Scientific dimensions of cumulative effects assessment: Toward improvements in guidance for practice

Environmental Reviews

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 40-52

  Duinker, Peter N ^a   Burbidge, Erin L ^b   Boardley, Samantha R ^c   Greig, Lorne A ^d  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b Clean Nova Scotia   (Canada)

^c ESSA Technologies Ltd   (Canada)

^d ESSA Technologies Ltd   (Canada)

Author keywords

Canadian Environmental Assessment Act; Cumulative effects assessment; Environmental assessment; Environmental impact assessment; Guidance; Practice; Science

Indexed keywords

CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ASSESSMENTS; ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENTS; ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT; KNOWLEDGE ACCUMULATION; KNOWLEDGE INTEGRATION; PRACTICE; SCIENCE; SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT;

ELECTRONIC GUIDANCE SYSTEMS; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS;

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT;

EID: 84875797677     PISSN: 11818700     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/er-2012-0035     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Atkinson S.F. Canter L.W. 2011. Assessing the cumulative effects of projects using geographic information systems. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 31 (5): 457-464. 10.1016/j.eiar.2011.01.008.
2. Banff-Bow Valley Task Force. 1996. Banff-Bow Valley: At the Crossroads. Department of Canada Heritage, Ottawa, ON.
3. Barnes, J.L., Horvath, C.L., and Matthews, L. 2002. Addressing cumulative environmental effects: scoping and the implications of recent court decisions. In Cumulative Environmental Effects Management: Tools and Approaches. Edited by A.J. Kennedy. Alberta Society of Professional Biologists, Edmonton, AB. pp. 43-60.
4. Baxter W. Ross W.A. Spaling H. 2001. Improving the practice of cumulative effects assessment in Canada. Impact Assess. Proj. Appraisal, 19: 253-262.
5. Beanlands, G.E., and Duinker, P.N. 1983. An Ecological Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment in Canada. Institute for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, and Federal Environmental Assessment Review Office, Hull, QC. p. 132.
6. Beanlands G.E. Duinker P.N. 1984. An ecological framework for environmental impact assessment. J. Environ. Manage. 18: 267-277.
7. Berube M. 2007. Cumulative effects assessments at Hydro-Québec: what have we learned? Impact Assess. Proj. Appraisal, 25 (2): 101-109.
8. Blaser, B., Liu, H., McDermott, D., Nuszdorfer, F., Phan, N.T., Vanchindorj, U., Johnson, L., and Wyckoff, J. 2004. GIS-based assessment of cumulative effects. Colorado Department of Transportation Research Branch, Denver, CO. Report No. CDOT-DTD-R-2004-6.
9. Bonnell S. Storey K. 2000. Addressing cumulative effects through strategic environmental assessment: a case study of small hydro development in Newfoundland, Canada. J. Environ. Assess. Policy Manage. 2 (4): 477-499. 10.1016/S1464-3332(00)00048-5.
10. Braat, T. 2002. Regional Cumulative Effects Management Framework for Cold Lake, Alberta. Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, Ottawa, ON.
11. Brereton, D., Moran, C., McIlwain, G., McIntosh, J., and Parkinson, K. 2008. Assessing the Cumulative Impacts of Mining on Regional Communities: An Exploratory Study of Coal Mining in the Muswellbrook Area of NSW. Centre for Social Responsibility in Mining and Centre for Water in the Minerals Industry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
12. Brismar A. 2004. Attention to impact pathways in EISs of large dam projects. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 24: 59-87. 10.1016/S0195-9255(03)00162-8.
13. Brown, V.A., Harris, J.A., and Russell, J.Y. 2010. Tacking Wicked Problems through the Transdisciplinary Imagination. Earthscan, London, UK.
14. Canter, L. 2008. Conceptual models, matrices, networks and adaptive management: emerging methods for CEA. In Assessing and Managing Cumulative Environmental Effects, International Association for Impact Assessment, Calgary, AB.
15. Canter L.W. Atkinson S.F. 2011. Multiple uses of indicators and indices in cumulative effects assessment and management. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 31 (5): 484-490. 10.1016/j.eiar.2011.01.012.
16. Canter L. Ross B. 2010. State of practice of cumulative effects assessment and management: the good, the bad and the ugly. Impact Assess. Proj. Appraisal, 28 (4): 261-268.
17. Canter, L.W., and Torney, D. 2008. A matrix-based CEA process for marine fisheries management. In Assessing and Managing Cumulative Environmental Effects, International Association for Impact Assessment, Calgary, AB.
18. Canter L. Atkinson S.F. 2010. Adaptive management with integrated decision making: an emerging tool for cumulative effects management. Impact Assess. Proj. Appraisal, 28 (4): 287-297.
19. Cavalcanti P.M.P.S. La Rovere E.L. 2011. Strategic environmental assessment of mining activities: a methodology for quantification of cumulative impacts on the air quality. J. Air Waste Manage. 61: 377-389. 10.3155/1047-3289.61.4.377.
20. CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment). 2009. Regional Strategic Environmental Assessment in Canada: Principles and Guidance. CCME, Winnipeg, MB.
21. CEAA. 2007. Operational Policy Statement: Addressing Cumulative Environmental Effects under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act. Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, Ottawa, ON.
22. CEARC. 1986. Cumulative Environmental Effects: A Binational Perspective. Canadian Environmental Assessment Research Council, Hull, QC.
23. CEQ (Council on Environmental Quality). 1997. Considering Cumulative Effects under the National Environmental Policy Act. CEQ, Washington, DC.
24. Connelly R. 2011. Canadian and international EIA frameworks as they apply to cumulative effects. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 31 (5): 453-456. 10.1016/j.eiar.2011.01.007.
25. Cooper, L.M. 2004. Guidelines for Cumulative Effects Assessment in SEA of Plans. Imperial College, London, UK. EPMG Occasional Paper 04/LMC/CEA.
26. Cooper L.M. 2010. Network analysis in CEA, ecosystem services assessment and green space planning. Impact Assess. Proj. Appraisal, 28 (4): 269-278.
27. Cooper L.M. 2011. CEA in policies and plans: UK case studies. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 31 (5): 465-480. 10.1016/j.eiar.2011.01.009.
28. Cooper L.M. Sheate W.R. 2002. Cumulative effects assessment: a review of UK environmental impact statements. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 22: 415-439. 10.1016/S0195-9255(02)00010-0.
29. Cooper L.M. Sheate W.R. 2004. Integrating cumulative effects assessment into UK strategic planning: implications of the European SEA Directive. Impact Assess. Proj. Appraisal, 22 (5): 5-16.
30. Creasey, R. 2002. Moving from project-based cumulative effects assessment to regional Environ. Manage. In Cumulative Environmental Effects Management: Tools and Approaches. Edited by A.J. Kennedy. Alberta Society of Professional Biologists, Edmonton, AB. pp. 3-16.
31. Crookes D.J. de Wit M.P. 2009. An evaluation of tools for an assessment of cumulative effects in socioeconomic impact studies. J. Environ. Assess. Policy Manage. 11 (3): 311-329. 10.1142/S1464333209003385.
32. CSA. 2008. Sustainable Forest Management. Canadian Standards Association, CAN/CSA-Z809-08, Mississauga, ON.
33. Culp J.M. Cash K.J. Wrona F.J. 2000. Cumulative effects assessment for the northern river basins study. J. Aquat. Ecosyst. Stress Recovery, 8: 87-94. 10.1023/A:1011404209392.
34. Damman, D.C. 2002. The challenges of developing regional frameworks for cumulative effects assessment. In Cumulative Environmental Effects Management: Tools and Approaches. Edited by A.J. Kennedy. Alberta Society of Professional Biologists, Edmonton, AB. pp. 165-176.
35. Deverman R. 2003. Gathering the harvest: assessing indirect and cumulative effects for the Ohio River Bridges Project. Environ. Prac. 5: 330-345.
36. Dubé M.G. 2003. Cumulative effect assessment in Canada: a regional framework for aquatic ecosystems. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 23: 723-745. 10.1016/S0195-9255(03)00113-6.
37. Dubé M. Johnson B. Dunn G. Culp J. Cash K. Munkittrick K. Wong I. Hedley K. Booty W. Lam D. Resler O. Storey A. 2006. Development of a new approach to cumulative effects assessment: a northern river ecosystem example. Environ. Monit. Assess. 113: 87-115. 10.1007/s10661-005-9098-0. 16532283.
38. Duinker, P.N. 1994. Cumulative effects assessment: what's the big deal? In Cumulative Effects Assessment in Canada: From Concept to Practice. Edited by A.J. Kennedy. Alberta Society of Professional Biologists, Calgary, AB. pp. 11-24.
39. Duinker P.N. Baskerville G.L. 1986. A systematic approach to forecasting in environmental impact assessment. J. Environ. Manage. 23: 271-290.
40. Duinker P.N. Greig L.A. 2006. The impotence of cumulative effects assessment in Canada: ailments and ideas for redeployment. Environ. Manage. 37 (2): 153-161. 10.1007/s00267-004-0240-5. 16362488.
41. Duinker P.N. Greig L.A. 2007. Scenario analysis in environmental impact assessment: improving explorations of the future. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 27: 206-219. 10.1016/j.eiar.2006.11.001.
42. Dutta P. Mahatha S. De P. 2004. A methodology for cumulative impact assessment in opencast mining projects with special reference to air quality assessment. Impact Assess. Proj. Appraisal, 22 (3): 235-250.
43. Ehrlich A. 2010. Cumulative cultural effects and reasonably foreseeable future developments in the Upper Thelon Basin, Canada. Impact Assess. Proj. Appraisal, 28 (4): 279-286.
44. Folke C. Carpenter S. Walker B. Scheffer M. Chapin T. Rockström J. 2010. Resilience thinking: integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability. Ecol. Soc. 15 (4): 20.
45. Forest Practices Board. 2011. Cumulative Effects: From Assessment Towards Management. Forest Practices Board, Victoria, BC. Special Report FPB/SR/39.
46. Franks D.M. Brereton D. Moran C.J. 2010. Managing the cumulative impacts of coal mining on regional communities and environments in Australia. Impact Assess. Proj. Appraisal, 28 (4): 299-312.
47. Gibson R.B. 2011. Application of a contribution to sustainability test by the Joint Review Panel for the Canadian Mackenzie Gas Project. Impact Assess. Proj. Appraisal, 29 (3): 231-244.
48. Gonzales-Sanson G. Aguilar C. 2010. Reef fish diversity components as indicators of cumulative effects in a highly impacted fringe reef. Ecol. Indic. 10: 766-772.
49. Government of Canada. 1992. Canadian Environmental Assessment Act. Government of Canada, Ottawa, ON.
50. Great Sand Hills Scientific Advisory Committee. 2007. Great Sand Hills Regional Environmental Study. Canada Plains Research Center, Regina, SK.
51. Greig L.A. Duinker P.N. 2011. A proposal for further strengthening science in environmental impact assessment in Canada. Impact Assess. Proj. Appraisal, 29 (2): 159-165.
52. Greig, L., Pawley, K., and Duinker, P. 2004. Alternative Scenarios of Future Development: An Aid to Cumulative Effects Assessment. Prepared for Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, Gatineau, QC.
53. Gunn J.H. Noble B.F. 2009 a. Integrating cumulative effects in regional strategic environmental assessment frameworks: lessons from practice. J. Environ. Assess. Policy Manage. 11 (3): 267-290. 10.1142/S1464333209003361.
54. Gunn J.H. Noble B. 2009 b. A conceptual basis and methodological framework for regional strategic environmental assessment (R-SEA). Impact Assess. Proj. Appraisal, 27 (4): 258-270.
55. Gunn J.H. Noble B. 2011. Conceptual and methodological challenges to integrating SEA and cumulative effects assessment. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 31: 154-160. 10.1016/j.eiar.2009.12.003.
56. Harriman J.A.E. Noble B.F. 2008. Characterizing project and strategic approaches to regional cumulative effects assessment in Canada. J. Environ. Assess. Policy Manage. 10 (1): 25-50. 10.1142/S1464333208002944.
57. Harvey B.C. Railsback S.F. 2007. Estimating multi-factor cumulative watershed effects on fish populations with an individual-based model. Fish. 32 (6): 292-298. 10.1577/1548-8446(2007)32[292:EFCWEO]2.0.CO;2.
58. Hegmann G. Yarranton G.A. 2011. Alchemy to reason: effective use of cumulative effects assessment in resource management. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 31: 484-490. 10.1016/j.eiar.2011.01.011.
59. Holling, C.S. (editor). 1978. Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management. John Wiley and Sons, Toronto, ON.
60. Houle M. Fortin D. Dussault C. Courtois R. Ouellet J.-P. 2010. Cumulative effects of forestry on habitat use by gray wolf (Canis lupus) in the boreal forest. Landscape Ecol. 25: 419-433. 10.1007/s10980-009-9420-2.
61. Jeffrey, B., and Duinker, P.N. 2002. A comparative analysis of cumulative impact assessments involving mining developments and species at risk. In Cumulative Environmental Effects Management: Tools and Approaches. Edited by A.J. Kennedy. Alberta Society of Professional Biologists, Edmonton, AB. pp. 77-96.
62. Johnson, C., and Boyce, M. 2001. A quantitative approach for regional environmental assessment: application of a habitat-based population viability analysis to wildlife of the Canadian central Arctic. Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, Ottawa, ON.
63. Johnson C.T. Boyce M.S. Case R.L. Cluff H.D. Gau R.J. Gunn A. Mulders R. 2005. Cumulative Effects of human developments on Arctic wildlife. Wildl. Monogr. 160: 1-36.
64. Johnson D. Lalonde K. McEachern M. Kenney J. Mendoza G. Buffin A. Rich K. 2011. Improving cumulative effects assessment in Alberta: regional strategic assessment. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 31: 481-483. 10.1016/j.eiar.2011.01. 010.
65. Jones C.R. Orr B.J. Eiser J.R. 2011. When is enough, enough? Identifying predictors of capacity estimates for onshore wind-power development in a region of the UK. Energy Policy, 39: 4563-4577. 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.04.044.
66. Kennedy, A.J. (editor). 1994. Cumulative Effects Assessment in Canada: From Concept to Practice. Alberta Society of Professional Biologists, Calgary, AB.
67. Kennedy, A.J. (editor). 2002. Cumulative Environmental Effects Management: Tools and Approaches. Alberta Society of Professional Biologists, Edmonton, AB.
68. Kennett S.A. 2000. The future for cumulative effects management: beyond the environmental assessment paradigm. Resour. 69 (Winter 2000): 1-8.
69. Kilgour B.W. Dubé M.G. Hedley K. Portt C.B. Munkittrick K.R. 2007. Aquatic environmental effects monitoring guidance for environmental assessment practitioners. Environ. Monit. Assess. 130: 423-436. 10.1007/s10661-006-9433-0. 17072546.
70. King S.C. Pushchak R. 2008. Incorporating cumulative effects into environmental assessments of mariculture: limitations and failures of current siting methods. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 28: 572-586. 10.1016/j.eiar.2007. 12.002.
71. Krzyzanowski J. 2011. Approaching cumulative effects through air pollution modelling. Water, Air Soil Pollut. 214: 253-273. 10.1007/s11270-010- 0421-1.
72. Lawe L.B. Wells J. Mikisew Cree First Nations Industry Relations Corporation. 2005. Cumulative effects assessment and EIA follow-up: a proposed community-based monitoring program in the Oil Sands Region, northeastern Alberta. Impact Assess. Proj. Appraisal, 23 (3): 205-209.
73. Lawrence, D.P. 2003. Environmental Impact Assessment: Practical Solutions to Recurrent Problems. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.
74. Lindsay K.M. Svrcek C.P. Smith D.W. 2002. Evaluation of cumulative effects assessment in Friends of the West County Association V. Canada and land use planning alternatives. J. Environ. Assess. Policy Manage. 4 (2): 151-169.
75. MacDonald L.H. 2000. Evaluating and managing cumulative effects: process and constraints. Environ. Manage. 26 (3): 299-315. 10.1007/s002670010088. 10977883.
76. MacDonald, L.H., Coe, D., and Litschert, S. 2004. Assessing Cumulative Watershed Effects in the Central Sierra Nevada: Hillslope Measurements and Catchment-Scale Modelling. In Proceedings of the Sierra Nevada Science Symposium. Edited by D.D. Murphy and P.A. Stine. PSW-GTR-193, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA. pp. 149-157.
77. Mendoza, A., Spaling, H., and Ross, W.A. 2002. Review of cumulative effects assessments for protected areas. In Cumulative Environmental Effects Management: Tools and Approaches. Edited by A.J. Kennedy. Alberta Society of Professional Biologists, Edmonton, AB. pp. 345-363.
78. Mitchell R.E. Parkins J.R. 2011. The challenge of developing social indicators for cumulative effects assessment and land use planning. Eco. Soc. 16 (2): 29.
79. Munn, R.E. 1979. Environmental Impact Assessment: Principles and Procedures. SCOPE 5, Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Toronto, ON.
80. Noble B. 2008. Strategic approaches to regional cumulative effects assessment: a case study of the Great Sand Hills, Canada. Impact Assess. Proj. Appraisal, 26 (2): 78-90.
81. Noble, B.F. 2010. Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment: A Guide to Principles and Practice. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Don Mills, ON.
82. Parkins J.R. 2011. Deliberative democracy, institution building, and the pragmatics of cumulative effects assessment. Eco. Soc. 16 (3): 20.
83. Perdicoúlis A. Piper J. 2008. Network and system diagrams revisited: satisfying CEA requirements for causality analysis. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 28: 455-468. 10.1016/j.eiar.2007.08.004.
84. Peterson, E.B., Chen, Y-H., Peterson, N.M., Constable, G.A., Caton, R.B., Davis, C.S., Wallace, R.R., and Yarronton, G.A. 1987. Cumulative Effects Assessment in Canada: An Agenda for Action and Research. Canadian Environmental Assessment Research Council, Hull, QC.
85. Piper J.M. 2001. Barriers to implementation of cumulative effects assessment. J. Environ. Assess. Policy Manage. 3 (4): 465-481. 10.1142/S1464333201000819.
86. Piper J.M. 2002. CEA and sustainable development: evidence from UK case studies. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 22: 17-36. 10.1016/S0195-9255(01)00089-0.
87. Quinn, M.S., Greenaway, G., Duke, D., and Lee, T. 2004. A Collaborative Approach to Assessing Regional Cumulative Effects in the Transboundary Crown of the Continent. Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, Hull, QC.
88. Quiñonez-Piñón R. Mendoza-Durán A. Valeo C. 2007. Design of an environmental monitoring program using NDVI and cumulative effects assessment. International J. Remote Sens. 28: 1643-1664. 10.1080/01431160600887730.
89. Ross H. McGee T.K. 2006. Conceptual frameworks for SIA revisited: a cumulative effects study on lead contamination and economic change. Impact Assess. Proj. Appraisal, 24 (2): 139-149.
90. Scherer R. 2011. Cumulative effects: a primer for watershed managers. Streamline Watershed Manage.Bull. 14 (2): 14-20.
91. Schultz C. 2010. Challenges in connecting cumulative effects analysis to effective wildlife conservation planning. BioScience, 60 (7): 545-551. 10.1525/bio.2010.60.7.10.
92. Schultz C. 2011. The U.S. Forest Service's analysis of cumulative effects to wildlife: a study of legal standards, current practice, and ongoing challenges on a National Forest. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 32 (1): 74-81.
93. Scrimgeour G.J. Chambers P.A. 2000. Cumulative effects of pulp mill and municipal effluents on epilithic biomass and nutrient limitation in a large northern river ecosystem. Can. J. Fish. and Aquat. Sci. 57: 1342-1354. 10.1139/f00-057.
94. Scrimgeour G.J. Hvenegaard P.J. Tchir J. 2008. Cumulative industrial activity alters lotic fish assemblages in two boreal forest watersheds of Alberta, Canada. Environ. Manage. 42: 957-970. 10.1007/s00267-008-9207-2. 18815827.
95. Seitz N.E. Westbrook C.J. Noble B.F. 2011. Bringing science into river systems cumulative effects assessment practice. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 31: 172-179. 10.1016/j.eiar.2010.08.001.
96. Sonntag, N.C., Everitt, R.R., Rattie, L.P., Colnett, C.L., Wolf, C.P., Truett, J.C., Dorcey, A.H.J., and Holling, C.S. 1987. Cumulative Effects Assessment: A Context for Research and Development. Canadian Environmental Assessment Research Council, Hull, QC.
97. Sorensen T. McLoughlin P.D. Hervieux D. Dzus E. Nolan J. Wynes B. Boutin S. 2008. Determining sustainable levels of cumulative effects for boreal caribou. J. Wildl.Manage. 72 (4): 900-905.
98. Spaling H. Zwier J. Ross W. Creasy R. 2000. Managing regional cumulative effects of oil sands development in Alberta, Canada. J. Environ. Assess. Policy Manage. 2 (4): 501-528. 10.1142/S1464333200000461.
99. Squires A.J. Westbrook C.J. Dubé M.G. 2010. An approach for assessing cumulative effects in a model river, the Athabasca River Basin. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manage. 6 (1): 119-134.
100. Stinchcombe K. Gibson R.B. 2001. Strategic environmental assessment as a means of pursuing sustainability: ten advantages and ten challenges. J. Environ. Assess. Policy Manage. 3 (3): 343-372. 10.1142/S1464333201000741.
101. Strimbu B. Innes J. 2011. An analytical platform for cumulative impact assessment based on multiple futures: the impact of petroleum drilling and forest harvesting on moose (Alces alces) and marten (Martes americana) habitats in northeastern British Columbia. J. Environ. Manage. 92: 1740-1752. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.02.007. 21396768.
102. The Cumulative Effects Assessment Working Group and AXYS Environmental Consulting Ltd. 1999. Cumulative Effects Assessment Practitioners Guide. Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, Hull, QC. (frequently cited as Hegmann et al., 1999).
103. Therivel R. Ross B. 2007. Cumulative effects assessment: does scale matter? Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 27: 365-385. 10.1016/j.eiar.2007.02.001.
104. Tiner R.W. 2005. Assessing cumulative loss of wetland functions in the Nanticoke River watershed using enhanced National Wetlands inventory data. Wetlands, 25 (2): 405-419. 10.1672/15.
105. Tricker R.C. 2007. Assessing cumulative environmental effects from major public transport projects. Transp. Policy, 14: 293-305.
106. Van Damme L. Russell J.S. Doyon F. Duinker P.N. Gooding T. Hirsch K. Rothwell R. Rudy A. 2003. The development and application of a decision support system for sustainable forest management on the Boreal Plain. J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2: S23-S34. 10.1139/s03-031.
107. Van Damme L. Duinker P.N. Quintilio D. 2008. Embedding science and innovation in forest management: recent experiences at Millar Western in west-central Alberta. For. Chron. 84: 301-306.
108. Walters, C.J. 1986. Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, NY.
109. Ward, D.V. 1978. Biological Environmental Impact Studies: Theory and Methods. Academic Press, New York, NY.
110. Wärnbäck A. Hilding-Rydevik T. 2009. Cumulative effects in Swedish EIA practice-difficulties and obstacles. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 29: 107-115. 10.1016/j.eiar.2008.05.001.
111. Weclaw P. Hudson R.J. 2004. Simulation of conservation and management of woodland caribou. Ecol. Modell. 177: 75-94. 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.12.052.
112. Xue X. Hong H. Charles A.T. 2004. Cumulative environmental impacts and integrated coastal management: the case of Xiamen, China. J. Environ. Manage. 71: 271-283. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.03.006. 15158289.
113. Yang Z. Khangaonkara T. Calvi M. Nelson K. 2010. Simulation of cumulative effects of nearshore restoration projects on estuarine hydrodynamics. Ecol. Modell. 221: 969-977. 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.12.006.