserving the palaeoenvironmental record in Drylands: bioturbation and its significance for luminescence-derived chronologies. Sedimentary Geology 2007, 195(1-2):5-19.
12. Berger G.W. Effectiveness of natural zeroing of the thermoluminescence in sediments. Journal of Geophysical Research 1990, 95(B8):12375-12397.
13. Berger G.W., Luternauer J.J. Preliminary fieldwork for thermoluminescence dating studies at the Fraser River delta, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 1987, 87-1A:901-904.
14. Besler H. Messungen zur Mobilitat von Dunensanden am Nordland der Dunen-Namib (Sudwestafrika). Wurzburger Geographische Arbeiten 1975, 43:135-147.
15. Besler H. Die dunen-Namib: Entstehung und dynamik eines Ergs. Stuttgarter Geographische Studien 1980, Geographisches Institut der Universitat Stuttgart Band, 96-145 pp.
16. Blümel W.D., Eitel B., Lang A. Dunes in southeastern Namibia: evidence for Holocene environmental changes in the southwestern Kalahari based on thermoluminescence data. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1998, 138:139-149.
17. Bourke M.C., Child A., Stokes S. Optical age estimates for hyper-arid fluvial deposits at Homeb, Namibia. Quaternary Science Reviews 2003, 22(10-13):1099-1103.
18. Bristow C.S., Balley S.D., Lancaster N. The sedimentary structure of linear sand dunes. Nature 2000, 406:56-59.
19. Bristow C.S., Lancaster N. Movement of a small slipfaceless dome dune in the Namib Sand Sea, Namibia. Geomorphology 2004, 59:189-196.
20. Bristow C.S., Lancaster N., Duller G.A.T. Combining ground penetrating radar surveys and optical dating to determine dune migration in Namibia. Journal of the Geological Society 2005, 162(2):315-321.
21. Bristow C.S., Duller G.A.T., Lancaster N. Age and dynamics of linear dunes in the Namib Desert. Geology 2007, 35:555-558.
22. Brook G.A., Cowart J.B., Marais E. Wet and dry periods in the southern African summer rainfall zone during the last 300 kyr fom speleothem, tufa and sand dune age data. Palaeocology of Africa 1996, 24:147-158.
23. Brook G.A., Marias E., Coward J.B. Evidence of wetter and drier conditions in Namibia from tufas and submerged speleothems. Cimbebasia 1999, 15:29-39.
24. Brook G.A., Srivastava P., Marais E. Characteristics and OSL minimum ages of relict fluvial deposits near Sossus Vlei, Tsauchab River, Namibia, and a regional climate record for the last 30 ka. Journal of Quaternary Science 2006, 21:347-362.
25. Brook G.A., Marias E., Srivastava P., Jordon T. Timing of lake-level changes in Etosha Pan, Namibia, since the middle Holocene from OSL ages of relict shorelines in the Okondeka region. Quaternary International 2007, 175:29-40.
26. Brook G.A., Railsback B., Marais E. Reassessment of carbonate ages by dating both carbonate and organic material from Etosha Pan (Namibia) stromatolite: evidence of humid phases during the last 20 ka. Quaternary International 2011, 229(1-2):24-37.
27. Bronk Ramsey C. Radiocarbon dating: revolutions in understanding. Archaeometry 2008, 50(2):249-275.
28. Brunotte E., Maurer B., Fischer P., Lomax J., Sander H. A sequence of fluvial and aeolian deposits (desert loess) and palaeosoils covering the last 60 ka in the Opuwo basin (Kaokoland/Kunene Region, Namibia) based on luminescence dating. Quaternary International 2009, 196:71-85.
29. Bubenzer O., Bolten A. The use of new elevation data (SRTM/ASTER) for the detection and morphometric quantification of Pleistocene megadunes (draa) in the eastern Sahara and the southern Namib. Geomorphology 2008, 102:221-231.
30. Bubenzer, Bödeker O., Besler H. A transcontinental comparison between the southern Namib Erg (Namibia) and the southern Great Sand Sea (Egypt). Zentralblatt fur Geologie und Palaontologie 2007, Teil I:7-23.
31. Burrough S.L., Thomas D.S.G. Late Quaternary lake-level fluctuations in the Mababe Depression: middle Kalahari palaeolakes and the role of Zambezi inflows. Quaternary Research 2008, 69:388-403.
32. Burrough S.L., Thomas D.S.G., Shaw P.A., Bailey R.M. Multiphase Quaternary highstands at Lake Ngami, Kalahari, northern Botswana. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2007, 253:280-299.
33. Burrough S.L., Thomas D.S.G., Bailey R.M. Mega-Lake in the Kalahari: a late Pleistocene record of the Palaeolake Makgadikgadi system. Quaternary Science Reviews 2009, 28:1392-1411.
34. Butzer K.W., Stuckenrath R., Bruzewicz A.J., Helgren D.M. Late Cenozoic paleoclimates of the Gaap Escarpment, Kalahari margin, South Africa. Quaternary Research 1978, 10:310-339.
35. Burney D.A., Brook G.A., Cowart J.B. A Holocene pollen record for the Kalahari Desert of Botswana from a U-series dated speleothem. Holocene 1994, 4(3):225-232.
36. Chase B.M., Meadows M.E. Late Quaternary dynamics of southern Africa's winter rainfall zone. Earth-Science Reviews 2007, 84(3-4):103-138.
37. Chase B.M., Meadows M.E., Scott L., Thomas D.S.G., Marais E., Sealy J., Reimer P.J. A record of rapid Holocene climate change preserved in hyrax middens from southwestern Africa. Geology 2009, 37:703-706.
38. Chase B.M., Meadows M.E., Carr A.S., Reimer P.J. Evidence for progressive Holocene aridification in southern Africa recorded in Namibian hyrax middens: implications for African monsoon dynamics and the African humid period. Quaternary Research 2010, 74:36-45.
39. Chase B.M., Thomas D.S.G. Multiphase late Quaternary aeolian sediment accumulation in western South Africa: timing and relationship to palaeoclimatic changes inferred from the marine record. Quaternary International 2007, 166(1):29-41.
40. Clarke M.L. IRSL dating of sands: bleaching characteristics at deposition inferred from the use of single aliquots. Radiation Measurements 1996, 26:611-620.
41. Clark P.U., Mix A.C. Ice sheets and sea level of the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews 2002, 21(1-3):1-7.
42. Cockcroft M.J., Wilkinson M.J., Tyson P.D. The application of a present-day climatic model to the late Quaternary in southern Africa. Climatic Change 1987, 10:161-181.
43. Colls A.E., Stokes S., Blum M.D., Straffin E. Age limits on the Late Quaternary evolution of the upper Loire River. Quaternary Science Reviews 2001, 20:743-750.
44. 14C and cosmogenic techniques, western Transverse Ranges, California, USA. Quaternary Geochronology 2007, 2(1-4):129-136.
45. Dingle R.V., Giraudeau J., Buhmann D., Bremner J.M. Modern and palaeo-oceanographic environments under Benguela upwelling cells off southern Namibia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1996, 123:85-105.
46. Ditlefsen C. Bleaching of K-feldspars in turbid water suspensions: a comparison of photo- and thermoluminescence signals. Quaternary Science Reviews 1992, 11(1-2):33-38.
47. Duller G.A.T. Luminescence dating of Quaternary sediments: recent advances. Journal of Quaternary Science 2004, 19(2):183-192.
48. Duller G.A.T. Single-grain optical dating of Quaternary sediments: why aliquot size matters in luminescence dating. Boreas 2008, 37(4):589-612.
49. Duller G.A.T., Bøtter-Jensen L., Murray A.S., Truscott A.J. Single grain laser luminescence (SGLL) measurements using a novel automated reader. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 1999, 155(4):506-514.
50. Duller G.A.T., Bøtter-Jensen L., Murray A.S. Optical dating of single sand-sized grains of quartz: sources of variability. Radiation Measurements 2000, 32(5):453-457.
51. Eckardt, F.D., Soderberg, K., Coop, L.J., Muller, A., Vickery, K.J., Grandin, R.D., Jack, C., Kapalanga, T.S., Henschel, J. The nature of moisture at Gobabeb, in the Central Namib Desert. Journal of Arid Environments, Special Issue, 50 Years of Namib Research in honor of Mary Seely.
52. Eitel B. Calcretes in Namibia and their palaeoclimatic interpretation [Kalkkrusten in Namibia und ihre palaoklimatische Interpretation]. Geomethodica 1995, 20:101-124.
53. Eitel B. Environmental history of the Namib Desert. 23 Degrees South: Archaeology and Environmental History of the Southern Deserts 2005, 45-55. National Museum of Australia, Canberra, p. M. Smith, P. Hesse (Eds.).
54. Eitel B., Zöller L. Soils and sediments in the basin of Dieprivier-Uitskot (Khorixas District, Namibia): age, geomorphic and sedimentological investigation, paleoclimatic interpretation. Palaeoecology of Africa 1996, 24:159-172.
55. Eitel B., Blümel W.D. Pans and dunes in the southwestern Kalahari (Namibia): geomorphology and evidence for Quaternary paleoclimates. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband 1997, 111:73-95.
56. Eitel B., Blümel W.D., Hüser K., Mauz B. Dust and loessic alluvial deposits in Northwestern Namibia (Damaraland, Kaokoveld): sedimentology and palaeoclimatic evidence based on luminescence data. Quaternary International 2001, 76-77:57-65.
57. Eitel B., Blümel W.D., Hüser K. Environmental transitions between 22 ka and 8 ka in monsoonally influenced Namibia - a preliminary chronology. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie NF Supplementband 2002, 126:31-57.
58. Eitel B., Eberle J., Kuhn R. Holocene environmental change in the Otjiwarongo thornbush savanna (Northern Namibia): evidence from soils and sediments. Catena 2002, 47:43-62.
59. Eitel B., Kadereit A., Blümel W.D., Hüser K., Kromer B. The Amspoort Silts, northern Namib desert (Namibia): formation, age and palaeoclimatic evidence of river-end deposits. Geomorphology 2005, 64(3-4):299-314.
60. Eitel B., Kadereit A., Blümel W.D., Hüser K., Lomax J., Hilgers A. Environmental changes at the eastern Namib Desert margin before and after the Last Glacial Maximum: new evidence from fluvial deposits in the upper Hoanib River catchment, northwestern Namibia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2006, 234:201-222.
61. Farmer E.C., DeMenocal P.B., Marchitto T.M. Holocene and deglacial ocean temperature variability in the Benguela upwelling region: implications for low-latitude atmospheric circulation. Paleoceanography 2005, 20:1-16.
62. Fitzsimmons K.E., Bowler J.M., Rhodes E.J., Magee J.M. Relationships between desert dunes during the late Quaternary in the Lake Frome region, Strzelecki Desert, Australia. Journal of Quaternary Science 2007, 22(5):549-558.
63. Fitzsimmons K.E., Rhodes E.J., Magee J.W., Barrows T.T. The timing of linear dune activity in the Strzelecki and Tirari Deserts, Australia. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 26(19-21):2598-2616.
64. Fuchs M., Wagner G.A. Recognition of insufficient bleaching by small aliquots of quartz for reconstructing soil erosion in Greece. Quaternary Science Reviews 2003, 22:1161-1167.
65. Fuller I.C., Wintle A.G., Duller G.A.T. Test of the partial bleach methodology as applied to the infra-red stimulated luminescence of an alluvial sediment from the Danube. Quaternary Science Reviews 1994, 13(5-7):539-543.
66. Galbraith R.F. Statistics for Fission Track Analysis London 2005, Chapman & Hall.
67. Galbraith R.F., Roberts R.G., Laslett G.M., Yoshida H., Olley J.M. Optical dating of single and multiple grains of quartz from Jinmium rock shelter, northern Australia: Part I, experimental design and statistical models. Archaeometry 1999, 41(2):339-364.
68. Gasse F., Chalié F., Vincens A., Williams M.A.J., Willamson D. Climatic patterns in equatorial and southern Africa from 30,000 to 10,000 years ago reconstructed from terrestrial and near-shore proxy data. Quaternary Science Reviews 2008, 27(25-26):2316-2340.
69. Gemmell A.M.D. Fluctuations in the thermoluminescence signal of suspended sediment in an alpine glacial meltwater stream. Quaternary Geochronology (Quaternary Science Reviews) 1997, 16:281-290.
70. Geyh M.A., Eitel B. Radiometric dating of young and old calcrete. Radiocarbon 1998, 40(2):795-802.
71. Gil-Romera G., Scott L., Marais E., Brook G.A. Middle- to late-Holocene moisture changes in the desert of northwest Namibia derived from fossil hyrax dung pollen. Holocene 2006, 16:1073-1084.
72. Gil-Romera G., Scott L., Marais E., Brook G.A. Late Holocene environmental change in the northwestern Namib Desert margin: new fossil pollen evidence from hyrax middens. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2007, 249:1-17.
73. Gingele F.X. Holocene climatic optimum in Southwest Africa-evidence from the marine clay mineral record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1996, 122:77-87.
74. Goudie A.S. Namib sand Sea: large dunes in an Ancient Desert. Geomorphological Landscapes of the World 2010, 163-169. Springer, Netherlands. P. Migoń (Ed.).
75. Goudie A.S., Colls A., Stokes S., Parker A., White K., Al-Farraj A. Latest Pleistocene and Holocene dune construction at the north-eastern edge of the Rub Al Khali, United Arab Emirates. Sedimentology 2000, 47(5):1011-1021.
76. Harari Z. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for imaging stratigraphic features and groundwater in sand dunes. Journal of Applied Geophysics 1996, 36(1):43-52.
77. Heine K. Climate change over the past 135,000 years in the Namib Desert (Namibia) derived from proxy data. Palaeoecology of Africa 1998, 25:171-198.
78. Heine K. Little Ice Age climatic fluctuations in the Namib Desert, Namibia, and adjacent areas: evidence of exceptionally large floods from slack water deposits and desert soil sequences. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 2004, 102:137-165.
79. Heine K., Heine J.T. A paleohydrologic reinterpretation of the Homeb Silts, Kuiseb River, central Namib Desert (Namibia) and paleoclimatic implications. Catena 2002, 48:107-130.
80. Holmgren K., Lauritzen S.E., Possnert G. 230Th/234U and 14C dating of a late Pleistocene stalagmite in Lobatse II cave, Botswana. Quaternary Science Reviews 1994, 13:111-119.
81. Holmgren K., Karlen W., Shaw P.A. Paleoclimatic significance of the stable isotopic composition and petrology of a late Pleistocene stalagmite from Botswana. Quaternary Research 1995, 43:320-328.
82. Holmgren K., Lee-Thorp J.A., Cooper G.R.J., Lundblad K., Partridge T.C., Scott L., Sithaldeen R., Talma A.S., Tyson P.D. Persistent millennial-scale climatic variability over the past 25,000 years in Southern Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews 2003, 22:2311-2326.
83. Huntley D.J., Godfrey-Smith D.I., Thewalt M.L.W. Optical dating of sediments. Nature 1985, 313(5998):105-107.
84. Jacobson, P.J., Jacobson, K.M. Hydrologic controls of physical and ecological processes in Namib Desert ephemeral rivers: implications for conservation and management. Journal of Arid Environments, Special Issue, 50 Years of Namib Research in honor of Mary Seely.
85. Jacobson P.J., Jacobson K.M., Seely M.K. Ephemeral Rivers and their Catchments 1995, Desert Research Foundation of Namibia, Windhoek.
86. Jain M., Murray A.S., Bøtter-Jensen L. Optically stimulated luminescence dating: how significant is incomplete light exposure in fluvial environments?. Quaternaire 2004, 15(1-2):143-157.
87. Jain M., Murray A.S., Bøtter-Jensen L., Wintle A.G. A single-aliquot regenerative-dose method based on IR (1.49 eV) bleaching of the fast OSL component in quartz. Radiation Measurements 2005, 39(3):309-318.
88. Kale V.S., Singhvi A.K., Mishra P.K., Banerjee D. Sedimentary records and luminescence chronology of Late Holocene palaeofloods in the Luni River, Thar Desert, northwest India. Catena 2000, 40(4):337-358.
89. Kirst G.J., Schneider R.R., Müller P.J., Von Storch I., Wefer G. Late quaternary temperature variability in the Benguela Current System derived from Alkenones. Quaternary Research 1999, 52:92-103.
90. Kocurek G., Havholm K.G. Eolian sequence stratigraphy - a conceptual framework. Siliciclastic sequence stratigraphy: recent developments and applications. American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1993, 393-409. Oklahoma, Tulsa. P. Weimar, H.W. Posamentier (Eds.).
91. Kocurek G., Lancaster N. Aeolian system sediment state: theory and Mojave Desert Kelso dune field example. Sedimentology 1999, 46(3):505-515.
92. Kocurek G., Lancaster N., Carr M., Frank A. Tertiary Tsondab Sandstone Formation: preliminary bedform reconstruction and comparison to modern Namib Sand Sea dunes. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2000, 29:629-642.
93. Korn, H., Martin, H., 1955. The Pleistocene in south-west Africa. Proceedings of the Third Pan-African Congress: Prehistory. 14-22 pp.
94. Krapf C.B.E., Stollhofen H., Stainistreet I.G. Contrasting styles of ephemeral river systems and their interaction with dunes of the Skeleton Coast erg (Namibia). Quaternary International 2003, 104:41-52.
95. Lancaster N. The Namib Sand Sea: Dune Forms, Processes and Sediments 1989, Balkema, Rotterdam.
96. Lancaster N. How dry was dry? - Late Pleistocene palaeoclimates in the Namib Desert. Quaternary Science Reviews 2002, 21(7):769-782.
97. Lancaster N. Desert dune dynamics and development: insights from luminescence dating. Boreas 2008, 37(4):559-573.
98. Lepper K., Larsen N.A., McKeever S.W.S. Equivalent dose distribution analysis of Holocene eolian and fluvial quartz sands from Central Oklahoma. Radiation Measurements 2000, 32:603-608.
99. Li B., Li S.H. Studies of thermal stability of charges associated with thermal transfer of OSL from quartz. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 2006, 39(14):2941-2949.
100. Lian O.B., Roberts R.G. Dating the Quaternary: progress in luminescence dating of sediments. Quaternary Science Reviews 2006, 25:2449-2468.
101. Little M.G., Schneider R.R., Kroon D., Price B., Bickert T., Wefer G. Rapid palaeoceanographic changes in the Benguela Upwelling System for the last 160,000 years as indicated by abundances of planktonic foraminifera. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1997, 130:135-161.
102. Livingstone I., Bristow C., Bryant R.G., Bullard J., White K., Wiggs G.F.S., Baas A.C.W., Bateman M.D., Thomas D.S.G. The Namib Sand Sea digital database of aeolian dunes and key forcing variables. Aeolian Research 2010, 2:93-104.
103. Lomax J., Hilgers A., Wopfner H., Grün R., Twidale C.R., Radtke U. The onset of dune formation in the Strzelecki Desert, South Australia. Quaternary Science Reviews 2003, 22:1067-1076.
104. Marker M.E., Müller D. Relict vlei silts of the Kuiseb River valley, South West Africa. Madoqua 1978, 11:151-162.
105. Miall A.D. Recent developments in the study of fluvial facies models. Recent Developments in Fluvial Sedimentology. Special Publication 39 1987, 1-9. Society of Economic Palaeontologists and Mineralogists. F.G. Ethridge, R.M. Flores, M.D. Harvery (Eds.).
106. Mix A.C., Bard E., Schneider R. Environmental processes of the ice age: land oceans and glaciers (EPILOG). Quaternary Science Reviews 2001, 20(4):626-657.
107. Munyikwa K. The role of dune morphogenetic history in the interpretation of linear dune luminescence chronologies: a review of linear dune dynamics. Progress in Physical Geography 2005, 29(3):317-336.
108. Munyikwa K. Synchrony of Southern Hemisphere Late Pleistocene arid episodes: a review of luminescence chronologies from arid aeolian landscapes south of the Equator. Quaternary Science Reviews 2005, 24(23-24):2555-2583.
109. Murray A.S., Olley J.M., Caithcheon G.G. Measurement of equivalent doses in quartz from contemporary water-lain sediments using optically stimulated luminescence. Quaternary Science Reviews 1995, 14:365-371.
110. Olley J., Caitcheon G., Murray A. The distribution of apparent dose as determined by optically stimulated luminescence in small aliquots of fluvial quartz: implications for dating young sediments. Quaternary Science Reviews 1998, 17:1033-1040.
111. Olley J.M., Caitcheon G.G., Roberts R.G. Origin of dose distributions in fluvial sediments, and the prospect of dating single grains from fluvial deposits using optically stimulated luminescence. Radiation Measurements 1999, 30:207-217.
112. Olley J.M., Pietsch T., Roberts R.G. Optical dating of Holocene sediments from a variety of geomorphic settings using single grains of quartz. Geomorphology 2004, 60:337-358.
113. Olivier J. Spatial distribution of fog in the Namib. Journal of Arid Environments 1995, 29(2):129-138.
114. Partridge T.C., Scott L., Hamilton J.E. Synthetic reconstruction of Southern African environments during the Last Glacial maximum (21-18 kyr) and the Holocene Altithermal (8-6 kyr). Quaternary International 1999, 57/58:207-214.
115. Partridge T.C., Demenocal P.D., Lorentz S.A., Paiker M.J., Vogel J.C. Orbital forcing of climate over South Africa: a 200,000-year rainfall record from the Pretoria Saltpan. Quaternary Science Reviews 1997, 16(10):1125-1133.
116. Pichevin L., Cremer M., Giraudeau J., Betrtand P. A 190 ky record of lithogenic grain-size on the Namibian slope: forging a tight link between past wind-strength and coastal upwelling dynamics. Marine Geology 2005, 218:81-96.
117. Rendell H.M., Lancaster N., Tchakerian V.P. Luminescence dating of late Quaternary aeolian deposits at Dale Lake and Cronese Mountains, Mojave Desert, California. Quaternary Science Reviews 1994, 13:417-422.
118. Rittenour T.M. Luminescence dating of fluvial deposits: applications to geomorphic, palaeoseismic and archaeological research. Boreas 2008, 37(4):613-635.
119. Rittenour T.M., Goble R.J., Blum M.D. An optical age chronology of Late Pleistocene fluvial deposits in the northern lower Mississippi valley. Quaternary Science Reviews 2003, 22:1105-1110.
120. Roberts R.G., Spooner N.A., Questiaux D.G. Palaeodose underestimates caused by extended-duration preheats in the optical dating of quartz. Radiation Measurements 1994, 23:647-653.
121. Roberts R.G., Jones R., Spooner N.A., Head M.J., Murray A.S., Smith M.A. The human colonisation of Australia: optical dates of 53,000 and 60,000 years bracket human arrival at Deaf Adder Gorge, Northern Territory. Quaternary Science Reviews 1994, 13:575-583.
122. Rust U. River-end deposits along the Hoanib River, northern Namib: archives of Late Holocene climatic variation on a subregional scale. South African Journal of Science 1999, 95:205-208.
123. Rust U., Vogel J.C. Late Quaternary environmental changes in the northern Namib Desert as evidenced by fluvial landforms. Palaeoecology of Africa 1988, 19:127-138.
124. Rust U., Wieneke F. Studies on gramadulla formation in the middle part of the Kuiseb River upstream of Gobabeb, south west Africa. Madoqua 1974, 3:5-15.
125. Scott L. The vegetation history and climate in the Savanna Biome, South Africa since 190,000 ka: a comparison of pollen data from the Tswaing Crater (the Pretoria Saltpan) and Wonderkrater. Quaternary International 1999, 57:215-223.
126. Scott L., Woodborne S. Vegetation history inferred from pollen in Late Quaternary faecal deposits (hyraceum) in the Cape winter-rain region and its bearing on past climates in South Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 26:941-953.
127. Scott L., Holmgren K., Partridge T.C. Reconciliation of vegetation and climatic interpretations of pollen profiles and other regional records from the last 60 thousand years in the Savanna Biome of Southern Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2008, 257(1-2):198-206.
128. Scott L., Holmgren K., Talma A.S., Woodborne S., Vogel J.C. Age interpretation of the Wonderkrater spring sediments and vegetation change in the Savanna Biome, Limpopo province, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 2003, 99:484-488.
129. Shaw P.A., Cooke H.J. Geomorphic evidence for the Late Quaternary palaeoclimates of the middle Kalahari of northern Botswana. Catena 1986, 13:349-359.
130. Shaw P.A., Davies F.B.M., Stokes S., Thomas D.S.G., Holmgren K. Palaeoecology and age of a Quaternary high lake level in the Makgadikgadi Basin of the Middle Kalahari, Botswana. South African Journal of Science 1997, 93:273-276.
131. Shi N., Beug H.J., Dupont L.M., Schneider R. Vegetation and climate changes during the last 21 000 years in S.W. Africa based on a marine pollen record. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 1998, 7:127-140.
132. Shi N., Dupont L.M., Schneider R., Beug H.J. Correlation between vegetation in Southwestern Africa and oceanic upwelling in the past 21,000 years. Quaternary Research 2000, 54:72-80.
133. Shi N., Schneider R., Beug H.J., Dupont L.M. Southeast trade wind variations during the last 135 kyr: evidence from pollen spectra in eastern South Atlantic sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2001, 187:311-321.
134. Singarayer J.S., Bailey R.M., Ward S., Stokes S. Assessing the completeness of optical resetting of quartz OSL in the natural environment. Radiation Measurements 2005, 40:13-25.
135. Singhvi A.K., Porat N. Impact of luminescence dating on geomorphological and palaeoclimate research in drylands. Boreas 2008, 37(4):536-558.
136. Singhvi A.K., Bronger A., Sauer W., Pant R.K. Thermoluminescence dating of loess-paleosol sequences in the Carpathian Basin (East-Central Europe): a suggestion for a revised chronology. Chemical Geology 1989, 73:307-317.
137. Smith B.W., Rhodes E.J. Charge movements in quartz and their relevance to optical dating. Radiation Measurements 1994, 23:329-333.
138. Smith R.M.H., Mason T.R., Ward J.D. Flash-flood sediments and ichnofacies of the Late Pleistocene Homeb Silts, Kuiseb River, Namibia. Sedimentary Geology 1993, 85:579-599.
139. Srivastava P., Brook G.A., Marais E. A Record of fluvial aggradation in the Northern Namib Desert during the Late Quaternary. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband 2004, 133:1-18.
140. Srivastava P., Brooke G.A., Marais E. Depositional environment and luminescence chronology of the Hoarusib River Clay Castles sediments, northern Namib Desert, Namibia. Catena 2005, 59:187-204.
141. Srivastava P., Brook G.A., Marais E., Morthekai P., Singhvi A.K. Depositional environment and OSL chronology of the Homeb silt deposits, Kuiseb River, Namibia. Quaternary Research 2006, 65:478-491.
142. Stanistreet I.G., Stollhofen H. Hoanib River flood deposits of Namib Desert interdunes asanalogues for thin permeability barrier mudstone layers inaeolianite reservoirs. Sedimentology 2002, 49:719-736.
143. Stokes S., Bray H.E. Late Pleistocene eolian history of the Liwa region, Arabian Peninsula. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 2005, 117(11-12):1466-1480.
144. Stokes S., Gaylord D.R. Optical dating of Holocene dune sands in the Ferris dune field, Wyoming. Quaternary Research 1993, 39(3):274-281.
145. Stokes S., Swinehart J.B. Middle- and late-Holocene dune reactivation in the Nebraska Sand Hills, USA. The Holocene 1997, 7(3):263-272.
146. Stokes S., Thomas D.S.G., Shaw P.A. New chronological evidence for the nature and timing of linear dune development in the southwest Kalahari Desert. Geomorphology 1997, 20:81-93.
147. Stokes S., Thomas D.S., Washington R. Multiple episodes of aridity in southern Africa since the last interglacial period. Nature 1997, 388:154-158.
148. Stone A.E.C. Should we be concerned about the sampling-strategy bias on records of Kalahari aeolian activity in the late Quaternary. 6-11th July, 2009. 7th International Conference on Geomorphology, Melbourne 2009.
149. Stone A.E.C., Thomas D.S.G. Linear dune accumulation chronologies from the southwest Kalahari, Namibia: challenges of reconstructing late Quaternary palaeoenvironments from aeolian landforms. Quaternary Science Reviews 2008, 27:1667-1681.
150. Stone A.E.C., Thomas D.S.G., Viles H.A. Late Quaternary palaeohydrological changes in the northern Namib Sand Sea: new chronologies using OSL dating of interdigitated aeolian and water-lain interdune deposits. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2010, 288(1-4):35-53.
151. Stute M., Talma A.S. Glacial temperatures and moisture transport regimes reconstructed from noble gases and δ18O, Stampriet aquifer, Namibia. Isotope techniques in the study of environmental change. Proceedings of a Symposium, Vienna, April 1997 1998, 307-318.
152. Stuut J.W., Prins M.A., Schneider R.R., Weltje G.J., Fred Jansen J.H., Postma G. A 300-kyr record of aridity and wind strength in southwestern Africa: inferences from grain-size distributions of sediments on Walvis Ridge, SE Atlantic. Marine Geology 2002, 180:221-233.
153. Stuut J.B.W., Crosta X., Schneider R., van der Borg K. Relationship between Antarctic sea ice and southwest African climate during the late Quaternary. Geology 2004, 32(10):909-912.
154. Svendsen J., Stollhofen H., Krapf C.B.E., Stanistreet I.G. Mass and hyperconcentrated flow deposits record dune damming and catastrophic breakthrough of ephemeral rivers, Skeleton Coast Erg, Namibia. Sedimentary Geology 2003, 160:7-31.
155. Telfer M.W., Thomas D.S.G. Late Quaternary linear dune accumulation and chronostratigraphy of the southwestern Kalahari: implications for aeolian palaeoclimatic reconstructions and predictions of future dynamics. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 26(19-21):2617-2630.
156. Teller J.T., Lancaster N. History of sediments at Khommabes, central Namib Desert. Madoqua 1985, 15:267-278.
157. Teller J.T., Lancaster N. Lacustrine sediments at Narabeb in the central Namib Desert, Namibia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1986, 56:177-195.
158. Teller J.T., Rutter N., Lancaster N. Sedimentology and paleohydrology of Late Quaternary lake deposits in the northern Namib Sand Sea, Namibia. Quaternary Science Reviews 1990, 9:343-364.
159. Thomas D.S.G., Burrough S.L. Interpreting geo-proxies of late Quaternary climate change in African drylands: implications for understanding environmental and early human behaviour. Quaternary International 2012, 253:5-17.
160. Thomas D.S.G., Shaw P.A. Late Quaternary environmental change in central southern Africa: new data, synthesis, issues and prospects. Quaternary Science Reviews 2002, 21:783-797.
161. Thomas D.S.G., Stokes S., O'Connor P.W. Late Quaternary aridity in the southwestern Kalahari Desert: New contributions from Optically Simulated Luminescence (OSL) dating of aeolian deposits, northern Cape Province, South Africa. Quaternary Deserts and Climatic Change 1998, Balkema, Rotterdam, A. A. A.S. Alsharan, K.W. Glennie, G.L. Whittle, C. Kendall (Eds.).
162. Thomas D.S.G., O'Connor P.W., Bateman M.D., Shaw P.A., Stokes S., Nash D.J. Dune activity as a record of late Quaternary aridity in the Northern Kalahari: new evidence from northern Namibia interpreted in the context of regional arid and humid chronologies. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 2000, 156:243-259.
163. Thomas D.S.G., Brook G., Shaw P., Bateman M., Haberyan K., Appleton C., Nash D., Mclaren S., Davies F. Late Pleistocene wetting and drying in the NW Kalahari: an integrated study from the Tsodilo Hills, Botswana. Quaternary International 2003, 104:53-67.
164. Thomsen K.J., Murray A.S., Bøtter-Jensen L., Kinahan J. Determination of burial dose in incompletely bleached fluvial samples using single grains of quartz. Radiation Measurements 2007, 42:370-379.
165. Tooth S. Process, form and change in dryland rivers: a review of recent research. Earth Science Reviews 2000, 51(1-4):67-107.
166. Tsukamoto S., Rink W.J., Watanuki T. OSL of tephric loess and volcanic quartz in Japan and an alternative procedure for estimating De from a fast OSL component. Radiation Measurements 2003, 37:459-465.
167. Tyson P.D. Late-Quaternary and Holocene palaeoclimates of southern Africa: a synthesis. South African Journal of Geology 1999, 102:335-349.
168. Tyson P.D., Preston-Whyte R.A. The Weather and Climate of Southern Africa 2000, Oxford University Press, Cape Town.
169. Van Zinderen Bakker E.M. The evolution of Late Quaternary paleoclimates of Southern Africa. Palaeoecology of Africa 1976, 16:160-202.
170. Vermeesch P., Fenton C.R., Ober F., Wiggs G.F.S., Bristow C.S., Xu S. Sand residence times of one million years in the Namib Sand Sea frmo cosmogenic nuclides. Nature Geoscience 2010, 3:862-865.
171. Vogel J.C. The age of the Kuiseb River silt terrace at Homeb. Palaeoecology of Africa 1982, 15:201-209.
172. Vogel J.C. Evidence of past climatic change in the Namib Desert. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1989, 70:355-366.
173. Vogel J.C., Visser E. Pretoria radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 1981, 23(1):43-80.
174. Ward J.D. The cenozoic succession in the Kuiseb Valley, Central Namib Desert. Geological Survey of Namibia, Memoir 1987, 9:124.
175. Ward J.D., von Bruun V. Sand dynamics along the Kuiseb River. The Kuiseb Environment: the Development of a Monitoring Baseline 1985, Foundation for Research Development, CSIR, Pretoria. B.J. Huntely (Ed.).
176. Ward J.D., Corbett I. Towards an Age for the Namib. Namib Ecology: 25 Years of Namib Research 1990, 17-26. Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. M.K. Seely (Ed.).
177. Ward J.D., Seeley M.K., Lancaster N. On the antiquity of the Namib Desert. South African Journal of Science 1983, 79:175-183.
178. Wintle A.G. Luminescence dating: laboratory procedures and protocols. Radiation Measurements 1997, 27:769-817.
179. Wintle A.G., Murray A.S. A review of quartz optically stimulated luminescence characteristics and their relevance in single-aliquot regeneration dating protocols. Radiation Measurements 2006, 41(4):369-391.
180. Wyroll K.H., Dong B., Valdes P. On the position of southern hemisphere westerlies at the Last Glacial Maximum: an outline of AGCM simulation results and evaluation of their implications. Quaternary Science Reviews 2000, 19:881-898.