Detecting viruses by using salivary diagnostics

Journal of the American Dental Association

Volumn 143, Issue , 2012, Pages 12S-18S

  Corstjens, Paul L A M ^a,b   Abrams, William R ^a,c,d   Malamud, Daniel ^a  

^a Leiden University Medical Center ^*

^b LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d NEW YORK UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY   (United States)

Author keywords

diagnostic; hepatitis C virus; Human immunodeficiency virus; human papillomavirus; oral fluid; point of care; saliva

Indexed keywords

SECRETORY IMMUNOGLOBULIN;

ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEM; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNOLOGICAL PROCEDURES; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; METHODOLOGY; MOUTH DISEASE; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION; REVIEW; SALIVA; VIROLOGY; VIRUS INFECTION;

ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; DIAGNOSIS, ORAL; HEPATITIS C; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY; IMMUNOLOGIC TESTS; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS; POINT-OF-CARE SYSTEMS; SALIVA; VIROLOGY; VIRUS DISEASES;

EID: 84875877562     PISSN: 00028177     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2012.0338     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Prilutsky, D, Shneider, E, Shefer, A, et al. Differentiation between viral and bacterial acute infections using chemiluminescent signatures of circulating phagocytes (published online ahead of print May 9, 2011). Anal Chem 83:11 (2011), 4258–4265, 10.1021/ac200596f.
2. Chase, BA, Johnston, SA, Legutki, JB, Evaluation of biological sample preparation for immunosignature-based diagnostics (published online ahead of print Jan. 11, 2012). Clin Vaccine Immunol 19:3 (2012), 352–358, 10.1128/CVI.05667-11.
3. Parry, JV, Perry, KR, Mortimer, PP, Sensitive assays for viral antibodies in saliva: an alternative to tests on serum. Lancet 2:8550 (1987), 72–75.
4. Piacentini, SC, Thieme, TR, Beller, M, Davidson, SL, Diagnosis of hepatitis A, B, and C using oral samples. Ann N Y Acad Sci 694 (1993), 334–336.
5. Amado, LA, Villar, LM, de Paula, VS, de Almeida, AJ, Gaspar, AM, Detection of hepatitis A, B, and C virus-specific antibodies using oral fluid for epidemiological studies. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 101:2 (2006), 149–155.
6. Joshi, MS, Chitambar, SD, Arankalle, VA, Chadha, MS, Evaluation of urine as a clinical specimen for diagnosis of hepatitis A. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9:4 (2002), 840–845.
7. Cuzzubbo, AJ, Vaughn, DW, Nisalak, A, Suntayakorn, S, Aaskov, J, Devine, PL, Detection of specific antibodies in saliva during dengue infection. J Clin Microbiol 36:12 (1998), 3737–3739.
8. Yap, G, Sil, BK, Ng, LC, Use of saliva for early dengue diagnosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 5(5), 2011, e1046.
9. Poloni, TR, Oliveira, AS, Alfonso, HL, et al. Detection of dengue virus in saliva and urine by real time RT-PCR. Virol J, 7, 2010, 22.
10. Formenty, P, Leroy, EM, Epelboin, A, et al. Detection of Ebola virus in oral fluid specimens during outbreaks of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in the Republic of Congo (published online ahead of print April 26, 2006). Clin Infect Dis 42:11 (2006), 1521–1526, 10.1086/503836.
11. Thieme, T, Yoshihara, P, Piacentini, S, Beller, M, Clinical evaluation of oral fluid samples for diagnosis of viral hepatitis. J Clin Microbiol 30:5 (1992), 1076–1079.
12. Parry, JV, Perry, KR, Panday, S, Mortimer, PP, Diagnosis of hepatitis A and B by testing saliva. J Med Virol 28:4 (1989), 255–260.
13. Heiberg, IL, Hoegh, M, Ladelund, S, Niesters, HG, Hogh, B, Hepatitis B virus DNA in saliva from children with chronic hepatitis B infection: implications for saliva as a potential mode of horizontal transmission. Pediatr Infect Dis J 29:5 (2010), 465–467.
14. Sherman, KE, Creager, RL, O'Brien, J, Sargent, S, Piacentini, S, Thieme, T, The use of oral fluid for hepatitis C antibody screening. Am J Gastroenterol 89:11 (1994), 2025–2027.
15. Maticic, M, Poljak, M, Kramar, B, et al. Proviral HIV-1 DNA in gingival crevicular fluid of HIV-1-infected patients in various stages of HIV disease. J Dent Res 79:7 (2000), 1496–1501.
16. Lee, SR, Yearwood, GD, Guillon, GB, et al. Evaluation of a rapid, point-of-care test device for the diagnosis of hepatitis C infection (pub published online ahead of print April 1, 2010). J Clin Virol 48:1 (2010), 15–17, 10.1016/j.jcv.2010.02.018.
17. Liou, TC, Chang, TT, Young, KC, Lin, XZ, Lin, CY, Wu, HL, Detection of HCV RNA in saliva, urine, seminal fluid, and ascites. J Med Virol 37:3 (1992), 197–202.
18. Raggam, RB, Wagner, J, Michelin, BD, et al. Reliable detection and quantitation of viral nucleic acids in oral fluid: liquid phasebased sample collection in conjunction with automated and standardized molecular assays. J Med Virol 80:9 (2008), 1684–1688.
19. Hochman, N, Ehrlich, J, Zakay-Rones, Z, Oral cavity herpes simplex virus: a risk factor to dental personnel and patients—an overview. Isr J Dent Sci 2:3 (1989), 158–161.
20. Zhang, ZQ, An assay method for herpes simplex virus type 1 seroprevalence survey: detection of antibody in saliva by avidinbiotin complex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ABC-ELISA). Microbiol Immunol 37:10 (1993), 773–777.
21. Tateishi, K, Toh, Y, Minagawa, H, Tashiro, H, Detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in the saliva from 1,000 oral surgery outpatients by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and virus isolation. J Oral Pathol Med 23:2 (1994), 80–84.
22. Druce, J, Catton, M, Chibo, D, et al. Utility of a multiplex PCR assay for detecting herpesvirus DNA in clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 40:5 (2002), 1728–1732.
23. Marais, DJ, Best, JM, Rose, RC, et al. Oral antibodies to human papillomavirus type 16 in women with cervical neoplasia. J Med Virol 65:1 (2001), 149–154.
24. Gonçalves, AK, Giraldo, P, Barros-Mazon, S, Gondo, ML, Amaral, RL, Jacyntho, C, Secretory immunoglobulin A in saliva of women with oral and genital HPV infection (published online ahead of print Sept. 6, 2005). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 124:2 (2006), 227–231, 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2005.06.028.
25. Lind, PO, Syrjänen, SM, Syrjänen, KJ, Koppang, HS, Aas, E, Local immunoreactivity and human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral precancer and cancer lesions. Scand J Dent Res 94:5 (1986), 419–426.
26. Chuang, AY, Chuang, TC, Chang, S, et al. Presence of HPV DNA in convalescent salivary rinses is an adverse prognostic marker in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (published online ahead of print March 7, 2008). Oral Oncol 44:10 (2008), 915–919, 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.01.001.
27. Brokstad, KA, Cox, RJ, Olofsson, J, Jonsson, R, Haaheim, LR, Parenteral influenza vaccination induces a rapid systemic and local immune response. J Infect Dis 171:1 (1995), 198–203.
28. Robinson, M, Sloan, P, Shaw, R, Refining the diagnosis of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma using human papillomavirus testing (published online ahead of print March 12, 2010). Oral Oncol 46:7 (2010), 492–496, 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.02.013.
29. Song, MK, Chang, J, Hong, Y, Hong, S, Kim, SW, Direct multiplex reverse transcription-nested PCR detection of influenza viruses without RNA purification. J Microbiol Biotechnol 19:11 (2009), 1470–1474.
30. Moe, CL, Sair, A, Lindesmith, L, Estes, MK, Jaykus, LA, Diagnosis of Norwalk virus infection by indirect enzyme immunoassay detection of salivary antibodies to recombinant Norwalk virus antigen. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 11:6 (2004), 1028–1034.
31. Kang, B, Oh, J, Lee, C, et al. Evaluation of a rapid immunodiagnostic test kit for rabies virus (published online ahead of print July 12, 2007). J Virol Methods 145:1 (2007), 30–36, 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.05.005.
32. Crepin, P, Audry, L, Rotivel, Y, Gacoin, A, Caroff, C, Bourhy, H, Intravitam diagnosis of human rabies by PCR using saliva and cerebrospinal fluid. J Clin Microbiol 36:4 (1998), 1117–1121.
33. Wang, WK, Chen, SY, Liu, IJ, et al., SARS Research Group of the National Taiwan University/National Taiwan University Hospital, Detection of SARS-associated coronavirus in throat wash and saliva in early diagnosis. Emerg Infect Dis 10:7 (2004), 1213–1219.
34. Lyu, SY, Morisky, DE, Yeh, CY, Twu, SJ, Peng, EY, Malow, RM, Acceptability of rapid oral fluid HIV testing among male injection drug users in Taiwan, 1997 and 2007. AIDS Care 23:4 (2011), 508–514.
35. White, B, Day, C, Thein, HH, et al. Acceptability of hepatitis C virus testing methods among injecting drug users. Drug Alcohol Rev 27:6 (2008), 666–670.
36. Archibald, DW, Zon, L, Groopman, JE, McLane, MF, Essex, M, Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) in saliva of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients and in persons at risk for AIDS. Blood 67:3 (1986), 831–834.
37. Chaturvedi, N, Cockcroft, A, Tuberculosis screening in health service employees: who needs chest X-rays?. Occup Med (Lond) 42:4 (1992), 179–182.
38. Ly, KN, Xing, J, Klevens, RM, Jiles, RB, Ward, JW, Holmberg, SD, The increasing burden of mortality from viral hepatitis in the United States between 1999 and 2007. Ann Intern Med 156:4 (2012), 271–278.
39. Moore, BE, Flaitz, CM, Coppenhaver, DH, et al. HIV recovery from saliva before and after dental treatment: inhibitors may have critical role in viral inactivation. JADA 124:10 (1993), 67–74.
40. Qureshi, MN, Barr, CE, Hewlitt, I, et al. Detection of HIV in oral mucosal cells. Oral Dis 3:suppl 1 (1997), S73–S78.
41. Dietrich EA, Gebhard KH, Fasching CE et al. HIV type 1 escapes inactivation by saliva via rapid escape into oral epithelial cells (published online ahead of print Jan. 17, 2012). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses doi:10.1089/aid.2011.0069.
42. Page-Shafer, K, Shiboski, CH, Osmond, DH, et al. Risk of HIV infection attributable to oral sex among men who have sex with men and in the population of men who have sex with men. AIDS 16:17 (2002), 2350–2352.
43. Malamud, D, Wahl, SM, The mouth: a gateway or a trap for HIV?. AIDS 24:1 (2010), 5–16.
44. Baron, S, Poast, J, Cloyd, MW, Why is HIV rarely transmitted by oral secretions? Saliva can disrupt orally shed, infected leukocytes. Arch Intern Med 159:3 (1999), 303–310.
45. Reynolds, SJ, Muwonga, J, OraQuick ADVANCE Rapid HIV-1/2 antibody test. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 4:5 (2004), 587–591.
46. Delaney, KP, Branson, BM, Uniyal, A, et al. Evaluation of the performance characteristics of 6 rapid HIV antibody tests. Clin Infect Dis 52:2 (2011), 257–263.
47. Louie, B, Lei, J, Liska, S, Dowling, T, Pandori, MW, Assessment of sensitivity and specificity of first, second, and third generation EIA for the detection of antibodies to HIV-1 in oral fluid (published online ahead of print Feb. 24, 2009). J Virol Methods 159:1 (2009), 119–121, 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.02.016.
48. Groopman, JE, Salahuddin, SZ, Sarngadharan, MG, et al. HTLVIII in saliva of people with AIDS-related complex and healthy homosexual men at risk for AIDS. Science 226:4673 (1984), 447–449.
49. Archibald, DW, Zon, LI, Groopman, JE, Allan, JS, McLane, MF, Essex, ME, Salivary antibodies as a means of detecting human T cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus infection. J Clin Microbiol 24:5 (1986), 873–875.
50. Holmström, P, Syrjänen, S, Laine, P, Valle, SL, Suni, J, HIV antibodies in whole saliva detected by ELISA and western blot assays. J Med Virol 30:4 (1990), 245–248.
51. Granade, TC, Phillips, SK, Parekh, B, et al. Detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in oral fluids: a large-scale evaluation of immunoassay performance. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 5:2 (1998), 171–175.
52. Louie, B, Lei, J, Liska, S, Dowling, T, Pandori, MW, Assessment of sensitivity and specificity of first, second, and third generation EIA for the detection of antibodies to HIV-1 in oral fluid (published online ahead of print Feb. 24, 2009). J Virol Methods 159:1 (2009), 119–121, 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.02.016.
53. Leow, YH, Goh, A, Lim, PY, Chan, RK, Goh, CL, Kamarudin, BA, Correlation between saliva and serum for human immunodeficiency virus 1 and 2 antibodies using a rapid test system. Ann Acad Med Singapore 24:4 (1995), 537–540.
54. Reynolds, SJ, Ndongala, LM, Luo, CC, et al. Evaluation of a rapid test for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 in the setting of multiple transmitted viral subtypes. Int J STD AIDS 13:3 (2002), 171–173.
55. Katz, D, Herrera, MI, Cuevas, L, et al. Detection of HIV-p24 antigen in body fluids by immunotrapping on Staphylococcus aureus (Cowan 1) bacteria, gold immunolabelling and backscattered electron analysis in a scanning electron microscope. J Virol Methods 46:3 (1994), 313–332.
56. Chebbi, F, Poveda, JD, Suzuki, T, et al. Search for infectious HIV in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of advanced AIDS patients with severe periodontitis. AIDS 11:7 (1997), 927–928.
57. O'Shea, S, Cordery, M, Barrett, WY, Richman, DD, Bradbeer, C, Banatvala, JE, HIV excretion patterns and specific antibody responses in body fluids. J Med Virol 31:4 (1990), 291–296.
58. Shepard, RN, Schock, J, Robertson, K, et al. Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in different biological compartments. J Clin Microbiol 38:4 (2000), 1414–1418.
59. Gürtler, L, Mühlbacher, A, Michl, U, et al. Reduction of the diagnostic window with a new combined p24 antigen and human immunodeficiency virus antibody screening assay. J Virol Methods 75:1 (1998), 27–38.
60. Weber, B, Fall, EH, Berger, A, Doerr, HW, Reduction of diagnostic window by new fourth-generation human immunodeficiency virus screening assays. J Clin Microbiol 36:8 (1998), 2235–2239.
61. Shugars, DC, Patton, LL, Freel, SA, et al. Hyper-excretion of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in saliva. J Dent Res 80:2 (2001), 414–420.
62. Kesli, R, Polat, H, Terzi, Y, Kurtoglu, MG, Uyar, Y, Comparison of a newly developed automated and quantitative hepatitis C virus (HCV) core antigen test with the HCV RNA assay for clinical usefulness in confirming anti-HCV results. J Clin Microbiol 49:12 (2011), 4089–4093.
63. Sarbah, SA, Younossi, ZM, Hepatitis C: an update on the silent epidemic. J Clin Gastroenterol 30:2 (2000), 125–143.
64. Drobnik, A, Judd, C, Banach, D, Egger, J, Konty, K, Rude, E, Public health implications of rapid hepatitis C screening with an oral swab for community-based organizations serving high-risk populations (published online ahead of print Sept. 22, 2011). Am J Public Health 101:11 (2011), 2151–2155, 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300251.
65. Muñoz, N, Bosch, FX, de Sanjosé, S, et al., International Agency for Research on Cancer Multicenter Cervical Cancer Study Group, Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 348:6 (2003), 518–527.
66. Marur, S, D'Souza, G, Westra, WH, Forastiere, AA, HPVassociated head and neck cancer: a virus-related cancer epidemic (published online ahead of print May 5, 2010). Lancet Oncol 11:8 (2010), 781–789, 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70017-6.
67. Chaturvedi, AK, Engels, EA, Pfeiffer, RM, et al. Human papillomavirus and rising oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the United States (published online ahead of print Oct. 3, 2011). J Clin Oncol 29:32 (2011), 4294–4301, 10.1200/JCO.2011.36.4596.
68. Gillison, ML, Broutian, T, Pickard, RK, et al. Prevalence of oral HPV infection in the United States, 2009-2010 (published online ahead of print Jan. 26, 2012). JAMA 307:7 (2012), 693–703, 10.1001/jama.2012.101.
69. Andrews, E, Seaman, WT, Webster-Cyriaque, J, Oropharyngeal carcinoma in non-smokers and non-drinkers: a role for HPV (published online ahead of print Nov. 21, 2008). Oral Oncol 45:6 (2009), 486–491, 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.07.008.
70. Parisi, SG, Cruciani, M, Scaggiante, R, et al. Anal and oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in HIV-infected subjects in northern Italy: a longitudinal cohort study among men who have sex with men. BMC Infect Dis, 11, 2011, 150.
71. Kulkarni, SS, Kulkarni, SS, Vastrad, PP, et al. Prevalence and distribution of high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 in carcinoma of cervix, saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and in the general population in Karnataka, India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 12:3 (2011), 645–648.
72. Greenberg, BJ, Kumar, JV, Stevenson, H, Dental case management: increasing access to oral health care for families and children with low incomes. JADA 139:8 (2008), 1114–1121.
73. Vandevanter, N, Combellick, J, Hutchinson, MK, Phelan, J, Malamud, D, Shelley, D, A qualitative study of patients' attitudes toward HIV testing in the dental setting (published online ahead of print Feb. 16, 2012). Nurs Res Pract, 2012, 2012, 803169, 10.1155/2012/803169.
74. Strauss, SM, Alfano, MC, Shelley, D, Fulmer, T, Identifying unaddressed systemic health conditions at dental visits: patients who visited dental practices but not general health care providers in 2008 (published online ahead of print Dec. 15, 2011). Am J Public Health 102:2 (2012), 253–255, 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300420.